Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Rainwater
Harvesting
in
the
Tribal
Villages
of
Jharkhand
State,
India
AND
Insight
into
the
CSR
Activities
of
Tata
Motors,
Jamshedpur.
Rosalynne
Sophie
Watt
Emmanuel
College,
University
of
Cambridge
Tata
International
Social
Entrepreneurship
Scheme
July‐
August
2009
Jamshedpur,
Jharkhand,
India
What
is
TISES…
The
Tata
Group
of
companies
have
a
number
of
policies
driving
community
development
with
the
aim
of
improving
the
quality
of
life
and
the
environment
surrounding
Tata
industries.
The
Tata
International
Social
Entrepreneurship
Scheme
(TISES)
was
set‐up
by
a
collaboration
between
Tata
and
the
Judge
Business
School
at
the
University
of
Cambridge.
The
scheme
aims
to
give
students
experience
of
living
in
India
while
at
the
same
time
allowing
them
to
work
on
a
social
entrepreneurship
project
within
a
Tata
company
in
India.
People
from
diverse
educational
backgrounds
were
selected
to
add
a
fresh
perspective
on
important
development
issues.
Some
of
my
favourite
pictures…
Photos
1:
Some
of
my
favourite
photos
from
my
time
in
India:
Column
1:
Top:
Jagdish
Soren,
Beekeeper
(See
Appendix
D).
Middle:
Myself,
Nishi
Scrivastava
and
her
family.
Bottom:
Myself
and
the
other
TISES
interns
in
Bombay
House,
Mumbai.
Column
2:
Top:
A
young
girl
with
mindi
at
a
workshop
for
teenage
girls.
Bottom:
Staff
at
Community
Services
Division,
Tata
Motors,
Jamshedpur.
Column
3:
Top:
Two
girls
showing
me
their
dancing
skills
at
a
leprosy
colony
school.
Middle:
Nishi
judging
a
hair
competition.
Bottom:
Myself
and
fellow
interns
in
Jamshedpur:
Andrew
Panton
and
Sian
Herschel.
2
Summary
I was posted to the Community Services Division (CSD) of Tata Motors, Jamshedpur
in the state of Jharkhand, in the North Eastern region of India. Two aspects are
presented in this report: First of all, in Section 1, an impact assessment of water
management structures in two different tribal villages in the outskirts of Jamshedpur.
CSD not only works with tribal villages but also in the local vicinity of Tata Motors
in many projects such as schools and healthcare. Throughout
TISES
I
was
exposed
to
the
majority
of
Tata
Motors’s
corporate
social
responsibility
(CSR)
activities.
A
summary
is
presented
in
Section
2
alongside
my
most
prominent
thoughts
and
views.
Throughout
my
time
in
Jamshedpur
I
met
many
inspiring
and
motivated
people
including
Mr.
Jagannath
Deogam,
Mr
Jagdish
Soren
and
Mr
Jugeshwar
Singh
who’s
case
studies
are
presented
in
appendices
at
the
end
of
this
report.
My
personal
statement
and
acknowledgements
are
also
included
at
the
end.
The impact assessment focused on two types of irrigation structures: lift
irrigation and rainwater harvesting in the tribal villages of Kanikola and Jaskhandih,
respectively, located in the outskirts of Jamshedpur. The study was carried out via
participatory rural appraisal (PRA), structured questionnaires and semi-structured
interviews. In this report impact is discussed in terms of the agricultural,
environmental, economic, social and lifestyle changes.
The early-stage impact assessment of the irrigation structures concluded that, in
general, income level has been raised due to greater crop yield and the ability to grow
a greater variety of crops, which, can subsequently be sold at market. Due to the rise
in income level the villagers aim to enhance their standard of living through education
and better diet hence, better health. In the future villagers aim expand their irrigation
structures allowing larger scale cultivation. Villagers also aspire to create bore wells
in their village however I would advise against this as it is would be detrimental to the
currently rapidly depleting groundwater level of the earth. Alternative suggestion
could be to explore other irrigation schemes such as drip irrigation
3
An
article….
I
went
to
India
not
really
knowing
what
to
expect
but
if
I
think
about
it,
I
expected
to
see
the
extreme
poverty
as
normally
conveyed
in
the
UK
media.
The
area
in
which
I
was
posted
allowed
me
to
observe
the
life
of
tribal
villagers.
My
impression
was
of
an
overall
contented
but
basic
lifestyle.
Currently,
the
main
problem
of
the
villagers
is
the
lack
of
water,
especially
this
year
due
to
a
lack
of
monsoon
rain.
A
number
of
aspect
of
village
life
could
be
improved
upon,
many
of
which
I
think
are
well
summarised
in
the
following
article
from
the
Hindustan
Times
published
on
10th
September
2009.
4
Table
of
contents
1
Impact
Assessment
of
Lift
Irrigation
and
Rainwater
Harvesting
in
the
Tribal
Villages
of
Jharkhand
State,
India…………………………………….………………..7
1.1
Introduction ................................................................................................................. 6
1.2
Background
Information ........................................................................................ 8
1.2.1
Village
Profile ............................................................................................................ 8
1.2.2
Irrigation ...................................................................................................................11
1.2.2.1
Lift
Irrigation ..................................................................................................11
1.2.2.2
Pond
structures................................................................................................12
1.3
Methodology ................................................................................................................13
1.4
Results
and
Discussion ............................................................................................16
1.4.1
Social
and
Resource
Mapping
exercise
in
Kanikola...............................16
1.4.2
Preference
Ranking...............................................................................................17
1.4.3
Impact
Summary....................................................................................................18
1.4.4
Kanikola
Discussion ...............................................................................................23
1.4.5
Jaskhandih
Discussion...........................................................................................24
1.5
Dorkasai .........................................................................................................................26
1.6
Personal
viewpoint
of
Impact
study..................................................................26
1.7
Conclusion.....................................................................................................................27
2
Insight
into
the
Corporate
Social
Responsibility
Activities
of
Tata
Motors,
Jamshedpur.......................................................................................................................................28
2.1
Introduction ............................................................................................................................28
2.2
Education .................................................................................................................................29
2.2.1
A
Business
Opportunity? ................................................................................................32
2.3
Agriculture...............................................................................................................................33
2.4
Personal
Viewpoint
of
my
Visits ....................................................................................34
3
Conclusion .......................................................................................................................................35
APPENDIX
A:
Questionnaire........................................................................................................37
APPENDIX
B:
Participatory
Rural
Appraisal
(PRA)
Exercises ......................................39
Appendix
C:
Case
Study
‐
Mr.
Jagannath
Deogam...............................................................43
Appendix
D:
Case
Study
‐
Mr
Jagdish
Soren..........................................................................45
Appendix
E:
Case
Study
‐
Mr
Jugeshwar
Singh ....................................................................46
Appendix
F:
Personal
Statement................................................................................................47
Acknowledgements .........................................................................................................................48
References ...........................................................................................................................................50
5
1
Water
scarcity
is
a
huge
problem
for
a
country
such
as
India
[Kelkar,
2008,
James,
2005,
Bouma,
2007,
Kumar,
2007,
Mall,
2006]
which
relies
on
monsoon
weather
for
a
large
majority
of
its
cultivation
practices.
