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Keyword: efrectsandReynoldsnumber.
Centerbody.Hydraulicdiameter,convention-diftrsion
112
with center- body rotation, to study the constant unity in the presentwork and consistencyindex K,
rotational speedwith different Reynoldsnumber of which is also temperatureindependent.The fluid flow
concentricannuli with centerbody rotation flow and in concentric annuli with center body rotation is
final aftemptwould be madeto establishreliabilities. consideredunderthe following conditions:a) The fluid
suitabilityand assessment of the qualityof this program flow in laminar and steady.b) The fluid density p,
through comparing the results obtained with those consistenryindex K, thermal conductivityk, and heat
availablein the literature. capacity Co are temperatureindependent.Under the
assumptionsstatedabove,continuity and momentum
PREVIOUSWORK equationsfor an incompr6essiblefluid in cylinder co-
ordinate(r,0, z) systemare:
Nouri et. al. (1994)presentedexperimentalresultsfor Continuity:
flow of Newtonian and non-Newtonianfluids in a Av- Av" V"
-----'--U t2l
concentricannuluswith rotationof the inner cylinder. Ar0zr
Experimentwasconductedfor the annularpassage flow Momentum:
with an outerbmsspipe of nominalinsidediameterDo
of 40.3 mm, lengthof 2.0 m and an inner stainlesssteel .. OoVz., Ad/, fu,n fuoo oo-
rod of 20 mm diameter,D-. They pointedout that the l 'r-^
Cr +t.-*=-:!
-d +--;-: i -r
d d r
mean velocity and the correspondingReynoldsshear
stressesof Newtonianand non-Newtonianfluids were
measuredin a fully developedconcentricflow with a )po }po 6o,o 6on -2o- ,e
t,,' 0-=r 0 z A * rl'_-
0 13
z r = --:L - -n | (3)
diamelerratioof 0.5andinner$linder rotationalspeed
of 300 rpm. With the Neqtonianfluid in laminarflow,
the effectsof the inner shaft rotationwere a uniform
increasein the drag co-efficientby about28 percent,a
flatter and less skewedaxial meanvelocity and swirl ,,
,r
W, ,,, W, -fur, - ,br, r ,o"-oeo
profile with a narrowboundarycloseto the inner wall ' c r n- d cT rr 7d r ^ ^
GOVERNING DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS In the presentstudy the finite volume approach,as
This work is concernedwith steadylaminar flow in
concentric annuli with center body rotation. The
describedby Gosmanet al. [989]. is adopted.Typical
however,the Newtonianterm,which is includedin the
(l ) presentstudy,is introducedthroughthe sourceterms.In
his approach,the governing differential equationsare
rheologicalequationusedin this work is well-known
discretizedby integratingthem over a finite numberof
power law, yiz. where t., in the shear stress,n is a
controlvolumesor computationalcells,into which the
temperatureindependentexponent,which is equal to
Lzo
solution dornain is divided. discretized transport u'ill bounded by the inlet plane. exit plane. outside solid
take the following quasilinearform. rvall. inside rvall with constantrotationalspeedand axis
symmetry. The entire investigation domain is divided
(ao-b)00-Ianu0"u+ C into a non-uniform grid anangement of 52x32 rvith
Where the O't6 are coefficicientsrnultiplying the values multiple repetition is used.Fine grid spacingwas used
near the solid rvalls and a relative coursegrid was used
of Q at the neighbouringnodessurroundingthe central in the florv region. For the presentstudy the following
node P. The number of neighbour depends on the values of parameters are chosen: Porver law index
interpolationpracticeor differencing schemesused. n = 1 . 0 0 .C o n s i s t e n ciyn d e x K = 0 . 0 1 N - V m 2 . D e n s i t vp
= 1134kg /m', OuterRadiusRo =0.0502m. Inner radius
Here ?p is the coelTicientof QO given bv
Ri:0.0254 m, Length X=5.775 m and Rotational speed
ao=Z anu,I = Summationover neighbours(N, S, E, W) of inner pipe N= 126 rpm.
SOLUTIONALGORITHM
( = r R- fy ( R , , - R) ,
The proceduredevelopedfor the calculationofthe flou,
field has been given the name SIMPLE, rvhich stands
for Semi- hnplicit Method for Pressure-Linked Fig. I Grid IndependenceTest for Glucoseof &:800
Equations. The procedure has been described in at )V Dr =104
Patankarand Spalding(1972),Carettoet al. (1972).and
Patankar (1975). Operation in the order of their x/ Dh=
t0
executionare as follorvs:a) Guessthe pressurefield p*. '\
t'' \t
b) Solvethe momentumequationsto obtain u ; r,'. and - Ir't
w'. c) Solve tlte p* sqttlion. d) Calculatep by adding l*,b"ffil|
$R*. .; Calculateu, v, and rv lrom their starredvalues
using the velocities -+orrection formulas. I Treat the
a 5
--l-l--\
I
- PresartPrelcicn
i\
fip
5 ]t
corrected pressurep as a nerv guessedpressurep*. i)
xzL
of Yuan et al. [969] as shownin figurel. Figures2 and Hence percentage of deviation 0.5%o in maxlmum
3 representthe developingaxial velocity profiles. The velocity profile observed.This indicatesthe validity of
profrles at different non-dimensionalaxial distance is the presentmethodology.For both Figures 2 and 3 the
shorvn in such a way so that the gradual changesin maxirnum velocity occurs near center of the annuli for
profiles from flat to developedparabolic tlpe can be Nestonian fluid. Figures 4 and 5 represents the
easily inspected. tangential velocity profiles for Neu.tonian fluids. The
The last curve (at length to hydraulic diameter ratio. gradual change of tangential velocity prohle is shown
X/Dh=104) of Figure 3 shows the developedvelocity in concentricannuli rvith centerbody rotation . The last
profrle comparedwith experintenlalresult of Escudieret curve (at lenglh to hydraulic diameterratio, )Vdh=104)
al. (1995). The last curve (at length to hydraulic of Figure 4 is in excellentagreementwith the theoretical
diameterratio, X/Dh:104) of figure 2 is comparedrvith data. The last curve (at length to hydraulic diameter
laminar Neptonian profile. From Figure 3. the ratio, X/Dh=104) of Figure 5 is compared with the
maximum velocity for experimentalresult is 1.22 and experimentaldata of escudieret al. (1995).Also in the
numerical solution 1.38. Hence again the difference caseof Newtonian fluid it is shownthat as the Reynolds
may have occurred due to developed of turbulence by number is increased, the tangential velocity levels
the inner rotating pipe. From figure 2. the maxilnum within the annular gap are progressivelyreduced.The
velocity for laminar New'tonian profile is 1.484 and same qualified behavior was found by Escudier et al.
