AL GHURAIR UNIVERSITY

College of Engineering and Applied Sciences

 Winter 2010-2011

AL GHURAIR UNIVERSITY

College of Engineering and Applied Sciences

Semister: Winter 2010-2011

Title: Principles of Management

Course Code: BSG-201

Instructor: Dr.Naseer Khan

Case Study: 1

Student’s Name: Afifa Sultana

Student’s ID: 074122003

Section: Weekend
Department
Computer Science &Engineering
Title: Principles of Management

Course Code: BSG-201

Instructor: Dr.Naseer Khan

Case Study: 1

Student’s Name: Afifa Sultana

Student’s ID: 074122003

Section: Weekend
Department
Computer Science &Engineering
 Climate Change Is A Global Problem

Introduction:

Climate change is a Global Problem. A decade ago, it was conjecture. Now the future is unfolding before
our eyes.As we see Canada's Inuit see it in disappearing Arctic ice and permafrost. The shantytown
dwellers of Latin America and Southern Asia see it in lethal storms and floods. Europeans see it in
disappearing glaciers, forest fires and fatal heat waves.

Scientists see it in tree rings, ancient coral and bubbles trapped in ice cores. These reveal that the world
has not been as warm as it is now for a millennium or more. The three warmest years on record have all
occurred since 1998 and 19 of the warmest 20 since 1980. And Earth has probably never warmed as fast
as in the past 30 years - a period when natural influences on global temperatures, such as solar cycles and
volcanoes should have cooled as before. Studies of the thermal inertia of the oceans suggest that there is
more warming in the pipeline.

Climatologists reporting for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) say we are seeing
global warming caused by human activities and there are growing fears of will this warming.

How The Green House is Effected by Global Warming?

Natural Warming

The greenhouse effect is a natural warming process. Carbon dioxide (CO2) and certain other gases are
always present in the atmosphere . These gases create a warming effect that has some similarity to the
warming inside a greenhouse the name “greenhouse effect.”

Amplified Warming

Increasing the amount of greenhouse gases intensifies the greenhouse effect. Higher concentrations of
CO2 and other greenhouse gases trap more infrared energy in the atmosphere than occurs naturally. The
additional heat further warms the atmosphere and Earth’s surface.
 \
Fig:1 The green house effect

The carbon cycle:

The Earth maintains a natural carbon balance. When concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) are upset,
the system gradually returns to its natural state. This natural readjustment works slowly, compared to the
rapid rate at which humans are moving carbon into the atmosphere by burning fossil fuels. Natural carbon
removal can't keep pace, so the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere increases.

Carbon continually exchanges within a closed system consisting of the atmosphere, oceans, biosphere,
and landmass. There are short- and long-term cycles at work.

Short-Term Cycles:
Carbon is exchanged rapidly between plants and animals through respiration and photosynthesis, and
through gas exchange between the oceans and the atmosphere.

Long-Term Cycle:
Over millions of years, carbon in the air is combined with water to form weak acids that very slowly
dissolve rocks. This carbon is carried to the oceans where some forms coral reefs and shells. These
sediments may be moved deep into the Earth by drifting continents and eventually released into the
atmosphere by volcanoes.

The Earth Carbon Cycle:

Fig:2 carbon cycle.

Human Impact

Like all other animals, humans participate in the natural carbon cycle, but there are also important differences. By
burning coal, oil, and natural gas, humans are adding carbon dioxide (CO 2) to the atmosphere much faster than
the carbon in rocks is released through natural processes. And clearing and burning forests to create agricultural
land converts organic carbon to carbon dioxide gas. The oceans and land plants are absorbing a portion, but not
nearly all of the CO2 added to the atmosphere by human activities.

Human Impact On The Carbon Cycle

The red arrow, representing rapid fossil fuel burning, indicates the main way in which humans affect the
natural carbon cycle. Carbon dioxide (CO2) levels are increasing because the natural system cannot keep
pace with this new emission source. The natural processes that permanently remove this additional carbon
– ocean uptake and sedimentation – work extremely slowly.