As
weather
patterns
become
increasing
erratic
with
time,
most
likely
due
to
global
warming,
being
prepared
for
water
shortage
in
the
future
is
essential.
Communities
greatly
affected
by
water
scarcity
are
the
tribal
villages
of
Jharkhand
state
[Subramania,
2008].
These
tribal
villages
are
mainly
self‐sustained
in
their
living
habits
and
rely
heavily
on
the
paddy
crop
for
survival
(see
Photo
2
for
a
photograph
of
a
typical
paddy
field).
It
is
becoming
increasingly
difficult
to
maintain
tribal
lifestyle
due
to
the
unknown
weather
patterns
emerging
over
time
and
with
pressure
from
society
to
raise
standard
of
living
in
terms
of
health
and
education
[Kerr,
2002].
It
is
now
well
known
that
when
times
get
tough
for
villagers
there
tends
to
be
migration
from
villages
to
cities
to
seek
employment.
This
can
cause
over‐crowding
in
cities
and
form
a
less
satisfying
environment
in
which
to
live.
It
is
therefore
important
to
maintain
an
acceptable
standard
of
living
in
villages
to
reduce
the
likelihood
of
migration
into
cities.
This
can
be
achieved
by
ensuring
there
are
sufficient
crops
to
feed
villagers
and
to
sell
at
market
to
allow
income
generation.
6
Photo
2:
A
typical
paddy
field
in
the
East
Singhbum
district
of
Jharkhand
state.
Irrigation
is
now
essential
in
many
areas
of
the
world
to
harness
sufficient
fresh
water
supply
for
the
successful
growth
of
crops,
in
particular
paddy
which
is
extremely
water
intensive.
In
India,
numerous
forms
of
irrigation
have
been
used
for
centuries
[Vermilliotn,
1997].
Here,
the
impact
of
lift
irrigation
and
rainwater
harvesting
[Samuel,
2008]
in
the
form
of
ponds
which
occupy
5%
of
a
field
are
investigated.
Two
tribal
villages
in
the
Jharkhand
state
of
India
were
chosen
for
the
study:
Konikula
and
Jaskhandih,
on
the
outskirts
of
Jamshedpur
in
the
north
east
of
India.
These
villages
come
under
the
project
area
of
Gram
Vikas
Kendra
(GVK),
the
integrated
rural
development
office
under
the
community
services
division
of
Tata
Motors.
In
both
villages,
the
irrigation
projects
were
initiated
one
year
ago.
The
impact
study
is
therefore
in
its
early
stages,
hence
the
long‐term
benefits
or
failings
of
the
irrigation
systems
can
not,
yet
be
fully
determined.
The
studies
were
carried
out
via
participatory
rural
appraisal
(PRA)
[Chambers,
1994],
questionnaires
and
semi‐structured
interviews
[Maskey,
1996].
The
findings
are
qualitative
and
are
presented
in
terms
of
agricultural,
environmental,
economic,
lifestyle
and
social
impact.
This
section
begins
by
presenting
the
background
information
of
the
villages
under
study
and
an
overview
of
the
irrigation
techniques
employed;
lift
7
irrigation
and
5%
pond
structures
for
rain
water
harvesting.
The
methodology
of
the
study
and
results
and
discussion
of
the
impact
study
then
follow.
1.2
Background
Information
1.2.1
Village
Profile
Two
tribal
villages
form
the
main
foci
of
the
study:
Konikula
[Gram
Vikas
Kendra
Proposal]
and
Jaskhandih,.
Another
village,
Dorkasai
is
also
discussed
to
make
comparison
to
a
village
without
an
irrigation
structure.
The
village
of
Dorkasai
is
not
tribal.
The
villages
are
located
in
the
East
Singbhum
district
of
Jharkhand
state
just
slightly
south
east
of
Jamshedpur
as
shown
in
Fig.
1.
The
population
land
statistics
are
presented
in
Table
1.
Kanikola
Jaskandhi
Dorkasai
Figure
1:
Map
of
Jamshedpur
and
surrounding
region.
The
locations
of
Konikula,
Jaskhandih,
and
Dorksai
are
annotated.
(Map
courtesy
of
Google
Maps).
8
Parameter
Village
Unit
Konikula
Jaskandih
Dorkasai
Number
of
households
89
215
154
houses
Population
417
1118
804
people
Land
Cultivable
235
400
400
acres
Irrigated
land
235
25
25
Non‐irrigated
land
0
1075
1075
Wasteland
0
700
700
Other
0
0
0
Tribe
or
cast
Santhal
tribe
Ho
tribe
Mahato
cast
Table
1:
Village
statistics
for
the
villages
of
Kanikola,
Jaskhandih,
and
Dorkasai
Traditional
village
or
tribal
lifestyle
dates
back
to
the
Neolithic
revolution,
around
10,000
BC
(i.e.
12,009
years
ago),
when
humans
stopped
a
“hunter
and
gatherer
”
existence
to
begin
cultivation
and
settle
in
one
place
[Roshen,
2003].
Photos
3
show
just
how
unique
tribal
lifestyle
is:
houses
are,
in
general
made
of
mud
sometimes
with
a
thatched
roof
but
most
commonly
with
a
tiled
roof.
Living
facilities
are
basic,
clean
and
tidy.
Villagers
make
their
own
fuel,
Kala
Gola,
by
mixing
mud
and
coal
powder
and
then
leave
it
out
in
the
sun
to
dry.
Their
lifestyle
is
very
in
tune
with
nature,
for
example
mud
utensils
are
used
in
cooking
practices.
The
tribal
communities
are
not
immune
to
advancements
in
technology:
electricity
is
found
in
the
home
alongside
mobile
phones
and
TVs.
Village
schools
are
simple
where
children
of
multiple
stages
are
taught
in
the
same
class.
Some
villages
may
also
have
a
poultry
farm
as
an
industry.
There
are
a
number
of
tribal
denominations
within
India.
Table
1
includes
the
specific
tribes
of
the
villages
in
this
study.
The
total
tribal
population
of
Jharkhand
was
last
counted
to
be
580,1547
[Commission
of
India,
2001].
Kanikola
is
of
the
Santhal
tribes
men
who
form
32.52
%
of
the
total
tribal
population
of
Jharkhand
[Commission
of
India,
2001].
The
Santhali
are
God‐
fearing
and
have
boundless
faith
in
Merghbo
(Mountain)
the
ominescient,
supreme
Santhali
God.
The
most
sacred
centre
of
Santhal
village
is
jakesham
where
the
village
priest
or
the
Nake
Soleminzer
perform
religious
ceremonies.
Farming,
animal
rearing
and
collection
of
minor
forest
produce
are
the
chief
occupations.
9
Photos
3:
Photographs
depicting
life
in
a
tribal
village:
Column
1:
Top:
Courtyard
of
a
tribal
village
house.
In
general,
tribal
houses
are
made
of
mud.
Middle:
A
typical
tribal
kitchen.
Bottom:
A
typical
village
bed
called
a
khatia.
Column
2:
Middle:
Kala
Gola
fuel
left
out
to
dry
in
the
sun.
The
fuel
is
made
of
mud
a
coal
powder.
Middle:
Typical
tribal
drums,
mandar.
Column
3:
Top:
A
typical
village
school.
Bottom:
A
village
chicken
farm.
The
villagers
in
Jaskhandih
are
Ho
people.
