Trig Cheat Sheet

Definition of the Trig Functions

Right triangle definition For this definition we assume that 0 <θ <
Formulas and Identities
Tangent and Cotangent Identities sin θ cos θ tan θ = cot θ = cos θ sin θ Reciprocal Identit
es 1 1 csc θ = sin θ = sin θ csc θ 1 1 sec θ = cos θ = cos θ sec θ 1 1 cot θ = tan θ = tan
gorean Identities sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ = 1 tan θ + 1 = sec θ
2 2
π
2
or 0° < θ < 90° .
Unit circle definition For this definition θ is any angle.
y
( x, y )
hy otenuse o osite
y 1 x
θ
x
Half Angle Formulas 1 sin 2 θ = (1 − cos ( 2θ ) ) 2 1 cos 2 θ = (1 + cos ( 2θ ) ) 2 1 − cos
( 2θ ) 2 tan θ = 1 + cos ( 2θ ) Sum and Difference Formulas sin (α ± β ) = sin α cos β ± co
os (α ± β ) = cos α cos β ∓ sin α sin β t
n α ± t
n β 1 ∓ t
n α t
n β Product to Sum Formul
(α − β ) − cos (α + β ) ⎤ ⎦ 2⎣ 1 cos α cos β = ⎡cos (α − β ) + cos (α + β ) ⎤ ⎦ 2⎣ 1 sin α
α sin β = ⎡sin (α + β ) − sin (α − β ) ⎤ ⎦ 2⎣ Sum to Product Formul
s ⎛α + β ⎞ ⎛α −β ⎞ sin
2 cos ⎜ ⎟ ⎟ sin ⎜ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎛α + β ⎞ ⎛α −β ⎞ cos α + cos β = 2 cos ⎜ ⎟ cos ⎜ ⎟ 2 ⎠ ⎝ ⎝ 2
s t
n (α ± β ) =
⎛π ⎞ sin ⎜ − θ ⎟ = cos θ ⎝2 ⎠ ⎛π ⎞ csc ⎜ − θ ⎟ = sec θ ⎝2 ⎠ ⎛π ⎞ t
n ⎜ − θ ⎟ = cot θ 2 ⎝ ⎠
θ

dj
cent sin θ = o osite hy otenuse
dj
cent cos θ = hy otenuse o osite t
n θ =
dj

cent hy otenuse o osite hy otenuse sec θ =
dj
cent
dj
cent cot θ = o osite csc θ =
sin θ = y =y 1 x cos θ = = x 1 y t
n θ = x 1 y 1 sec θ = x x cot θ = y csc θ =
1 + cot 2 θ = csc 2 θ Even/Odd Formul
s sin ( −θ ) = − sin θ csc ( −θ ) = − cscθ cos ( −θ )
= − t
n θ Periodic Formul
s If n is
n integer. sin (θ + 2π n ) = sin θ sec ( −θ ) = sec θ
( −θ ) = − cot θ
F
cts
nd Pro erties 
Dom
in The dom

in is
ll the v
lues of θ th
t c
n e lugged into the function. si
n θ , θ c
n e
ny
ngle cos θ , θ c
n e
ny
ngle 1⎞ ⎛ t
n θ , θ ≠ ⎜ n + ⎟ π , n = 0, ± 1
± 1, ± 2,… csc θ , 1⎞ ⎛ sec θ , θ ≠ ⎜ n + ⎟ π , n = 0, ± 1, ± 2,… 2⎠ ⎝ θ ≠ n π , n = 0, ±
ll ossi le v
lues to get out of the function. csc θ ≥ 1
nd csc θ ≤ −1 −1 ≤ sin θ ≤ 1 −1≤
1
nd sec θ ≤ −1 −∞ ≤ t
n θ ≤ ∞ −∞ ≤ cotθ ≤ ∞ Period The eriod of
function is the num e
+ T ) = f (θ ) . So, if ω is
fixed num er
nd θ is
ny
ngle e h
ve the folloing
eriods. sin (ωθ ) →
cos (ω θ ) →
csc (θ + 2π n ) = csc θ
cos (θ + 2π n ) = cos θ sec (θ + 2π n ) = sec θ t
n (θ + π n ) = t
n θ cot (θ + π n ) = cot
le Formul
s sin ( 2θ ) = 2sin θ cos θ cos ( 2θ ) = cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ = 2 cos 2 θ − 1 = 1 −
t
n θ t
n ( 2θ ) = 1 − t
n 2 θ Degrees to R
di
ns Formul
s If x is
n
ngle in degrees