Time

Natural changes to the carbon cycle have been very slow compared to the rate at which humans are
adding CO2 to the atmosphere. The redistribution of the added CO2 between the atmosphere, oceans, and
biosphere takes hundreds of years, and the removal of the added carbon from the short-term cycle by the
long-term cycle takes thousands of years.

How global warming affected the life on Earth?

Global warming affects many different facets of life on Earth. Some impact of global warming
 Sea Level Rise
 Impacts of Sea Level Rise on Humans
 Impacts of Sea Level Rise on Nature
 Flooding in Eastern Maryland
 Water Resources
 Traditional Cultures
 Health and Disease
 Agriculture
 Ecosystems

Sea level riseing:

Water expands as it warms. Therefore, sea level will rise as the top few hundred meters of the oceans
warm and swell. Meltwater from polar and mountain glaciers is another potential source of sea level rise.

The oceans, which cover 71% of the Earth’s surface, warm slowly in response to greenhouse warming
because it takes a long time to heat their great mass. But measurements indicate that the oceans are
warming, and projections suggest that the warming will continue for many centuries.

Sea level is currently rising at a rate of 1/10 inch per year. Due to the CO2 already in the atmosphere, sea
level is projected to continue rising for several centuries. Projections for the year 2100 show great
uncertainty, ranging from several inches to nearly three feet. The impacts of rising sea level include loss
of coastal ecosystems, flooding of cities, displacement of coastal inhabitants, and increased vulnerability
to storm surges. And the effects would be magnified if the frequency of severe storms increases, as some
climate
The impacts of global warming will be felt across the globe. These are a few of the many examples of the
impacts of sea level rise on humans.

Flooding Bangladesh

One of the poorest nations in the world is projected to lose 17.5% of its land if sea level rises about 40
inches (1 m). Tens of thousands of people are likely to be displaced, and the country’s agricultural system
will be adversely affected. Coastal flooding will threaten animals, plants, and fresh water supplies. The
current danger posed by storm surges when cyclones hit Bangladesh is likely to increase.

Disappearing Islands

The Majuro Atoll in the Pacific Marshall Islands is projected to lose 80% of its land with a 20-inch
(0.5m) rise in sea level. Many of the islands will simply disappear under the rising seas. A similar fate
awaits other islands throughout the South Pacific and Indian Oceans, including many in the Maldives and
French Polynesia. Coral reefs, which protect many of these islands, will be submerged, subjecting the
local peoples to heightened storm surges and disrupted coastal ecosystems. Tourism and local agriculture
will be severely challenged.

The Majuro Atoll

If sea level rises 20 inches then 80% of the Majuro Atol will be under water. Many other islands may also
be submerged if sea level rises. (Photo courtesy of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration/Department of Commerce)

Urban Flooding

Thirteen of the world’s fifteen largest cities are on coastal plains. Many smaller cities, such as Alexandria,
Egypt’s ancient center of learning, also face a severe risk of inundation with a 39-inch (1m) rise in sea
level. Parts of San Jose and Long Beach, California, are about three feet below sea level and New Orleans
is about eight feet below sea level today. Cities at risk cover a wide range of economic circumstances, yet
many will require extensive infrastructure development to minimize the potential impacts of flooding,
particularly from storm surge.

Adapting to Rising Seas

Rising sea level requires many different local responses. Urban areas on the U.S. coastline could be
surrounded by rising sea water. Cities may require extensive infrastructure development to assure fresh
water supplies, secure transportation, and protect people from flooding and storm surge.

Sea walls can be built to protect cities and roads from rising seas. More robust building construction may
also be required to withstand the increasingly intense storms that are likely to result from global warming.
Fresh water supply is a concern as sea water penetrates ground water aquifers, which become brackish
and less usable further inland.
Ecological Tradeoffs

Building sea walls is an effective way to protect roads and cities from rising sea level. Sea walls literally
prevent sea water from encroaching inland and provide a buffer against storm surges.
Unfortunately, sea walls disrupt coastal ecosystems. The abrupt transition between sea water and concrete
eliminates the beaches and tidal areas that support life along the coasts. This may be particularly
problematic in barrier island ecosystems, such as along the southeastern coast of the United States.