The
name
“Ho”
evolved
from
the
word
“Horo”
meaning
human.
The
Ho
village
is
ruled
over
by
traditional
administrator
called
“Hatu
Munda”
(village
headman).
The
social
organisation
of
the
community
is
based
on
“Munda‐Maki”
system
that
presides
over
10
to
12
“Hatu
Murdas”.
The
Ho
tribe
was
last
counted
to
make
up
9.24%
of
the
total
tribal
population
of
Jarkhand
[Commission
of
India,
2001].
10
1.2.2
Irrigation
1.2.2.1
Lift
Irrigation
Lift
irrigation
is
based
around
a
concept
to
lift
water
from
a
lower
point,
most
commonly
a
river
to
a
higher
point
of
land
where
it
is
the
guided
to
irrigate
the
required
are
of
land.
The
main
reason
behind
the
need
for
lift
irrigation
is
due
to
poor
distribution
of
water
rather
than
the
lack
of
water.
Water
is
lifted
by
means
of
a
pump
from
the
source
of
water
to
the
main
delivery
chamber
situated
at
the
top
most
point
in
the
command
area.
Water
is
distributed
via
channels
where
the
water
falls
due
to
gravity.
Photos
4
depicts
the
lift
irrigation
system
in
the
village
of
Kanikola.
The
top
left
photo
od
Photos
4
shows
the
pump
house
and
river
(the
Subarnarekha
River).
The
pipeline
in
shown
in
the
top
right
image
of
Photos
4
is
employed
to
contain
water
being
pumped
up‐hill
from
the
pump
house
(see
bottom
left
photo
of
Photos
4)
to
the
distribution
point
in
the
bottom
right
photo
in
Photos
4
for
subsequent
distribution
to
fields.
Photos
4:
Lift
irrigation
system
in
the
village
of
Kanikola.
Column
1:
Top:
The
Subarnarekha
river
and
pump
house
Bottom:
Pipeline
employed
to
contain
water
from
pump
house
to
distribution
point
Column
2:
Top:
Uphill
view
point
from
pump
house
up
to
distribution
point.
Bottom:
Lift
irrigation
distribution
point.
11
Lift
irrigation
is
particularly
useful
in
cases
where
water
cannot
be
provided
to
a
field
where
at
a
higher
point
than
the
most
available
water
source.
In
this
case,
water
is
required
to
be
lifted
at
a
convenient
higher
spot
from
which
it
can
be
supplied
to
the
fields
under
command.
To
implement
the
lift
irrigation
technical
knowledge
and
assistance
is
required.
The
lift
irrigation
set‐up
in
Kanikola
is
operated
as
follows:
one
person
is
appointed
by
election
to
manage
the
lift
irrigation
system
in
terms
of
maintenance
and
running.
Villagers
are
charged
10
Rs
per
hour
for
use
of
the
pump
and
the
individual
user
must
provide
the
oil
required
to
run
the
pump
which
costs
approximately
38‐40
Rs
per
litre.
Villagers
hold
a
meeting
2‐3
times
a
month
to
decide
when
the
pump
is
used
and
who
by,
a
system
which
the
villagers
say
works
well
and
no
conflict
arises.
1.2.2.2
Pond
structures
To
harvest
rain
and
save
paddy
crops
from
frequent
failure
a
portion
of
farmland
can
be
left
aside
for
rainwater
harvesting,
holding
back
rainwater
in
the
land
itself.
In
Jaskhandih,
5%
of
land
has
been
set‐aside
for
this
purpose.
The
main
objective
of
this
5%
model
is
to
ensure
that
all
small
land
holdings
have
their
own
water
body
for
harvesting
rain.
Photo
5
shows
a
typical
pond
structure
in
Jaskhandih.
The
ponds
are
normally
10x5x5
m.
An
added
benefit
of
pond
structures
is
the
opportunity
for
pisci‐culture
allowing
fish
to
be
kept,
hence
adding
potential
for
income
generation
and
an
added
source
of
food
for
the
villagers.
In
Jaskhandih,
it
cost
around
3540
Rs
to
dig
one
pond
which
includes
the
employment
of
labourers
and
diggers
over
a
period
of
3
to
4
days.
12
Photo
5:
A
pond
in
the
village
of
Jaskhandih.
1.3 Methodology
In order to understand the impact of the new irrigation structures in the villages of
Kanikola and Jaskhandih an impact assessment was performed via the following
techniques:
• Participatory rural appraisal (PRA) also provided key information in the study of
the Kanikola. PRA
[Chamber,
1994,
Asia
Forest
Network,
2002] is
a
concept
which
aims
to
provoke
discussion
within
local
communities
to
express,
enhance,
share
and
analyse
knowledge
of
village
life
and
conditions.
The
purpose
of
which
can
be
to
identify
the
needs
and
issues
of
a
community.
In
this
case,
PRA
was
used
to
study
the
impact
of
lift
irrigation
in
the
village
of
Kanikola.
PRA can consist of a variety of exercises including, for example, social
mapping, preference ranking or historical transect. Here semi-structured
13
discussion alongside social and resource mapping and a preference ranking
exercise based around different crops was employed. Around 30 to 40 villagers
were present when the PRA exercise took place in Kanikola.
14
Photos
6:
PRA
study
in
the
village
of
Kanikola.
Column
1:
Top:
Group
of
villagers
congregating
for
the
PRA
study.
2nd
row:
A
villager,
Dasmat
drawing
a
map
of
the
village
and
myself
taking
notes.
3rd
row:
Sandeep
Kumar
acting
as
a
translator
during
the
PRA
discussion.
Bottom:
Preference
ranking
exercise
with
pebbles.
Column
2:
Middle:
XLRI
students
dancing
with
the
villagers
after
the
PRA
exercise.
2nd
row:
Sandeep
Kumar
drumming
with
the
villagers
after
the
PRA
exercise.
3rd
row:
A
group
of
villagers
who
carried
out
the
structured
questionnaire.
Bottom:
Myself,
XLRI
students
and
villagers
of
Kanikola.
Column
3:
Top:
A
village
fishing
net.
2nd
row:
Tradiational
village
ploughs.
3rd
row:
Iron
ore.
Bottom:
A
newly
created
pond
structure
in
the
village.
15
1.4
Results
and
Discussion
Impact
was
assessed
in
terms
of
agricultural, economic, social and lifestyle
changes. To begin with I present two of the PRA exercises; social and resource
mapping and one preference ranking exercise carried out in the village of Kanikola.
This is followed by presentation of the main findings in Table 3 with subsequent
discussion for each village.
1.4.1
Social
and
Resource
Mapping
exercise
in
Kanikola
Social
and
resource
mapping
is
an
exercise
in
which
the
villagers
drew
a
map
of
their
village
while,
at
the
same
time,
provoking
discussion
on
a
number
of
topics.
This
mapped
out
the
village
giving
information
on
population,
number
of
households,
the
geography,
the
infrastructure
and
resources.
Figure
2
a)
is
a
photograph
of
the
map
drawn
by
the
villagers
alongside
a
schematic
reproduction
in
Fig.
2
b).
16
a)
b)
Figure
2:
Social
and
resource
mapping.
a. Photograph
of
the
social
and
resource
map
of
Kanikola
village
drawn
by
a
villager.
b. Reproduction
of
the
social
and
resource
map.
