Chapter 40

Most cells are microscopic because at this small size _____. (Concept 40.1 ) [Hint]
free-living unicellular organisms are difficult for predatory organisms to detect and capture

many more cells can be packed into an organ while maintaining its compact size

the ratio of surface area to cell volume is maximized

cells require fewer nutrients and increase the probability of survival

the amount of vulnerable plasma membrane is minimized relative to that of a larger, more stable
cytoplasm
Which of the following is not a benefit of multicellularity? (Concept 40.1 ) [Hint]
All cells can perform all metabolic functions.

Multicellularity allows for a larger size of organisms.

Cells can specialize.

Multicellular organisms can form tissues.

Multicellular organisms can form organs and organ systems.

Which of the following consist(s) of specialized epithelial cells? (Concept 40.2 ) [Hint]
pseudostratified ciliated epithelium

salivary glands and sweat glands

sweat glands and mammary glands

mucous membrane

all of the above

Which of these is not true of a food ingested by an animal? (Concept 40.3 ) [Hint]
It is used as a source of chemical energy.

Food is broken down in anabolic pathways.

It yields high-energy molecules that are absorbed into body cells.

It is used to generate ATP for biosynthesis.

It is used for cellular respiration or fermentation.

An animal's internal environment is _____. (Concept 40.4 ) [Hint]

the blood

the interior of compartments like the heart and stomach

any place beneath the skin

any fluid inside the body

the interstitial fluid that surrounds the cells

Which of the following best illustrates homeostasis? (Concept 40.4 ) [Hint]
All the cells in the body have much the same chemical composition.

Cells of the skin are constantly worn off and replaced.

When blood CO2 increases, you breathe faster, ridding the body of excess CO2.

All organs are composed of the same four kinds of tissues.

The lung has a large surface for exchange of gases.

By definition, an ectotherm _____. (Concept 40.5 ) [Hint]

is cold-blooded

is warm-blooded

obtains most of its heat from its environment

can generate enough metabolic heat to keep its body temperature above that of its surroundings

has a body temperature that varies considerably

It's a cold day in the lecture hall. When you rest your arm on the cool laminated desktop at your seat, heat
is transferred _____. (Concept 40.5 ) [Hint]
from your body to the desk by radiation

from your body to the desk by conduction

from the desk to your body by radiation

from the desk to your body by conduction

from the air to your body by convection

In the late fall, bats hibernate in clusters with many bats pressed together and holding on to one another.
Which example below is not an advantage of this behavior? (Concept 40.5 ) [Hint]
Less surface area is exposed to the environment.

In this configuration, less heat is needed for each bat and, therefore, each bat requires less food.

Hibernation allows the bats to completely shut down their physiology.

Any heat generated by any bat is shared by other bats.

Hibernation allows bats to survive the winter using only their own stored energy reserves.

On a cold day, blood vessels in the skin _____. (Concept 40.5 ) [Hint]
dilate, allowing blood to keep the skin warm

constrict, forcing blood to flow through vessels in the skin

constrict, reducing heat loss from blood at the surface

dilate, causing blood to pass through the cold skin more quickly

dilate, preventing blood flow to the surface

Chapter 45

Which is not an accurate statement regarding the difference between steroid and nonsteroid hormones?
(Concept 45.2 ) [Hint]
Steroid hormones are made from lipids; nonsteroid hormones are made from amino acids.

Steroid hormones can pass through cell membranes; most nonsteroid hormones cannot.

Steroid hormones attach to receptors in the cytoplasm; nonsteroid hormones attach to membrane-
bound receptors.
Steroid hormones activate genes; nonsteroid hormones do not directly activate genes.

Steroid hormones are produced by endocrine glands; nonsteroid hormones are produced by nervous
tissue.

Which example below is a true statement about the differences between hormones and neurotransmitters?
(Concept 45.1 ) [Hint]
Neurotransmitters produce slower responses than hormones.

Neurotransmitters are released from ductless glands into the blood.

Some endocrine glands release neurotransmitters, but no nervous tissue releases hormones.

Neurotransmitters convey messages between nerve cells.

All of the above are true.

