241-267 - CT and VT Basics - Quazvin

Basics of
Current and Voltage Transformers

Power Transmission and Distribution
Author
Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Page 241 2007-08 Author PTD SE PTI
Equivalent current transformer circuit
N1
I 2′ = I1 ⋅
I1 jX1 R1 N2 jX2 R2 I2
P1 Im S1
N1 N2 U Zm Zb
2
P2 S2
Ideal CT
X1 = Primary leakage reactance

R1 = Primary winding resistance Power Transmission and Distribution
X2 = Secondary leakage reactance
Z0 = Magnetizing impedance
R2 = Secondary winding resistance
Zb = SecondaryAuthor
load
Note: Normally the leakage fluxes X1 and X2 can be neglected

Current transformer, simplified equivalent circuit
1 : N2 jX2 R2
i1 i2
ZB
N2
i'1 = ⋅ i1 i2
1 L2<< LW R2

LW im
RB
Author

Current transformer:
Phase displacement (δ) and current ratio error (ε)
N1
I1 .
N2
I1 ε
N1
I2
N2
I2
δ
Zb
Author
Im

CT classes to IEC 60044-1: 5P or 10P
Pi = I sec .2 × R CT
Specification: 300/1 A 5P10, 30 VA RCT ≤ 5 Ohm
Rated burden
Ratio In -Prim / In -Sek. (nominal power) PNB
5% accuracyat I= n x In Accuracy
limit factor ALF
Actual accuracy limit factor
in operation is higher as the CT Pi + PNB Dimension criterium:
ALF ' = ALF × I
is normally underburdened : Pi + PBB ALF ' ≥ SC − max × KTF
Operating ALF: ALF‘ I n and Distribution
Power Transmission
KTF (over-dimensioning factor) considers the single sided CT over-magnetising due to the d.c.
Author
component in short circuit current ISC.
KTF values required in practice depend on relay type and design.
Recommendations are provided by manufacturers (see Application Guides)
Definition of the CT knee-point voltage
U2
10 %
UKN IEC 60044-1 Class PX

formerly
50 %
British Standard BS3938:
Class X
Author
Im

Current transformer, Standard for steady-state performance
IEC 60044-1 specifies the following classes:
Current error Angle error δ

Accuracy class at nominal Total error at n x In
at rated current
current (In) (rated accuracy limit)
In
5P ±1% ± 60 minutes 5%
10P ± 5% 10 %
Author

Current transformers, Standard for transient performance
IEC 60044-6 specifies four classes:
Class Error at rated current Maximum error at Remanence

rated accuracy limit
Ratio error Angle error
TPX
(closed iron core)
± 0,5 % ± 30 min εˆ ≤ 10% no limit
TPY
with anti-remanence ± 1,0 % ± 30 min εˆ ≤ 10% < 10 %
air gap
TPZ εˆ ≤ 10% Power Transmission and Distribution

± 1,0 % ± 180 ± 18 min negligible
linear core
(a.c. current only)
TPS Special version for high impedance protection

Author No limit
closed iron core (Knee point voltage, internal secondary resistance)

Current transformer saturation
Steady-state saturation with AC current
Author
Transient saturation with offset current

Transient CT saturation due to DC component
ISC Short circuit current
DC flux non-saturated
ΦS
Φ
AC flux
Author
Im Magnetising current

Course of CT-flux during off-set short-circuit current
ΙP primary current
t t
d.c. component B ω ⋅TN ⋅TS − TN −
= 1+ (e − e TS )
Bˆ
~
TN − TS
TS
t
BMax ⎛T ⎞ − N TS TN
= 1+ ω ⋅TS ⋅ ⎜⎜ ⎟
TN B~
total flux ⎝ TS ⎠
B
TN ⋅ TS TS
t B Max = ⋅ ln
BMax TS − TN TN
transient
d.c. flux B~ 1
LW Power Transmission and Distribution
TS = =
a.c. flux Ri + RB ω ⋅ tanδ
Author 10900
t For 50 Hz: TS = [ms]
B~
δ [min ]

CT transient over-dimensioning factor KTF
KTF
TS
∞ (KTF ≈1+ωTN)
⎛ TN ⎞ TS − TN
6 KTF = 1+ ωTS⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ 5000 Closed iron core
0
⎝ TS ⎠
5
0
1000
4 TS [ms]
0
500
3
0 250
2
0 100 Linear core
1
TN = network time constant
0
(short-circuit time constant)
Author
TS = CT secondary time constant
50 100 150 200 TN [ms]