1.4.2
Preference
Ranking
17
points noted from this was that greater preference is given to crops which will be sold
for more at market rather than a crop which will be enjoyed more by the villagers.
The resulting preferences are listed in Table 2 where a preference of 10, marks a high
preference. It can be seen that preference of rice is lower after the introduction of
irrigation, this is most likely due to a now greater of variety of crops available. Also,
interestingly, the crop required for making the local alcoholic drink is now lower in
preference. The villagers believe this is due to better education at schools of the
detrimental effects of alcohol. Finding out about the alcohol habits of the village
presents a good illustration of how preference ranking in PRA opens up discussion of
topics out-with crop production.
1.4.3
Impact
Summary
Table 3 summarises impact of the irrigation structures in both villages, Kanikola and
Jaskhandih in terms of agricultural, economic and social impact.
Kanikola Jaskhandih
Irrigation Lift Irrigation Pond Structure
Farming Manmade irrigation did not exist in Due to the pond structures
Practices Kanikola previous to the lift alternative transplanting
irrigation system. Although there is method of paddy was
a river nearby manpower alone was employed rather than
not sufficient carry water for broadcasting.
irrigation required hence the need
for lift irrigation. Area of cultivable land has
increased (see Table 4).
18
The planting style of paddy was
changed from broadcasting to a
more efficient technique called
transplanting. This technique is
likely to achieve a greater yield than
the previously employed,
broadcasting method.
Crops grown The type and yield of crops allowed Previous to the pond structure,
to grow have increased significantly. paddy was the only crop
The basic crops which used to be grown. Now, vegetables can
grown were rice, potatoes, brinjal also be grown such as Thurso,
(aubergine), repree, fruits (e.g. pisparo,
ladies
finger,
maize.
mango, jamoon). The crops which
are now grown include
paddy, tomatoes, ladies finger,
bottle guard, wheat, brinjal
(aubergine), repree, full gram. Less
fruit is grown as the fruit trees have
been chopped down to make way
for farmland. Crop yield has
increased by around 3 fold.
Environmental Soil moisture has improved. Soil
moisture
has
improved
and
underground
water
19
level
has
increased
therefore
better
access
to
drink
water
from
the
wells.
Loans Loans have never been taken out. In the past a loan has been
taken out to buy fertilizer.
This year, this has not be
necessary.
20
Most family’s have never take
out a loan.
Migration for Manual
labour
is
carried
out
by
Migration for work has not
work/ manual members
of
the
family
who
do
not
been necessary in the Deogam
labour work
on
the
land.
Typically,
8
family.
hrs/day.
Due
to
the
close
proximity
of
Kanikola
to
Manual labour time has not
Jamshedpur
manual
labour
is
changed but is still carried out.
accessible
on
a
daily
commute
so
It is probably too early to tell
villagers
do
not
need
to
migrate
the effect of this.
from
their
village
to
find
work.
The
number
of
hours
of
manual
labour
carried
out
since
the
introduction
of
the
irrigation
system
has
not
changed.
Women
are
paid
40
Rs/day
which
involves
weeding,
fertilisation,
planting.
Culture and Culture and traditions have not been Culture and traditions have not
traditions affected. been affected.
Health As
yet,
health
implications
have
As
yet,
health
implications
not
been
observed.
The
villagers
have
not
been
observed.
expect
health
to
improve
as
they
have
more
income
to
buy
better
food,
e.g.
apples.
This
summer,
there
have
not
been
as
many
illnesses
which
could
be
due
to
a
change
in
weather
conditions
where
monsoon
rains
have
not
been
as
severe
as
usual.
Education Children
used
to
study
until
10th
There is now more money to
class.
Now,
they
study
until
at
send the children to school.
least
12th
class.
There
is
one
The aim is to send children to
primary
school
in
the
village,
school until they are at least
Assamani.
For
secondary
school
17. The ability to send the
or
college,
children
can
either
go
child to school until this age is
to
Jamshedpur
or
Gaharhuter.
due to the extra income earned
The
added
extra
income
has
made
through cultivation.
this
possible
however,
income
is
21
still
not
sufficient
for
further
study
after
12th
grade.
It
is
thought
that
if
further
education
opportunities
were
available
the
villagers
would
take
up
the
opportunity
22
1.4.4
Kanikola
Discussion
The majority of the information gained in Kanikola village was via PRA and 5
questionnaires (see appendix A for the names of the beneficiaries questioned). The
main impacts of the irrigation system was found to be the extension of the growing
season in that vegetables can be grown all year round – thus increasing family income
by selling vegetables at market. Another major impact is the increase in cultivable land
and hence income. It emerged that the villagers were currently unsure as to what they
should do with their extra income. I would
suggest
that
the
villagers
invest
the
money
somehow.
CSD
could
provide
the
villagers
with
information
on
how
to
do
this.
The villagers of Kanikola hope that, in the future they will be able to develop a
second lift irrigation system. In asking how they expect fund another irrigation
structure, it emerged that they hoped GVK would fund this. It would be my suggestion
that they find alternative sources of funding or use their extra income and save to build
a lift irrigation system for the future.
23
1.4.5
Jaskhandih
Discussion
Photos
8:
Photographs
from
the
village
of
Jaskhandih:
Column
1:
Top:
Pond
structure
and
Jagannath
Deogam.
2nd
row:
The
villagers
of
Jaskindhi,
Dr
Helen
Haugh
and
myself.
3rd
row:
A
semistructured
interview
with
Mrs
Deogam.
Bottom:
Munniram,
a
farmer
in
Jaskindhi
whom
I
interviewed.
Column
2:
Top:
A
picturesque
scene
in
the
garden
of
the
Deogam
family
home.
Bottom:.
Jagannath
Deogam
walking
through
his
paddy
field.
Column
3:
Top:
Three
member
of
the
Deogam
family.
Bottom:
A
villager
of
Jaskhandih
using
a
machine
to
obtain
rice
from
paddy.
24
The
impacts
of
pond
structures
in
Jaskhandih
were
similar
to
the
impact
of
lift
irrigation
in
Kanikola.
Key
to
the
success
of
the
pond
structure
initiatives
is
a
man
called
Mr.
Jagannath
Deogam
(see
Appendix
C)
with
whom
I
had
much
interaction
and
very
much
enjoyed
talking
to.
Jagannath
taught
me
about
his
village
while
at
the
same
time
showed
great
interest
in
my
country
and
held
a
very
open
mind
to
new
ideas.
Jagannath
mentioned
he
would
like
to
change
the
mindset
of
people
in
the
village.
He
believes
that
superstition
should
be
abandoned
for
more
scientific
fundamental
understandings.
For
example,
crops
grow
because
of
water
not
because
of
a
ritual
that
was
carried
out.
It
was
also
apparent
that
many
villagers
are
not
opened
minded
to
introducing
pond
structures
in
the
village
as
it
takes
away
from
cultivation
area.
This
is
slowly
changing
as
people
can
now
see
the
positive
impact
the
pond
structures
have
made
so
far.
In
Jaskhandih
it
seemed
certain
that
the
villagers
aspired
to
spend
their
extra
income
to
educate
their
children.
When
asked:
“What
improvements
can
you
envisage
in
the
current
cultivation
or
irrigation
system?”.
