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1. You need to know the normal values of pH, partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2), and
bicarbonate (HCO3-).
2. You need to look at the patient's ABG's - arterial blood gases - to determine what's abnormal, and
whether the abnormal values are too high or too low.
3. You need to correlate the abnormal values of PCO2 and HCO3- to the abnormality of pH.
4. You need to name the disorder, the cause, and the source of any compensation.
5. You need to suggest possible causes of the disorder.
Steps:
• If only one of the two parameters (CO2 or HCO3-) is abnormal, then its value should be consistent
with the pH (for example, if the CO2 is high, since that causes a drop in pH, the pH should be low).
• If both of the parameter are abnormal, then usually one is CAUSING the problem, and the other
is trying to CORRECT (COMPENSATE FOR) the problem. (For example, if the CO2 is high, and is
causing the pH imbalance, then the pH must be low, since CO2 behaves as an acid. If HCO3- level is
also abnormal, then usually it will be high, to compensate for the low pH, since it is a base.)
Practice Problem 1
ANSWER:
2. pH is too low - acidosis; PCO2 is too high, would cause acidosis or correct alkalosis; HCO3- is
normal, neither causing nor correcting imbalance
3. high PCO2 is correllated with low pH, which is consistent with patient's report
4. because PCO2 is causing the problem, this is respiratory acidosis; because bicarbonate is normal,
there is no compensation
5. possible cause: cardiac arrest
Practice Problem 3
Practice Problem 4
Practice Problem 5
Practice Problem 6
Practice Problem 8
ANSWERS
Practice Problem 2
pH – low = acidosis
Practice Problem 3
pH – low = acidosis
Practice Problem 4
pH – low = acidosis
Practice Problem 5
pH – high = alkalosis
Practice Problem 6
pH – high = alkalosis
Practice Problem 7
pH – high = alkalosis
Practice Problem 8