The impacts of global warming will be felt across the globe. These are a few of the many examples of the
impacts of sea level rise on nature.

Disappearing Wetlands

Coastal wetlands are especially vulnerable because they are within a few feet of sea level. In the United
States, a sea level rise of one foot (0.3m) could eliminate 17–43% of today’s wetlands, with more than
half the loss in Louisiana. As sea level rises, new wetlands will form further inland, but the total area will
probably be reduced. In developed areas, dikes and other structures will prevent new wetlands from
forming.

Coral Bleaching

Corals weakened by a variety of stresses are susceptible to “bleaching.” This occurs when the
microscopic algae that give corals their brilliant color die. In 1997 and 1998, a large El Niño event
contributed to bleaching in tropical corals around the world. Over the next century, warming of the
oceans, in combination with other stressors such as sea level rise and water pollution, could lead to an
increase in bleaching events.

Coastal Erosion

Over the past century, approximately 70% of the world’s shorelines have been retreating due to sea level
rise and increased erosion. Over the next century, increased erosion is likely as sea level rises. Erosion
will increase along different types of unprotected shoreline, including the low-lying barrier dunes of the
southern U.S. Atlantic Coast and the soft cliff coasts of California.

Traditional Cultures
The impacts of global warming will be felt across the globe. These are a few of the many examples of the
impacts of climate change on traditional cultures.

Disappearing Ice Packs

Wildlife in the arctic regions will be seriously affected as warmer temperatures affect the ocean ice cover.
Polar bears rely on sea ice to hunt seals, which use the ice for rearing their young. The native peoples also
rely on the ice to hunt these species and walruses. Observations of walrus in 1996-99 showed them to be
thin and in poor condition, partly due to receding sea ice.

Warmer temperatures could affect wildlife in artic regions because of melting sea ice. Native peoples in
these areas depend on the sea ice to hunt seals and walruses.

Limited Resources

Many indigenous peoples live in harsh climatic environments to which they have adapted. However,
when climate changes occur rapidly, populations with limited resources can be the first to suffer from
famine and disease. Adaptation techniques include altering crop mixes and water infrastructure to deal
with drought, and improving public healthcare systems to reduce the harm caused by climate-related
disease outbreaks.

The impacts of global warming will be felt across the globe. These are a few of the many examples of the
impacts of climate changes on health and disease.

Infectious Diseases

Cold winter weather reduces the spread of infectious diseases by killing infectious organisms and carrier
species, such as mosquitoes. Warmer, wetter weather could increase the spread of malaria, dengue fever,
and yellow fever. The possible increase in flooding and damage to water and sewage infrastructure can
further encourage the spread of disease.
Increased Air Pollution

Three out of four of the world’s highest-density cities are in rapidly developing countries, where vehicle
pollution is high. In Central Europe alone, 21,000 deaths are tied to air pollution each year. The
concentration of photochemical pollutants, such as ozone, tends to increase with warmer temperatures.
Ozone damages lung tissue and is especially harmful to people with asthma and other lung conditions.

Hotter Summers & Warmer Winters

In 1995 heat wave killed more than 500 people in the Chicago area, and heat intensity is likely to rise in
the future. Statistical studies estimate that a temperature rise of 2°F could double or triple the number of
heat-related deaths in Atlanta, in part because the heat index will increase exponentially as temperature
rises. But warmer weather may save lives in the winter by reducing hypothermia and driving-related
fatalities.

The impacts of global warming will be felt across the globe. These are a few of the many examples of the
impacts of climate change on ecosystems.

American Ecosystems

Northward Shift – A study projecting responses to a doubling of atmospheric CO2 found that tree habitats
in the eastern U.S. may migrate northward more than 50 miles on average. However, the ability of trees to
shift might be limited in regions where forests are only found in isolated patches.