The
villagers
said
they
would
like
to
have
more
vegetable
farming.
This
would
allow
them
to
sell
more
at
market
and
therefore
raise
their
income.
In
Jaskhandih
it
emerged
that
a
hope
for
the
future
would
be
to
have
a
borehole
well
to
access
groundwater
supply.
However,
I
would
advise
against
this
as
it
would
be
environmentally
detrimental
[Changon,
1998,
Garrido,
2006,
Rodell,
2009].
‐It
has
been
observed
globally
that
groundwater
level
is
rapidly
decreasing
with
time
as
it
takes
much
longer
to
replenish
groundwater.
This
would
lead
to
further
lack
of
fresh
drinking
water
for
communities.
It
is
much
better
to
harvest
rainwater
hence
maintaining
top
soil
moisture.
While
speaking
to
the
villagers,
I
found
them
to
be
very
content
people.
The
main
problem
this
year
(2009)
has
been
the
lack
of
monsoon
rain,
however
the
lift
irrigation
and
pond
structures
have
enabled
them
to
keep
paddy
crops
going.
The
villagers
seem
to
have
no
debt
problem
and
have
access
to
manual
labour
in
nearby
Jamshedpur
when
required.
25
1.5
Dorkasai
A
semi‐structured
interview
was
carried
out
in
the
village
of
Dorkasai
to
understand
what
life
could
be
like
in
a
village
where
no
irrigation
structure
exists
(see
Photo
9
for
a
photograph
of
some
villagers
from
Dorkasai).
This
year,
due
to
lack
of
sufficient
monsoon
rain,
paddy
has
not
been
grown.
The
villagers
have
therefore
had
to
reply
on
manual
labour
jobs
to
maintain
a
living.
A
significant
difference
in
the
attitude
of
the
villagers
could
be
observed.
This
may
have
been
due
to
their
lack
of
contentment
in
not
being
able
to
cultivate
this
year.
Photo
9:
Dorkasai
villagers
1.6
Personal
viewpoint
of
Impact
study
I
really
enjoyed
getting
to
know
the
villagers
and
wish
I
had
the
time
to
get
to
know
them
better.
It
proved
difficult
to
obtain
meetings
with
the
villagers
during
monsoon
season,
as
this
is
the
busiest
period
of
time
in
the
fields
and
at
home
with
festival
celebrations.
If
time
permitted,
many
of
the
other
PRA
exercises
in
Appendix
B
could
have
been
carried
out
for
a
more
in
depth
study.
Also,
more
questionnaires
could
have
been
conducted
to
obtain
more
quantitative
data.
While
carrying
out
my
study
I
came
up
against
much
frustration
in
trying
to
find
out
how
the
villagers
expected
to
will
deal
with
water
scarcity
in
years
to
come.
The
main
barrier
in
communication
came
in
translation
in
which,
I
think
a
huge
amount
of
information
was
lost
and
conversation
stifled.
26
1.7
Conclusion
The
main
impacts
observed
due
to
the
introduction
of
irrigation
in
both
Kanikola
and
Jaskhandih
were
a
rise
in
cultivable
area
and
hence
a
rise
in
annual
income
due
to
the
ability
to
sell
more
crops.
Both
villages
have
aspirations
to
expand
or
add
new
irrigation
structures.
It
would
be
useful
for
GVK
to
advise
the
villagers
on
how
they
can
find
their
own
funding
to
carry
this
out.
On
the
whole,
both
villages
exhibited
a
contented
lifestyle.
27
2
Insight
into
the
Corporate
Social
Responsibility
Activities
of
Tata
Motors,
Jamshedpur
2.1
Introduction
Tata
Motors
undertake
a
variety
of
initiatives
to
support
and
improve
the
communities
in
its
vicinity,
by
promoting
health,
education,
environment
and
economic
self‐sustenance.
In
Jamshedpur,
initiatives
are
also
in
place
to
improve
the
quality
of
life
in
its
adjoining
rural
areas.
The
Community
Services
Division
(CSD)
of
Tata
Motors
consists
of
five
sections
with
the
following
responsibilities.
• Gram
Vikas
Kendra
(GVK):
integrated
rural
development.
The
water
management
project
presented
in
this
report
was
run
under
the
GVK
group.
• Parivar
Kalyan
Sansthan
(PKS):
health
care
• Shiksha
Prasar
Kendra
(SPK):
education
• Nav
Jagrat
Manav
Samaj
(NJMS):
leprosy
A
recently
published
report
[Tata
Report]
describes
the
activities
of
each
in
detail.
Here
I
will
give
a
brief
summary
of
some
activities
followed
by
photographs
depicting
the
many
visits
I
was
privileged
enough
to
make.
Programmes
for
economic
fostering
economic,
social
and
environmental
improvements
of
the
villages
such
as
self‐initiated
cottage
industries,
sericulture,
community
and
social
forestry,
drinking
water
projects,
road
projects,
pulse
polio
drives,
family
planning,
sanitation
projects,
plantation
projects
and
self‐
employed
training
to
name
but
a
few.
CSD
also
supports
other
agencies
such
as
START,
a
centre
of
adult
disabled,
Asha
Kiran
School
and
Mahila
Sharan.
28
2.2
Education
Providing
children
with
a
happy
and
safe
environment
to
grow
up
in
is
essential
to
ensuring
stability
of
the
world
for
generations
to
come.
Photos
10
depicts
the
three
very
different
schools
I
visited:
Ahsa
Kiran
school
for
disabled
children,
Hill
Top
School,
an
English
medium
school,
and
a
school
for
the
children
of
leprosy
sufferers.
Asha
Kiran
school
was
the
first
CSD
visit
I
made
in
Jamshedpur
in
which
I
had
to
learn
about
being
the
centre
of
attention
and
develop
my
idea
of
the
purpose
of
me
visiting
the
CSR
activities
of
Tata
Motors.
At
first
I
was
uncertain
as
to
my
purpose
or
what
I
could
contribute
as
a
visitor.
In
the
end,
I
chose
my
purpose
to
share
my
culture
with
the
children,
and
open
their
eyes
to
other
aspects
of
the
world
and
also
for
me
to
learn
about
their
life
and
in
general
what
children
are
like.
I
have
much
respect
for
the
parents
and
teachers
who
have
brought
the
wonderful
children
I
met
to
be
very
polite
and
respectful.
I
was
surprised
to
find
that
in
India
there
is
a
huge
emphasis
on
being
competitive
and
there
is
great
pressure
on
children
to
become
scientists,
engineers
or
doctors.
I
think
it
is
excellent
to
drive
children
in
such
a
direction
if
they
are
interested.
However
I
think
it
could
prove
to
be
detrimental
for
children
who
are
not
interested
in
these
core
subjects
or
style
of
learning.
From
visiting
Hill
Top
School,
the
English
Medium
school
I
could
see
many
similarities
with
education
in
the
UK.
Leprosy
is
an
illness
of
the
past,
however
there
is
still
a
social
stigma
attached
to
the
disease
resulting
in
exclusion
of
leprosy
suffers
and
their
children
from
mainstream
activities
such
as
schooling.
NJMS
is
successfully
working
towards
eradicating
this
negative
social
attitude.
My
most
memorable
time
from
TISES
was
my
visit
to
this
school
where
children
sang,
danced
and
recited
poems
for
me.