CT with closed iron core,
Over-dimensioning factor KTF‘ for specified time to saturation (tM)
tM
15 tM → ∞
K‘td 50 ms
14
40 ms
10 ⎛ tM ⎞
30 ms ⎜ - ⎟
K' TF = 1 + ωTN ⋅ ⎜1 - e T N ⎟
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
20 ms ⎝ ⎠
6
5
10 ms Power Transmission and Distribution
tM → ∞ :
XN
Author KTF = 1+ ωTN = 1+
RN
0 20 40 60 80 100 [ ms]

Tp
CT over-dimensioning factor KTF (tM,TN)
in the case of short time to saturation (tM)
KTF
tM 180
4 Θ (tM,TN)
10 ms (el. degree) 160
3.5
140
3
8 ms 120
2.5 tM
100
2
80 10 ms
1.5 6 ms 8 ms
60 6 ms
4 ms
1 40
4 ms 2 ms
0.5 Author 20
2 ms
0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100

Page 254 2007-08 T
N in ms Author TPTD
N inSE
msPTI
Current transformer
magnetising and de-magnetising
ΙP
t
BMax
t
−
B = BR + (BMax. − BR ) ⋅ e TS
BMax BR
B
BR Power Transmission and Distribution
Ιm
Author
t Ιm

Current transformer
Course of flux in the case of non-successful auto-reclosure
Bmax
tF1 = duration of 1st fault
t tDT dead time

tF1 tDT tF2 tF2 =duration of 2nd fault
⎡ tF1 tF1 tDT+tF2 ⎡ tF2 tF2

Bmax ⎢ ω ⋅TN ⋅TS − TN − ⎤ Author
− ω ⋅ TN ⋅TS − − ⎤
= 1+ (e − e TS ⎥ ⋅ e TS + ⎢1+ (e TN − e TS ⎥
Bˆ~ ⎢ TN −TS ⎥ ⎢ TN −TS ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦

Current transformer
magnetising curve and point of remanence
I II III
B
up to 80%
< 10%
negligible
H = im ⋅ w

I: closed iron core (TPX)
II: core with anti-remanence air-gaps (TPY)
Author III: Linearised core (TPZ)

Current transformers TPX und TPY
Course of the flux with non-successful auto-reclosure
BR closed iron core (TPX)

core with anti-
remanence air-gaps (TPY)
BR
Author
tF1 tDT tF2 t

Standards of voltage transformers
VT classes to IEC 60044-2

Class Permissible error at 0.05 ·UN and 1.0 · UN
designation Voltage error FU Angle error δ All 3P and 5P protection CTs must
3P 120 minutes additionally comply with one of the
± 3.0 % below VT metering classes!
5P ± 6.0 % 240 minutes
VT classes for measurement IEC 60044-2

Class Permissible voltage error in % Permissible angle error in minutes
designation at 1.0 · UN at 1.0·UN
0.1 0.1 5
0.2 0.2 10
0.5 0.5 20
Author
1 1 30
3 3 Not determined

Capacitive voltage transformer,
Equivalent circuit
400 kV
3
C1 = 5 nF
20 kV RF
100 V
C2 = 95 nF LF CF ZB
3 3
CE = C 1 + C 2
LO Power Transmission and Distribution
C1 RE RF R'B
U*1 = UP ⋅ C RT LT U*2
C1 + C2
T
Author LF CF
L'B

Transient performance of CVTs,
Recommendations acc. to IEC 60044-5
Us (t)
Ratio ⋅100%
2 ⋅ Us
Measured voltage transients after fault at
voltage maximum and zero-crossing Time Classes
(Example) Ts
in ms 3PT1 3PT2 3PT3
6PT1 6PT2 6PT3
10 --- ≤ 25 ≤4
20 ≤ 10 ≤ 10 ≤2
40 ≤ 10 ≤ 2 ≤2
t
60 ≤ 10 ≤ 0.6 ≤2
90 ≤ 10 ≤ 0.2 ≤2
Legend:
UP(t) Primary voltage Recommendations to IEC 60044-5
US(t) Secondary voltage
Author
(1) Fault inception
(2) Aperiodic damping of US(t)
(3) Periodic damping of US(t)