nd t is
n
ngle in r
di
ns then π πx 180t t = ⇒ t=
nd x = π 180 x 180
T= T T T T T
2π
t
n ( ωθ ) → csc (ωθ ) →
sec (ω θ ) →
cot (ωθ ) →
ω 2π = ω π = ω 2π = ω 2π = ω π = ω
© 2005 P
ul D
kins
© 2005 P
ul D
kins
Unit Circle y
⎛ 1 3⎞ ⎜− , ⎟ ⎝ 2 2 ⎠ ⎛ 2 2⎞ , ⎜− ⎟ ⎝ 2 2 ⎠ ⎛ 3 1⎞ ⎜− , ⎟ ⎝ 2 2⎠
Inverse Trig Functions
Definition y = sin −1 x is euiv
lent to x = sin y Inverse Pro erties cos ( cos −1 (
x ) ) = x cos−1 ( cos (θ ) ) = θ sin ( sin −1 ( x ) ) = x t
n ( t
n −1 ( x ) ) = x Altern

te Not
tion sin −1 x =
rcsin x cos −1 x =
rccos x t
n −1 x =
rct
n x sin −1 ( sin (θ )
) = θ t
n −1 ( t
n (θ ) ) = θ
⎛1 3⎞ ⎜ , ⎟ ⎜2 2 ⎟ ⎝ ⎠ ⎛ 2 2⎞ ⎜ ⎜ 2 , 2 ⎟ ⎟ ⎝ ⎠ ⎛ 3 1⎞ ⎜ , ⎟ ⎜ 2 2⎟ ⎝ ⎠
( 0,1)
π
2 2π 3 90° 120° 60°
y = cos −1 x is euiv
lent to x = cos y y = t
n x is euiv
lent to x = t
n y Dom
i
n
nd R
nge Function Dom
in y = sin −1 x y = cos x y = t
n −1 x
−1 −1
π
3
3π 4
π
4
45°
5π 6
150°
135°
π
30°
−1 ≤ x ≤ 1 −1 ≤ x ≤ 1 −∞ < x < ∞
−
6
≤ y≤ 2 2 0≤ y ≤π
π
R
nge
π
−
π
2
< y<
π
2
( −1,0 )
π 180°
0°
360°
0 2π
(1,0 )
x
L
 of Sines, Cosines
nd T
ngents
β
c
7π 6 210°
225°


330° 315° 7π 300° 270° 4 5π 3π 3 2 ⎛
( 0,−1)
⎛ 3 1⎞ ⎜− ,− ⎟ 2⎠ ⎝ 2
⎛ 2 2⎞ ,− ⎜− ⎟ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2
5π 4
11π 6
4π 3
240°
⎛ 3 1⎞ ⎜ ,− ⎟ ⎝ 2 2⎠
α
γ
⎛ 2 2⎞ ,− ⎜ ⎟ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2

L
 of Sines sin 
 α sin β sin γ = = a b c Law of Cosines a 2 = b 2 + c 2 − 2bc cos α L
of
T
ngents
− t
n 1 (α − β ) 2 =
+ t
n 1 (α + β ) 2 − c t
n 1 ( β − γ ) 2 = b + c t
) 2 a − c tan 1 (α − γ ) 2 = a + c tan 1 (α + γ ) 2
⎛ 1 3⎞ ⎜ − ,− ⎟ ⎝ 2 2 ⎠
1 3⎞ ⎜ ,− ⎟ ⎝2 2 ⎠
For
ny ordered
ir on the unit circle ( x, y ) : cos θ = x
nd sin θ = y Ex
m le ⎛ 5π ⎞
1 cos ⎜ ⎟ = ⎝ 3 ⎠ 2 3 ⎛ 5π ⎞ sin ⎜ ⎟ = − 2 ⎝ 3 ⎠
  
2 =
2 + c 2 − 2
c cos β c =
+ − 2
cos γ
2 2 2
Mollweide’s Formula a + b cos 1 (α − β ) 2 = c sin 1 γ 2
© 2005 Paul Dawkins
© 2005 Paul Dawkins