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EMEK ELEKTRIK
ENDUSTRISI A.S
1
DESIGN CARETERIA
In the following pages brief and simplified guidelines are given for the
selection and design of current transformers for a particular duty.
Instrument transformers are not low priced items. In general they make
up of about 2 to 4 % of the cost of a conventional (open terminal)
substation, excluding land. Therefore economics is as important as
technical details when selecting CT’s.
Current Transformers
All three types listed above can perform the same job, that is they can
reduce the current to small magnitudes which can be safely handled.
However some types have some particular characteristics that have to be
discussed and considered very carefully before a selection is made
4
Type of structure
5
Comparison Between Types
In tropical climates, the steel tank will absorb sunlight and the oil will operate at high
temperatures. Increased oil temperature will decrease oil life.
6
Comparison Between Types
The tank is subject to corrosion. If the tank is only painted it will start to corrode in a
few years in a tropical climate. If the tank is hot galvanized, scars caused during
transportation or installation will cause corrosion
7
Comparison Between Types
Center of
Gravity
Center of Center of
Gravity Gravity
The center of gravity is low, Center of gravity is very high. The center of gravity is low,
therefore earthquake Therefore transportation and therefore earthquake
performance is very good, erection are very difficult. performance is very good,
Transportation and erection is Earthquake performance is very Transportation and erection is
easy. poor easy. 8
Comparison Between Types
F4
F1
F1 F2
F2
F3
During a short circuit the dynamic forces make it into a round shape. If the winding is
already a round shape then these radial dynamic forces cancel each other and the
resultant force is minimum 11
HOW TO SELECT A CURRENT TRANSFORMER
This parameter must be selected in accordance with a Standard. This value will
also determine the power frequency and impulse test levels of the CT.
It is very important and advisable not to select insulation levels different from
standards. For example if an insulation level of 170/325/900 kV is asked for, the
manufacturers will have to custom design the insulation and the resulting CT will
be unnecessarily very expensive.
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HOW TO SELECT A CURRENT TRANSFORMER
3.6 10 40
7.2 20 60
12 28 75
17.5 38 95
24 50 125
36 70 170
52 95 250
72.5 140 325
123 230 550
145 275 650
170 325 750
245 460 1050
300 460 1050
362 510 1175
420 630 1425
IEC STANDARD
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HOW TO SELECT A CURRENT TRANSFORMER
ii) Frequency
iii) Ratio
P1 P2 P1 C2 C2 P2
1 2 2
S1 S2 S3
S1 S2
RATIO : 200-400/1 A RATIO : 200-400/1 A
SECONDARY TAP PRIMARY TAP
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HOW TO SELECT A CURRENT TRANSFORMER
P1 C2 C2 P2
PRIMARY WINDINGS
2 2
RATIO : 200-300-400-800/5 A
160 80 80
SECONDARY WINDINGS
S1 S2 S3 S4
Primary Secondary
A Turn AT Connection A Turn AT Connection
200 4 800 Parallel 5 160 800 S1-S2
300 4 1200 Parallel 5 240 1200 S1-S3
400 2 800 Series 5 160 800 S1-S2
800 2 1600 Series 5 320 1600 S1-S4
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HOW TO SELECT A CURRENT TRANSFORMER
a) the length and cross section of the conductor between the CT and the
control room or panels
b) the VA requirement of the instrument and/or relay
the simple addition of these loads will give the VA. It is advisable to spare some
VA for future addition of instruments into the circuit, however, this should not be
overdone. Unnecessarily high VA will require big and bulky CT’s that will be more
expensive.