CT dimensioning K OD = KTF
Pi + PBN RCT + RBN rated CT burden: PBN

ALF' = ALF ⋅ = ALF ⋅ internal burden of the CT: Pi=Ri ⋅ I2N2
Pi + PB RCT + RB
Actual connected burden : PB= RB ⋅ I2N2
P + PB RCT + RB RB=Rl+RR= burden resistance
ALF = ALF'⋅ i = ALF'⋅ Rl= resistance of connecting cables
Pi + PBN RCT + RBN RR= burden resistance of the relay
I
with ALF ' ≥ K OD ⋅ K Theory: No saturation
K' TF =
BMax
= 1 + ωTN = 1 +
XN
IN
Bˆ ~
for the total
short-circuit duration:
RN
K OD ≥ K TF ⋅ K Re m No saturation for ω TN ⋅ TS
−
tM ⎤
⎡ Transmission andtMDistribution
Power
⋅ −
the specified time tM: K ' 'TF = ⎢1 + (e TN − e TS ⎥

1 ⎢ TN − TS ⎥
K Re m = Practice:Author ⎣ ⎦
% Remanence
1−
100 Remanence only considered in extra high voltage systems (EHV)
KTF-values acc. to relay manufacturers‘ guides

Practical CT requirements
Transient over-dimensioning factors KTF (AR not considered)
Distance Close-in fault: Fault atbalance point:

7SA6 and 7SA522 KTF ≥ 5 KTF ≥ 2 ( ≥ 1 if TN < 30ms)
Overcurrent ALF‘≥ I>>setting/ IN, at least 20

7SJ56
Internal fault External fault

Transformer Differential KTF≥ 0.75 KTF≥ 1.2
7UT6 (Saturation free (Saturation free
time ≥ 4 ms) time ≥ 5 ms)
Line differential KTF≥ 0.5 KTF≥ 1.2 Power Transmission and Distribution
7SD61 (Saturation free (Saturation free
Bus differential KTF≥ 0.5Author KTF≥ 0.5
7SS52 (Saturation free (Saturation free

CT dimensioning for
Example differential protection (1)
1. Calculation of fault currents 110/20 kV

40 MVA OH-line:
110 kV, 3 GVA F1 F2 F3 F4
uT=12% l = 8 km,
zL‘= 0,4 Ω/km
Net
300/1A 1200/1A 200/1A 200/1A
∆ IT ∆ IL ∆ IL
7SD61
7UT61
Impedances related to 110 kV: Impedances related to 20 kV:
U N 2 ⎡ kV 2 ⎤ U N 2 ⎡ kV 2 ⎤
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ 110 2 20 2
⎢⎣ Power⎥⎦ Transmission and Distribution
Net : ZN = = = 4.03 Ω Net : ZN = = = 0.13 Ω
SSC ' ' [MVA ] 3000 SSC ' ' [MVA ] 3000
U N 2 ⎡ kV 2 ⎤ U N 2 ⎡ kV 2 ⎤
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ uT [% ] 110 2 12 % Author ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ uT [% ] 20 2 12 %
ZT = ⋅ = ⋅ = 36.3 Ω Transf. : ZT= ⋅ = ⋅ = 1.2 Ω
PN -T [MVA ] 100
Transf. :
PN -T [MVA ] 100 40 100 40 100
Line : Z L = l[km ]⋅ z L ' [Ω/km ] = 8 ⋅ 0,4 = 3,2 Ω

CT dimensioning for
1.1 ⋅ U N / 3 1.1 ⋅ 110kV/ 3 1.1 ⋅ U N / 3 1.1 ⋅ 20kV/ 3

F1 I F1 = = = 17.3 kA F3 I F3 = = = 9.55 kA
ZN 4.03Ω Z N + ZT 0.13Ω + 1.2Ω
1.1 ⋅ U N / 3 1,1 ⋅ 110kV/ 3 1.1 ⋅ U N / 3 1,1 ⋅ 20kV/ 3

F2 I F2 = = = 1.73 kA F4 I F4 = = = 2.8 kA
Z N + ZT 4.03Ω + 36.3Ω Z N + Z T + Z L 0.13Ω + 1.2Ω + 3.2 Ω
Dimensioning of the 110 kV CTs for the transformer differential protection:

Manufacturer recommends for relay 7UT61: 1) Saturation free time ≥ 4ms for internal faults
2) Over-dimensioning factor KTF ≥ 1,2
for through flowing currents (external faults)
The saturation free time of 3 ms
corresponds to KTF≥ 0,75
See diagram, page 59 Power Transmission and Distribution
Criterion 1) therefore reads:

For criterion 2) we get:
I 17300
ALF' ≥ K TF ⋅ F1 = 0,75 ⋅ = 43 Author I 1730
IN 300 ALF' ≥ K TF ⋅ F2 = 1,2 ⋅ =7
IN 300
The 110 kV CTs must be dimensioned according to criterion 1).