numericalsolution1.49. (1995)and Nouri and law (1994).
xzDi,j 10
10
' ll*-
H x/D=104
e X/D=50
ll F::'::i::i:'
- I
Prssrrt tiedcllcn
.- xDl=rs ,fl
g /
i l-T---T---r- " \ f 9J
(H
X/D=5
x/D:=l
Il /
| ,/
.g! /' JJ l
/
s5r I r I 1 lf,
(- X/D=05
-r
|
.i
/a
fl
s li I r
la I I
rrr ,'
/t
t/'
./.../
**j*J-r
I /I
I
"3'l I I i I /fl *^<-
*-'i'rt
+44
,".rt .,* 1
' i
I
/
i
l
tl I i i I I
,i I I ,t ;' i' f i
t) l4 . " 1 a ! * r p
1,,
o
,tt' .i
,'' , , /t
oll , ,tf I
010101o1o10l'
FI
(={R,'r)rtR.
l; l-l
Fig. 3 Arial velocitv profiles for Glucoseat R*=1200 Fig. 5 Tangentialvelocity profiles for Glucosefluid al
R*= 1200
-n' rt .1."
a
,a/ ,lt /
6'
JI
F'
,/ ;1'
,r' .d
.'r**tl.' -
_i = (Ro-r)/(R,,-Ri)
Fig.4 Tangentialvelocity profiles for Glucoseat Fig. 6 Effectsof R" of Tangentialvelocity profiles at
&:800 )V Dn =194
12L
Due to the turbulent diftrsion of fluid at Reynolds order schemes(e.g. LUDS, Quick Scheme)can be
number=1200this predictedresultsshownin Figure usedto havebetteraccuracyin this ffi ofprediction.
5 are not in good agreementwith our numerical Similar studycan be madefor different size,length,
predicton.The reasonis that Escudieret al. (1995) diameterand rotationalspeed.Similar predictioncan
mentionedthat in their showedexperiments turbulent be madegiving the innerbodyrotationwith vibration.
diftrsion waspresent.Due to this turbulentdiftision
the fluid particlesmovefrom highervelocityregionto
lower velocity region and hence uniform velocity ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
occur at the centralregion of the annuli. But in our
numerical scheme turbulent diffi.rsion was not The authorsare grateful to the Ministry of Science
considered. and technology,Bangladeshfor providingfellowship
during this researchwork.
So that for the Newtonianfluid flow the tangential
velocity gradient in the inner layer must be REFERENCES
substantiallyhigher than in the outer layer. This
expressionhas a consequence of the torque being Escudier,M.P. and Gouldson,LW., "Concentric
constantwithin the annulargapandthe assumption of annularflow with centerbodyrotationof a Newtonian
laminarsub-layers at eachsurface.This situationfor a and shear-thinning liquid" Int. JournalofHeat and
non-Newtonianfluid is more complex, although FluidFlow.Vol.16,No.3,(1995).
qualitatively,the same trend evidently exists. The
presentpredictionfailed to reproducethis behavior. Gosman,A.D. and Iderials,F.J.K, * TEACH-T: A
As the Reynoldsnumberis increasedthe tangential General computer Program for Two Dimensional
velocity levels within the annular gap are Turbulent Recirculating Flows", Department of
progressivelyreduced except for non- Newtonian MechanicalEngineering,Imperial College,London,
fluid (CMC)at Re 110,whichis shownin figure6. In sw7,(1e76).
Figure4 Newtonianlaminartangentialflow for
Glucoseat Re1'noldsnumber800 is comparedwith Nouri, J.M. and Whitelaw,J.H., " Flow of Newtonian
f- e r
-l and non-NewtonianFluids in a Concentricannulus
7 lr,"ri - ( D 1 l ' 1' - f I with Rotation of the Inner Cylinder", J. Fluid
Le= ., ., l-(t)1 1
r;-r;l r Engineering, Vol. l16, pp.82l-827,(1994).
_l
the analyical data for following Equation (Yuan S.W. Nouri,J.M.,Umur,H. andWhitelaw,J. H., " Flowof
1969) and it is found to be in excellent agreement. Newtonianand non-NewtonianFluids in Concentric
This shows the validity of present numerical and EccentricAnnuli", Journalof Fluid Mechanics,
predictions. (1993).
253,6t7-64t,
RECOMMENDATIONS
The same prediction can be carried out for the
turbulent cases by incorporating the turbulent
transportequationsfor bothNewtonianfluid andnon-
Newtonianfluid. Similar study can be madefor
eccentricannularwith centerbodv rotation.Hieher
Lz9