I
enjoyed
telling
them
about
where
I
was
from
and
it
was
a
privilege
for
me
to
be,
in
many
cases,
the
first
foreigner
the
children
had
ever
met.
From
my
visits
to
these
schools
it
was
evident
to
me
that
children
are
the
same
world
over:
they
love
to
learn
and
they
love
to
play
no
matter
where
they
are
from.
I
hope
the
negative
social
stigma
attached
to
leprosy
dies
soon.
29
Photos
10:
Schools
in
Jamshedpur:
Column
1:
Asha
Kiran
School
(SPK)
Top:
dance
class,
Middle:
two
young
deaf
boys
who
gave
me
their
paintings
and
Bottom:
a
class
for
deaf
children.
Column
2:
Hill
Top
School
(SPK)
Top:
computer
class
Middle:
primary
class
Bottom:
secondary
class
Column
3:
School
for
the
children
of
leprosy
sufferers
(NJMS)
Top:
A
young
boy
performing
for
me,
Middle:
a
young
girl
performing
for
a
song
for
me
Bottom:
the
leprosy
community
surrounding
the
school.
I
also
particularly
enjoyed
visiting
workshops
run
by
SPK
to
teach
young
girls
about
dressing
in
a
sari,
mindi,
hair
dressing,
make‐up
application
and
knitting.
There
was
a
wonderful
atmosphere
where
I
could
see
the
girls
were
having
fun
and
making
new
friends.
I
was
lucky
enough
to
have
a
young
girl
apply
henna
to
my
arm.
30
Photos
11:
Workshop
for
teenage
girls.
Column
1:
Top:
Girls
taking
a
break
from
a
workshop
Middle:
Knitting
class.
Bottom:
Kolam
picture.
Column
2:
Middle:
Hair
competition.
Middle:
Knitting.
Column
3:
Top:
Application
of
henna.
Middle:
Mendi
competition
judging
session.
Bottom:
Kolam
picture.
I
would
like
to
thank
Nishi
Srivastava
(Photo
12)
for
introducing
me
to
the
activities
mentioned
in
this
section
and
many
more.
Photo
12:
Nishi
Srivastava
31
2.2.1
A
Business
Opportunity?
I
also
visited
a
pre‐school,
Little
Angel
School.
From
my
visit
there
it
was
clear
that
they
need
more
money
to
keep
the
school
running.
As
I
understood,
Little
Angel
School
is
very
different
to
an
average
Indian
School:
emphasis
is
made
on
adapting
education
to
a
child’s
personality,
encouraging
play
and
creativity.
I
was
impressed
to
see
that
staff
made
all
the
toys
(see
Photos
13).
As
the
school
is
short
of
money,
I
enquired
weather
or
not
they
sell
the
toys
or
not.
As
it
stands
they
do
not
but
they
would
like
however,
they
lack
the
business
knowledge
to
carry
out
such
a
venture.
If
possible
it
could
be
useful
for
CSD
to
advise
Little
Angel
School
on
how
to
sell
their
beautiful
products.
Photos
13:
Little
Angel
School
Column
1:
Top:
The
headmistress
of
Little
Angel
School
Middle:
Applique
textile
picture
made
by
the
teachers
of
Little
Angel
School.
Bottom:
A
teacher
showing
me
an
applique
textile
picture
of
an
elephant.
Column
2:
Top:
Teachers
at
the
school.
Middle:.Puppet
theatre.
Bottom:
Applique
textile
picture
book.
32
2.3
Agriculture
GVK
run
a
strong
plantations
project
images
from
which
are
depicted
in
Photos
14.
Employees
are
also
encouraged
on
a
Sunday
to
go
out
and
plant
trees
on
a
Sunday.
I
think
this
is
a
wonderful
scheme,
primarily
for
the
environment
but
also
for
providing
a
fun,
family
relationships.
Photos
14:
Plantation
project.
Column
1:
Top:
Myself
helping
to
weed
sapplings
to
be
ready
for
plantation.
Bottom:
Villagers
digging
ready
for
plantation
Column
2:
Top:
Plot
of
land
ready
for
plantation
of
saplings
Bottom:
A
fully
grown
plantation
spot.
GVK
also
run
agricultural
development
centre,
some
photos
of
the
work
done
in
the
centre
are
shown
in
Photos
15.
Many
new
cultivation
techniques
have
been
tried
and
tested
here
such
as
novel
paddy
cultivation
techniques
to
obtain
higher
yields,
mushrooms
growing
and
the
growth
of
potential
new
crops,
which
may
be
suitable
for
growth
in
the
Jamshedpur
region.
Another
successful
project
include
“wormy
compost”
which
is
now
sold
in
Jamshedpur.
33
Photos
15:
Agricultural
centre.
Column
1:
Top:
Experts
at
the
agricultural
centre.
Bottom:
Wormy
compost.
Column
2:
Top:
Mushroom
growing
stacks.
Bottom:
Saplings.
2.4
Personal
Viewpoint
of
my
Visits
I
greatly
enjoyed
my
visits
to
all
the
CSR
activities
of
Tata
Motors.
I
felt
extremely
privileged
to
be,
in
many
cases,
the
first
foreigner
some
individuals
had
ever
talked
to
–
most
importantly
children.
34
3
Conclusion
An
impact
study
of
two
different
types
of
irrigation
structures:
lift
irrigation
and
rainwater
harvesting
in
the
tribal
villages
of
Kanikola
and
Jaskhandih
respectively,
located
in
the
outskirts
of
Jamshedpur
in
India
was
carried
out.
The
study
was
carried
out
via
participatory
rural
appraisal
(PRA),
structured
questionnaires
and
semi‐structured
interviews.
Impact
was
qualitatively
assessed
in
terms
of
agricultural,
economic,
lifestyle
and
social
impact.
One
year
on
from
implementation,
this
early‐stage
impact
study
concluded
that
income
level
has
risen
due
to
greater
crop
yield
and
the
ability
to
grow
a
greater
variety
of
crops,
which,
can
subsequently
be
sold
at
market.
A
challenge
encountered
for
GVK
in
project
implementation
was,
in
some
cases,
that
villagers
were
not
open
to
adopting
a
new
technique
–
in
particular
in
the
5%
rainwater‐harvesting
model
as
the
pond
structures
would
take
away
from
cultivable
area.
Now,
one
year
on,
many
farmers
can
see
the
positive
impact
of
the
ponds
and
the
farmers
who
were
not
open
to
such
irrigation
structures
previously,
now
are.
In
this
case,
it
became
evident
that
a
strong
and
open‐minded
leader
to
guide
villagers
is
crucial
in
reaping
the
benefits
of
a
new
project.
It
was
also
clear
that
it
is
crucial
to
include
villagers
in
every
stage
of
implementing
the
irrigation
structures
so
that
they
can
become
independent
in
maintaining
the
system
and,
in
the
future,
implement
irrigation
projects
for
themselves.
Teaching
one
village
about
irrigation
has
a
knock‐on
effect
whereby,
one
village
can
teach
a
neighbouring
village
about
how
irrigation
can
make
a
positive
impact.