CT dimensioning for
We try to use a CT type: 300/1, 10 VA, 5P?, internal burden 2 VA.

Pi + Poperation 2 + 2.5
ALF ≥ ⋅ ALF ' = ⋅ 43 = 16.1 (Connected burden estimated to about 2.5 VA)
Pi + Prated 2 + 10
Chosen, with a security margin : 300 /1 A, 5P20, 10 VA, R2≤ 2 Ohm (Pi ≤ 2VA)
Specification of the CTs at the 20 kV side of the transformer:
It is good relaying practice to choose the same dimensioning as for the CTs on the 110 kV side:
1200/1, 10 VA, 5P20, R2≤ 2 Ohm (Pi ≤ 2VA)
Dimensioning of the 20 kV CTs for line protection:
For relay 7SD61, it is required: 1‘) Saturation free time ≥ 3ms for internal faults
2‘) Over-dimensioning factor KTF ≥ 1.2
for through flowing currents (external
Power faults)
Transmission and Distribution
The saturation free time of 3 ms corresponds
to KTF≥ 0.5
See diagram, page 59
Author
Criterion 1‘) therefore reads: For criterion 2‘) we get:
I 9550 The 20 kV line CTs
ALF' ≥ K TF ⋅ F3 = 0.5 ⋅ = 24 I 2800
IN 200 ALF' ≥ KTF ⋅ F4 = 1.2 ⋅ = 16.8 must be dimensioned
IN 200 according to criterion 1‘).
CT dimensioning for
For the 20 kV line we have considered the CT type: 200/5 A, 5 VA, 5P?, internal burden ca. 1 VA
Pi + Poperation 1+1
ALF ≥ ⋅ ALF ' = ⋅ 24 = 8 (Connected burden about 1 VA)
Pi + Prated 1+ 5
Specification of line CTs:
We choose the next higher standard accuracy limit factor ALF=10 :

Herewith, we can specify: CT Type TPX, 200/5 A, 5 VA, 5P10, R2≤ 0.04 Ohm ( Pi≤ 1 VA)
Author


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Basics of

Current and Voltage Transformers

Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

X1 = Primary leakage reactance

Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Power Transmission and Distribution

Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

UKN IEC 60044-1 Class PX

Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

IEC 60044-1 specifies the following classes:

Current error Angle error δ

Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

IEC 60044-6 specifies four classes:

Class Error at rated current Maximum error at Remanence

TPZ εˆ ≤ 10% Power Transmission and Distribution

TPS Special version for high impedance protection

Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Steady-state saturation with AC current

Power Transmission and Distribution

Transient saturation with offset current

Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

ISC Short circuit current

Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

tF1 = duration of 1st fault

t tDT dead time

⎡ tF1 tF1 tDT+tF2 ⎡ tF2 tF2

Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Power Transmission and Distribution

Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

BR closed iron core (TPX)

Power Transmission and Distribution

tF1 tDT tF2 t

Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

VT classes to IEC 60044-2

VT classes for measurement IEC 60044-2

Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Pi + PBN RCT + RBN rated CT burden: PBN

the specified time tM: K ' 'TF = ⎢1 + (e TN − e TS ⎥

Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Distance Close-in fault: Fault atbalance point:

Overcurrent ALF‘≥ I>>setting/ IN, at least 20

Internal fault External fault

Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

1. Calculation of fault currents 110/20 kV

Impedances related to 110 kV: Impedances related to 20 kV:

Line : Z L = l[km ]⋅ z L ' [Ω/km ] = 8 ⋅ 0,4 = 3,2 Ω

1.1 ⋅ U N / 3 1.1 ⋅ 110kV/ 3 1.1 ⋅ U N / 3 1.1 ⋅ 20kV/ 3

1.1 ⋅ U N / 3 1,1 ⋅ 110kV/ 3 1.1 ⋅ U N / 3 1,1 ⋅ 20kV/ 3

Dimensioning of the 110 kV CTs for the transformer differential protection:

Criterion 1) therefore reads:

The 110 kV CTs must be dimensioned according to criterion 1).

We try to use a CT type: 300/1, 10 VA, 5P?, internal burden 2 VA.

Specification of line CTs:

We choose the next higher standard accuracy limit factor ALF=10 :

Power Transmission and Distribution