Since most chemical signals are unable to pass through the plasma membrane, the cellular action they
initiate results from _____. (Concept 45.2 ) [Hint]
ligand binding

the activation of a signal transduction pathway

direct stimulation of the cell's DNA

the enzymatic behavior of the signal molecule

binding to intracellular receptors

What is the role of a second messenger in hormone action? (Concept 45.2 ) [Hint]
It signals a cell to secrete a hormone.

It informs a gland as to whether its hormones are having an effect.

It relays a hormone's message inside a target cell.

It stops hormone action when it is no longer needed.

All of the above are true.

Ibuprofen is known for its pain-relieving and anti-inflammatory properties because it inhibits the synthesis of
_____. (Concept 45.2 ) [Hint]
glucocorticoids

nitric oxide

progestins

prostaglandins

cytokines
As a young girl, Maria suffered a head injury that damaged her pituitary. An injury to the pituitary is
particularly serious because of all the functions controlled by this gland. As Maria got older, she and her
doctors found that all of the following except her _____ were affected. (Concept 45.3 ) [Hint]
metabolic rate

growth

menstrual cycle

water regulation

blood sugar level

The regulation of water volume in the blood involves which hormone? (Concept 45.3 ) [Hint]
oxytocin

insulin

FSH

ADH

glucagon

How does the hypothalamus control the secretion of growth hormone (GH) from the anterior pituitary?
(Concept 45.3 ) [Hint]
The hypothalamus produces a releasing hormone that stimulates the pituitary to secrete GH.

The hypothalamus sends a hormone to the target cells that makes them receptive to GH.

Feedback from the target cells is sent to the posterior pituitary, which signals the hypothalamus to
stimulate the anterior pituitary.
The hypothalamus stimulates an action potential in the posterior pituitary, which then sends a
releasing hormone to the anterior pituitary.
None of the above statements is true.

Every time you eat a cookie or candy bar, your blood sugar increases. This triggers an increase in the
hormone _____. (Concept 45.4 ) [Hint]
thyroxine

epinephrine

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

glucagon

insulin

Type 1 diabetes mellitus _____. (Concept 45.4 ) [Hint]

is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks beta cells in the pancreas

is a common disorder in overweight individuals older than 40

is treated by improving insulin receptor efficiency rather than by giving insulin

is the most common form of the disease; more than 90% of all diabetics have type 1 diabetes

can be controlled for many years with exercise and a proper diet

Chapter 48 (Action potentials, Neurons)

A neuron that transmits an impulse to the central nervous system after the neuron is stimulated by the
environment is called a(n) _____. (Concept 48.1 ) [Hint]
sensory neuron

motor neuron

interneuron

autonomic neuron

Schwann cell

Effectors include _____. (Concept 48.1 ) [Hint]

endocrine glands

touch receptors

the motor cortex

the retina

the white part of the spinal cord

The part of a neuron that carries nerve impulses toward the cell body is called _____. (Concept 48.1 )
[Hint]
a nerve

white matter

a neurotransmitter

a dendrite

an axon

Schwann cells make up the _____. (Concept 48.1 ) [Hint]

neurons

nodes of Ranvier

myelin sheath

radial glia

neurotransmitter secretory vesicles

A drug that causes potassium to leak out of a neuron, increasing the positive charge on the outside, would
_____. (Concept 48.3 ) [Hint]
make it easier to trigger action potentials in the neuron

cause the cell to release its neurotransmitter

speed up nerve signals traveling the length of the cell

act as a stimulant

inhibit transmission of nerve signals by the neuron

Threshold depolarization is of great significance in the physiology of neurons because if threshold
depolarization is not reached, _____. (Concept 48.3 ) [Hint]
the neuron cannot regain its resting potential

the action potential will be '"inversed," with a flux of sodium out of the cell rather than into it

positive-feedback depolarization will not occur

an action potential will be reached

None of these choices relate to threshold depolarization.

An action potential is _____. (Concept 48.3 ) [Hint]

a traveling wave of depolarization in the neuron membrane

a brief neutralization of the charges on sodium and potassium ions

a sudden increase in speed by the sodium-potassium pump

a sudden reversal of the sodium-potassium pump

none of the above

The period in which an axon membrane cannot act is called _____. (Concept 48.3 ) [Hint]
the refractory period

saltatory conduction

the reticular activating system

the node of Ranvier

an action potential