A
suggestion
for
an
alternative
source
of
irrigation
could
lie
in
the
implementation
of
drip
irrigation
scheme
whereby
a
water‐saving
technology
enables
slow
and
regular
application
of
water
directly
to
the
roots
of
a
plant
through
a
network
of
economically
designed
plastic
pipes
and
low
discharge
emitters.
35
I
gained
a
tremendous
amount
from
the
TISES
experience
including
social
research
skills,
the
opportunity
to
learn
about
Indian
culture,
most
importantly
about
the
work
and
family
culture.
Working
in
country
other
than
my
own
allowed
me
to
reflect
upon
my
own
country,
the
UK.
Most
prominently,
I
realised
how
much
I
appreciate
my
freedom
in
the
UK.
The
freedom
to
go
where
I
like
from
day
to
day
and
feel
safe
mainly
in
terms
of
the
transport
system
and
also
in
terms
of
being
able
to
trust
people.
The
strength
of
the
British
pound
and
the
nature
of
the
British
passport
has
allowed
me
to
travel
more
freely.
Having
access
to
a
free
education
up
until
the
age
of
18
and
also
access
to
a
free
health
care
system
in
the
UK
has
also
provided
me
with
great
freedom
in
my
life.
With
all
this
freedom,
I
recognize
the
responsibility
to
make
the
most
of
the
opportunities
I
have
–
to
make
the
most
of
my
education,
to
take
care
of
my
well‐
being
and
my
surrounding
environment.
On
returning
to
the
UK
there
are
many
aspects
of
India
I
want
to
take
with
me:
a
more
open
and
welcoming
attitude
to
guests
in
country,
more
colourful
attire
and
a
better
understanding
of
how
the
world
works
as
a
whole.
I
had
a
wonderful
time
in
India
and
I
can’t
wait
to
go
back
and
explore
the
diverse
and
colourful
country
more!
36
APPENDIX
A
Questionnaire
This
questionnaire
aims
to
understand
the
impact
of
a……………………irrigation
system
introduced
to
the
village
of…………………………....……………………………..,
near
Jamshedpur,
India.
General
Information
Name
of
Beneficiary
Age
Gender
Main
profession
Main
Source
of
income
Household
Number
of
family
members
(Adults/
children)
Literate/
illiterate
Agricultural
Information
Before
After
Type
of
Crop
grown
Crop
kept
for
the
family
of
sold
at
market?
Cultivable
area
Growing
season
Does
conflict
arise
between
past
methods
and
timescales?
Economic
Information
Before
After
Annual
Income
What
are
the
main
reasons
for
the
change
in
income,
if
any?
Have
loans
ever
been
required?
Migration
for
work?
What
gadgets
do
you
own?
E.g.
Mobile
phones,
TV,
bicycles...
What
was/
is
money
spent
on?
What
do
you
hope
to
spend
your
extra
income
on,
if
any?
37
Lifestyle
Information
Before
After
Education
Number
of
children
going
to
school
and
to
what
age
Health
Dominant
diseases
and
number
of
cases?
Working
Woman
Hours
&
on
Man
what
Son(s)
Daughter(s)
Has
happiness
of
the
family
changed?
Main
problems
of
the
village
Have
dynamics
between
villagers
changed?
Table
of
beneficiaries
interviewed
for
questionnaire:
Village
Name
Age
Main
Occupation
Kanikola
Jagdish
Soren
44
Secretary
of
the
irrigation
system,
farmer
Dorga
Mara
60
Farmer
Baralam
Baski
55
Farmer
Bourdray
Medi
35
Farmer
Jaskhandih
Jagannath
Deogam
47
Farmer,
shop
keeper
Munniram
52
Farmer
Jagannath
Deogam
55
Farmer
2
Selai
Samad
60
Farmer
Baboola
Samad
58
Farmer
Other
beneficiaries
who
participated
Jaskhandih
discussions
Rahul
Deogam
Usha
Honhaga
Suraj
Deogam
Tulsi
Deogam
Sabrit
Deogam
Sunil
Deogam
Sarita
Deogam
Nirso
Deogam
Sarina
Deogam
Gambi
Deogam
Nandini
Deogam
38
APPENDIX
B
Participatory
Rural
Appraisal
(PRA)
Exercises
In
this
work
social
and
resource
mapping,
preference
ranking
and
general
discussion
points
were
employed
for
the
PRA
study.
If
time
permitted
other
exercises
would
have
been
employed
such
as
a
seasonal
calendar
and
historical
transect
[Asia
Forest
Network,
2002].
The
PRA
discussion
points
are
only
a
guideline
as
to
what
could
be
discussed
if
the
point
did
not
arise
through
the
initial
exercises.
Exercises
employed
in
this
work:
Social
mapping
This
will
map
out
the
village
giving
information
on
population,
number
of
households.
If
the
village
already
has
a
map
drawn
take
a
picture
and
let
the
villagers
discuss
around
the
map.
See
Table
1:
Village
profile.
Different
castes/
tribes/
income
level
living
on
different
areas
of
the
village.
Resource
Mapping
Map
the
rivers/
anything
and
any
other
natural
resources
important
to
the
village.
Map
where
lowland
/
upland
lies.
Preference
ranking
Preference ranking involves ranking a specific element of society in
importance allowing for discussion and insight into how certain elements of
village lifestyle may have changed.
Other
exercises
which
could
be
employed:
Transect
Walk
Walk
through
village,
what
you
have
seen
on
your
left
and
right.
Seasonal
Calendar/
Time
line
of
a
year:
Go
through
the
growing
seasons
and
describe
the
weather,
what
is
grown
and
what
volume.
Also
find
out
if
there
have
been
any
marked
differences
in
the
growing
season
in
the
past
years
and
what
are
the
reasons.
39
Organisational
chart
Illustrate
organisational
structure
and
individuals
who
contribute
to
the
community.
This
can
reflect
indigenous
organisations
including
village
chiefs,
council
of
elders,
healers,
water
management
organisations,
and
leader
ship
positions.
Historical
Transect
Go
through
the
history
of
the
village
and
find
out
about
important
events.
This
exercise
could
help
to
identify
successful
and
unsuccessful
irrigation
systems
so
that
a
new
management
system
can
avoid
the
same
mistakes
and
promote
the
positive
aspects
endorsed
by
the
community.
Draw
from
village
elders
for
experience.
E.g.
Weather.
Land/
drought?
Crop
disease?
Water
availability?
PRA
possible
discussion
points
1. How
does
the
irrigation
system/pond
based
irrigation
work?
How
does
it
differ
from
past
techniques
2. What
is
the
cost
of
the
irrigation
system/
pond
based
irrigation
system
and
how
is
it
managed
and
funded?
Financial
cost
to
villagers
–
is
this
manageable?
3. If
there
are
any
problems
how
is
that
solved.
4. If
there
is
lack
of
water
–
how
is
the
water
distributed.
5. Impact
on
Agricultural
a. Crop
volume
and
type,
growing
season
b. Change
in
the
food
habits?
c. Agricultural
practice/
irrigation
practice
d. Land
coverage:
cultivable
area
e. Idle
months
–
has
the
growing
season
changed?
f. Could
any
new
technologies
assist
in
crop
collection/
growth?
g. Is
the
irrigation
system
sufficient
for
current
needs?
h. Future
of
crop
growth?