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HOW TO SELECT A CURRENT TRANSFORMER
P1
S1
A I> kWh
S2
P2 d
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HOW TO SELECT A CURRENT TRANSFORMER
Burden in VA
2d 1A, cross section in mm2 5A, cross section in mm2
m 1 2.5 4 6 2.5 4 6 10
5 0.18 0.07 1.78 1.12 0.74 0.44
6 0.21 0.09 2.14 1.34 0.89 0.54
7 0.25 0.10 2.50 1.56 1.04 0.63
8 0.29 0.11 2.86 1.79 1.19 0.71
9 0.32 0.13 3.21 2.01 1.34 0.80
10 0.36 0.14 0.09 0.06 3.57 2.24 1.49 0.89
20 0.71 0.29 0.18 0.12 7.10 4.50 3.00 1.80
30 1.07 0.43 0.27 0.18 10.70 6.70 4.50 2.70
40 1.43 0.57 0.36 0.24 14.30 8.90 6.00 3.60
50 1.78 0.72 0.45 0.30 17.80 11.20 7.40 4.40
60 2.14 0.86 0.54 0.36 13.40 8.90 5.40
70 2.50 1.00 0.63 0.42 15.60 10.40 6.30
80 2.86 1.14 0.71 0.48 17.90 11.90 7.10
90 3.21 1.29 0.80 0.54 21.10 13.40 8.00
100 3.57 1.43 0.89 0.60 22.40 14.90 8.90
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HOW TO SELECT A CURRENT TRANSFORMER
a² . 2d 1² . 2.100
Bc = -------- = ------------- = 0.9 VA
cs . 57 4 . 57
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HOW TO SELECT A CURRENT TRANSFORMER
a² . 2d 5² . 2.70
Bc = -------- = ----------- = 6.15 VA
cs . 57 10 . 57
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HOW TO SELECT A CURRENT TRANSFORMER
%5In
Another very
important point to
consider is that,
many international
standards require %100 VA
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HOW TO SELECT A CURRENT TRANSFORMER
Core 1 : 30 VA, Class 0.5 Fs5, 800/1 A Core 2 : 30 VA, Class 5P20, 800/1 A
Vk = n x VA/Is = 5 x 30 VA /1 A = 150 V Vk = n x VA/Is = 20 x 30 VA /1 A = 600 V
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HOW TO SELECT A CURRENT TRANSFORMER
Vk x 10000
S = ------------------------ 1.4
4.44 x B x N2 x f
HxL l
Io = -------- Rct = δ x --------
N2 A
v) Accuracy Class
The accuracy should be selected for the job. If only indicating instruments like
ammeters and wattmeters are to be connected, then Class 1.0 is sufficient for
measuring cores. If energy meters are to be connected and also if revenue is to
be calculated with these meters then Class 0.5 can be selected. Class 0.2 should
be selected only when very large amounts of energy transfer and revenue is in
question.
A typical expression (in IEC ) is 0.5FS5 which means the Accuracy Class is 0.5
and the Instrument Security Factor is 5.
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HOW TO SELECT A CURRENT TRANSFORMER
Instrument Security Factor FS5 means, during a short circuit when there is a very
high current flowing in the primary winding the measuring core will saturate
around 5 times its rated value. If this core is a 1 Ampere core, the secondary
current flowing through the instruments will not rise above 5 Amps. This is a
precaution to prevent instruments being burn out during a short circuit.
At lower burdens than the rated burden, the saturation value increases
approximately by n.
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HOW TO SELECT A CURRENT TRANSFORMER
The IEC classes for protective current transformers are 5P and 10P
Saturation voltage is given by ALF (Accuracy limit Factor) ,indicates the over
current as a multiple of the the rated primary current up to which the rated
accuracy is maintained with the rated burden connected. It is given as a
minimum value.
For protection cores, selection of accuracy class and saturation factor is more
complicated. In order to make a good selection, the characteristics for the
protection relays should be known. All reputable protection relay manufacturers
publish charts, tables, graphs and formulae for CT accuracy class and burden
calculations. If these documents are followed accurately, then optimum selections
can be made.
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HOW TO SELECT A CURRENT TRANSFORMER
Is Rj (winding resistance)
Np/Ns x Ip
Ie
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HOW TO SELECT A CURRENT TRANSFORMER
vi ) Standards
When selecting a CT for a particular job, the standard should be firmly defined
from the beginning. It is not advisable to use more than one standard for one
particular job because the standards may have conflicting clauses. It is not good
practice, for example, to select the insulation level from BS and then to select the
accuracy class from IEC.