Shifting Penguin Populations

Adélie penguin populations decreased 22% during the last 25 years, while Chinstrap penguins increased
by 400%. The two species depend on different habitats for survival: Adélies inhabit the winter ice pack,
whereas Chinstraps remain in close association with open water. A 7°–9°F rise in midwinter temperatures
on the western Antarctic Peninsula during the past 50 years, and associated receding sea-ice pack, is
reflected in their changing populations.
Tiger Losses

It is estimated that only about 3,000 – 4,500 Bengal tigers remain in the wild. The number in Bangladesh
is projected to decrease as a result of rising sea levels. For tigers and the many other species that inhabit
the forested wetlands of Bangladesh, migration to higher ground probably would be blocked by human
habitation of adjacent lands.

What we can do?

Our time is short .In 2100 century we don’t do what will be happen for this we will loose several parts of
our planet. So this is everyone responsibility for our plant .
Reduce green house effect , carbon effect from our planet that will prevent our planet from global
climate change.

2. At first Turn off (or even better, unplug) appliances

• (consider a power strip), cord instead of cordless phones
• shower not baths, flow
• change shower head

3. Turn off the TV when no one is watching it. The same goes for computers, radios and stereos - if
no one is using it, turn it off..

4. Clean air-conditioning filters

(it save electricity, and it’s good for your health)

9. Turn down Water heater, and air conditioner settings

10. Turn off PC, printers, when not using: Use Laptop instead of PC

11. Use cold water for washing cloths! Hang clothes if possible.
12. Use dishwasher only when full. Wash by hand if possible
11. Eating habits: Eat less meat (less methane), Eat local products.
12. Plant trees: They also lower house T in summer, They reduce CO 2
13. Use small car instead of big car which produce less CO2.
14. Avoid sanitary dishes/napkins. Both Styrofoam and paper Buy products with least packaging.
Large family packs, Gift bags instead of wrapping, Water bottles! L - use refillable bottle.
13. Be a wise consumer Buy less, Give away things you no longer use.

17. Recycle! –it saves a lot of energy/emissions plastic, paper, cardboard, cans, and glass.
18. Email your senators, government officials:
• Sign petition at www.undoit.org
• Sign petition at climatecrisis.org

17. Consider solar water heater

18. Replace light bulbs with coiled fluorescent
19. Consider buying a small car or a Hybrid,

20. Eat organic products (better health, less Br)

21. Consider wind or solar power
22. Use reusable plastic or cloth coffee filter
23. Don’t keep te refrigerador door open any longer than you need to.

24. There is a rubber-like seal around the door that you can test. Just close the door on a Euro
note, and then see how easy it is to pull out. If the note slides out easily, the door is probably
leaking cold air from inside.

25.If you need to warm up or defrost small amounts of food, use a microwave instead of the stove.
Microwave ovens use around 50 percent less energy than conventional ovens do.
In the summer, using a microwave causes less heat in the kitchen, which saves money on air
conditioning.

26.Shops often use a lot of normal light bulbs to illuminate their products. They are not energy saving
light bulbs. Normal light bulbs ( in a shop) produce about 10000 w of energy, but only 1000 w of
energy is light. The other 9000 W is heat.

27.In summer, the shops then have to use more energy on air conditioning to remove this extra
heat.Shops often use a lot of normal light bulbs to illuminate their products. They are not energy
saving light bulbs. Normal light bulbs ( in a shop) produce about 10000 w of energy, but only 1000 w
of energy is light. The other 9000 W is heat.In summer, the shops then have to use more energy on air
conditioning to remove this extra heat.

28.provide sustainable, carbon-free electricity.

29.Make a commitment to save 20% of the energy you use at home

30.Reduce light in mall at parking place.which is not using.

31. Produce the electricity by wind.

32. Shut down the malls after 8P.M.Save electricity.

33. Reduce the bataries product for kids .

34.Plantation tree as much as possible they will help to reduce CO2.

Conclusion

It’s a Global Issue.

The increase in the greenhouse effect is global, affecting climate and communities worldwide.
Some countries emit more CO2 into the atmosphere than others, and each country will be affected
differently by the changing climate. The international pattern of CO2 emissions and greenhouse warming
impacts will change through time