The altitude, climate and seismic conditions do affect the design of CT’s.
Therefore these must be considered when a CT is selected for a particular job.
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HOW TO SELECT A CURRENT TRANSFORMER
Example :
145 KV Current
Transformers
After Correction :
145 / 275/832 KV
Inner insulation
(hermetically sealed) does
not effect from altitude.
Basically this factor is valid
for correction of lightning
impulse level.
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HOW TO SELECT A CURRENT TRANSFORMER
Ith is the thermal capacity of the CT. In this example the CT will withstand 40KA
for 1 second without any burning of the windings, insulation or the oil (250 °C).
Ith is expressed in rms. value.
Idyn is the dynamic capacity of the CT to withstand mechanical forces during the
short circuit. These forces act to break apart the CT. Idyn is expressed in peak
value. Generally Idyn is 2.5 times Ith.
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HOW TO SELECT A CURRENT TRANSFORMER
The relation between 1 seconds and 3 seconds performance can be shown with
the formula
I² x t = constant
If a CT is rated at 40 KA/1 seconds, its rating at 3 seconds can be calculated as
below :
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HOW TO SELECT A CURRENT TRANSFORMER
cs1 = Cross section of primary (mm²) cs2 = Cross section of primary (mm²)
1.2 = Continuous current Ith = Short time current KA
1.8 = Constant for copper 180 = Constant for copper
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HOW TO SELECT A CURRENT TRANSFORMER
ix) Creepage
Creepage is the length of the surface path from the live part to the grounded part
of a transformer. The creepage length is determined by the exterior shape of the
bushing sheds. Most standards have recommendations for light, normal, heavy
and very heavily polluted areas.
High creepage distance bushings cost more, therefore creepage distance has a
major effect on the CT price. Unnecessary high values of creepage distances
should be avoided.
The total creepage length is calculated by multiplying the creepage distance with
the maximum system voltage. For example, in Turkey where 170 kV system is
used , the total length of medium pollution creepage is
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HOW TO SELECT A CURRENT TRANSFORMER
35
EMEK DESIGN
General Description
• Primary and secondary cores are housed in a single porcelain bushing.
• Transformers are hermetically sealed.
• Well proven “hair pin” technology is used.
Frequency
• 50 Hz, 60 Hz
Secondary Current
• 1 A, 2 A or 5 A, others on request.
Primary Current
• up to 4000 A
Standards
• IEC, BS, ANSI, AS, other standards on request. 36
EMEK DESIGN
19
1. Aluminium Rain Cover
1 2. Stainless Steel Bellows
2 3. Oil Level Indicator
3
4. Primary Terminals
4 5. Aluminium Head
5 6. Primary Conductor
7. Steel Tube (filled with epoxy resin to eliminate effect of
6
dynamic forces during short circuit)
7
8. Paper Insulation (HV side)
9. Primary Windings
8
10. Porcelain Bushing
9 11. Paper Insulation (LV side)
12. Secondary Windings
10
13. Secondary Windings Support
18 17 37
EMEK DESIGN
Cores
• Grain oriented silicon steel is used.
• The core shapes are toroidal without air gap.
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EMEK DESIGN
Secondary Windings
• Enamelled electrolytic copper wire is used.
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EMEK DESIGN
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EMEK DESIGN
Primary Windings
Electrolytic copper suitable to withstand rated
continuous current and short time thermal current is
used.
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EMEK DESIGN
Insulation
Oil impregnated paper, high dielectric strength, low dielectric
losses.
Epoxy
Forces during
short time
Steel Tube
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EMEK DESIGN
44
EMEK DESIGN
WRONG CORRECT
45
EMEK DESIGN
Spring
Bracelet
Installation of Head
Bracelets
The housing head is fabricated from
All bracelets used on transformers are made
corrosion protected aluminium.
from aluminium alloy.
Every housing is subject to pressure and
vacuum test before installation.
46
EMEK DESIGN
Vacuum &
Oil Filling pipes
Heaters
Oil Impregnation
Heat and vacuum are applied to the fully
insulated windings after assembly of the
current transformer for drying purposes (around
3-4 days), followed immediately by the oil filling
under vacuum.
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EMEK DESIGN
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EMEK DESIGN
Hermetic Seal
Oil volume variations are compensated
with stainless steel bellows placed in the
head of the current transformers. With
this facility there will be no contact
between air and oil in the transformers.
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EMEK DESIGN
Changing of Ratio
Changing of Ratio Ratio change can be achieved
Ratio change can be achieved by by secondary taps located in
primary series-parallel connection the secondary terminal box..
Optional Accessories
• Primary connectors
• Marshalling box
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EMEK DESIGN
Special Tools
No special tools are required for
maintenance
55
EMEK DESIGN
Assembly Packing
Before the assembly, following visual • The transformers are packed in
checks should be made. rugged wooden crates which are
• There are no oil leaks, suitable for overseas transportation.
• The porcelain is not damaged, • The transformers are encapsulated
• The aluminium protective cover on the in polyethylene covers to keep them
bellows is not damaged, from environmental effects such as
• There is no damage on the primary rain-fall, dust and sand etc. (during
terminals, transport and storage).
• The oil level indicator indicates sufficient • Wooden crates can be lifted by
oil level. either a fork lift or by a crane with
slings.
Storage
• It is recommended to store the
transformers packed prior to installation.
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EMEK DESIGN
TRANSPORTATION
Transportation is only possible in the upright (vertical) position. The CT should never be
transported or stored in the horizontal position. The crates should not be put on top of each
other. Attention should be paid to the red “UP” arrows on the crate.
For transformers which have been transported and/or stored in horizontal position for
any reason, factory level re-conditioning and testing is necessary.
The vehicle used for transportation must be of adequate size. The packing must be
tightly tied to the chassis of the transportation vehicle.
If unpaved and rough roads are to be travelled, care should be given to prevent
rigorous vibration. Prolonged and rough vibration may lead to oil disturbances.
EMEK EMEK
EMEK
TOP
57
CORRECT MAX INCLINATION WRONG
EMEK DESIGN
58
CASCADED TYPE (245-420 KV)
In this part we will explain basic technical characteristics of cascaded type current
transformers.
The CT’s have both dielectric and magnetic cascade arrangements. The upper
part and lower part have independent oil compartment therefore no oil
connection is made between the units. Each unit has a magnetic circuit, high
voltage ( high amps ) and low voltage ( low amps ) winding, insulation, oil and
stainless steel bellows for oil volume compansation. In other words each unit is
an independent CT itself such that when they are connected in series they share
the line voltage and the turns ratio of the cascaded CT is the combination of
turns ratio of each unit.
No connections are necessary between the two units. Each unit has its own
stainless steel bellow for compansating the change in the oil volume. A simple
electrical connection is made between the upper part and lower part.
Cascade design CT’s are not new. They have been around since system levels of
400kV and above have been in use. They are feasible for levels of 245kV and
above. For lower levels the single piece design has an economic advantages.
59
CASCADED TYPE (245-420 KV)
1600 A
Upper part primary winding
UPPER PART
UPPER PART
Cores
LOWER PART
Cores
CASCADECURRENT TRANSFORMER
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CASCADED TYPE (245-420 KV)
1
1. Aluminium Rain Cover
2
2. Stainless Steel Bellows
3 3. Oil Level Indicator
4 4. Primary Terminals
5 5. Aluminium Head
6
6. Primary Winding
7 7. Insulating Oil
8
8. Paper Insulation
9
9. Porcelain Bushing
10 10. Secondary Support
11 11. Oil Sampling Valve
12 12. Stainless Steel Bellows
13. Paper Insulation
13 14. Porcelain Bushing
14 15. Secondary Cores
16. Insulating Oil
17. Lifting Holes
15
18. Secondary Terminal Box
16
19. Oil Sampling Valve
17
19 18 61
CASCADED TYPE (245-420 KV)
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CASCADED TYPE (245-420 KV)
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CASCADED TYPE (245-420 KV)
0
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CASCADED TYPE (245-420 KV)
65