6. Does
conflict
arise
between
past
methods
and
current
practice?
a. Who
can
collect
the
harvest?
b. Is
there
enough
time
to
collect
harvest?
c. Have
traditions
been
lost
due
to
different
harvest
timescale?
d. Planning
to
buy
a
tractor.
7. Impact
on
the
environmental:
40
a. Surface
run‐off
b. Soil
erosion
c. Soil
moisture
d. Groundwater
recharge
–
do
you
notice
a
difference
in
the
wells.
e. Were
the
fields
already
there
or
were
trees
cut
down
to
make
fields
8. Impact
on
natural
resources:
a. Impact
on
natural
resources.
E.g.
availability
of
water?
b. Are
they
using
the
same
water
for
other
jobs…e.g.
washing
body,
utensils,
and
clothes?
c. How
have
things
changed
‐
do
you
now
wash
your
hands
after
toilet
due
to
greater
availability
of
water.
9. Economic
impact:
a. How
has
income
level
changed
and
why?
b. Migration
of
workers?
c. Loans?
d. Food
habits
changed
e. New
shop
in
the
village.
In
the
village
shop,
how
long
has
it
been
open
for?
Has
income
of
the
shop
increased?
f. Seed
seller
–
increase
in
business?
g. Any
change
in
the
price
of
the
land?
h. Fragmentation:
how
is
land
divided
between
children?
Has
this
changed?
10. Impact
in
lifestyle:
a. Education
(literacy)
b. Health:
what
are
the
dominant
diseases
and
number
of
cases?
c. Medical
facilities
more
pregnant
women
going
to
hospital
to
have
babies.
d. Better
relationships…
e. Happiness/
motivation/
aspirations
for
the
future?
f. Village
infrastructure
g. Leisure
activities
for
adults
and
children
(type
and
time
spent
on
activity).
Reasons?
11. Social
impact:
a. Has
societal
status
of
the
village
changed
and
why?
Marriage?
b. Communication:
E.g.
Mobile
phones.
Why
do
you
think
you
need
a
mobile
phone?
12. Impact
on
village
infrastructure
(e.g.
roads,
drainage,
wells,
hand
pumps)?
13. What
is
the
future
outlook
for
the
village?:
a. What
improvements
could
be
made
to
the
current
irrigation/
pond
system?
b. What
plans
are
there
for
the
future
41
c. Can
you
envisage
any
future
problems?
E.g.
how
do
you
respond
to
water
scarcity?
14. Other:
a. Do
you
think
water
is
used
efficiently
in
the
village?
How
do
you
ensure
this?
b. Is
fuel
used
efficiently
for
the
pump?
c. Would
the
community
benefit
from
any
other
external
help/
education?
E.g.
crop
growing
expert?
Is
maintenance
satisfactory?
Is
the
financial
running
of
the
irrigation
system
satisfactory?
42
Appendix
C:
Case
Study
Mr.
Jagannath
Deogam
Photo
16:
Jagannath
Deogam
One
year
ago
the
tribal
village
of
Jaskhandih
did
not
have
any
form
of
irrigation.
The
villagers
subsisted
on
meager
earnings
as
casual
laborers.
Crops
frequently
failed,
often
due
to
inadequate
rain
and
the
rocky
terraine.
Mono‐cropping
of
paddy
was
only
possible.
Today,
one
can
see
a
transformation
in
Jaskandih
to
vast
stretches
of
paddy
fields
alongside
vegetable
cultivation.
The
reason:
the
implementation
of
a
rainwater
harvesting
project
entitled
“Improved
agriculture
with
5%
model
and
seepage
tanks”.
Gram
Vikas
Kendra,
Jamshedpur
initiated
the
project
in
the
village
in
June
2006.
Initially,
it
was
a
great
challenge
to
convince
villagers
to
introduce
pond
structures.
The
concept
of
taking
away
precious
land
from
already
unproductive
cultivation
area
to
make
way
for
ponds
seemed
to
them
more
negative
than
positive.
Mr.
Jagannath
Deogam,
a
villager
from
Jaskhandih
has
been
instrumental
in
pushing
forward
the
project
resulting
in
the
rapid
transformation
of
the
village.
Jagannath
could
see
past
initial
fears
of
the
village
towards
the
benefits
of
such
an
irrigation
project.
Jagnnath
took
the
initiative
to
motivate
his
fellow
villagers
and
to
explore
the
benefits
of
the
project
in
his
own
farmland.
The
result
of
which
has
raised
the
socio‐economic
condition
of
the
villager
through
improved
agriculture
practices
by
creating
rainwater
harvesting
structures
in
the
form
of
ponds.
A
‘Gram
Vikas
Samity
Jaskhadih’
constituting
of
60
farmer
families
was
formed
as
a
beneficiary
group
to
carry
out
the
project.
The
committee
undertook
the
job
of
implementing
the
project,
making
proper
use
of
all
resources
available.
Jagannath
took
on
the
role
of
President
using
his
persuasive
powers
to
educate
villagers
on
the
benefits
of
rainwater
harvesting.
The
first
pond
was
dug
on
Jagannath’s
land
demonstrating
it’s
positive
effects
thus
leading
to
the
creation
of
other
ponds
in
the
village.
Jagannath
has
selflessly
acted
as
a
great
community
facilitator,
making
change
possible.
Whether
it
was
organising
village
meetings
by
making
door‐to‐door
contacts
or
convincing
his
neighbours
to
contribute
labor,
he
has
always
given
his
valuable
time
for
the
upliftment
of
Jaskhandih.
43
Jagannath
has
also
run
small
grocery
shop
in
his
village
and
a
small
rice
hauling
machine
whose
clients
mainly
came
from
paddy
growers
of
other
village,
demonstrating
the
energy
Jagannath
has.
Jagannath
hopes
that
the
paddy
now
grown
in
his
village,
after
the
rainwater
harvesting
project
will
be
hauled
with
his
machine.
Thanks
to
the
MESO
officer
of
the
District
Rural
Development
Agency
(DRDA)
for
giving
GVKJ
the
opportunity
to
work,
the
funding
support,
its
Engineers
and
the
District
Soil
Conservation
Officer
for
extending
all
the
guidance
and
help
in
the
project
without
which
this
development
could
never
have
been
possible.
Up
until
now,
GVK
has
been
able
to
create
157
ponds
in
the
village
and
has
been
instrumental
in
bringing
many
changes:
an
increase
in
income
level,
the
promotion
of
newer
agriculture
methods,
and
better
health
and
educational
standards.
The
village
outlook
has
been
transformed
under
the
leadership
of
where
the
water
management
project
has
proved
to
be
the
catalyst
to
re‐shape
the
village
for
the
better.
44
Appendix
D:
Case
Study
Mr
Jagdish
Soren
Photo
17:
Jugeshwar
Singh
Bee
keeping
was
introduced
by
Mr.
Jagdish
Soren
in
collaboration
with
Gram
Vikas
Kendra,
Jamshedpur
in
1981.
Trained
as
an
expert
on
bee
keeping
for
honey
in
Khadi
Gram
Udyog,
he
had
a
vision
to
create
bee
keeping
as
a
profitable
venture
for
farmers.
Initially,
people
did
not
buy
his
concept
with
ease,
if
at
all.
However,
a
handful
of
people
believed
in
his
idea
and
took
up
bee
keeping
as
a
domestic
activity
on
an
experimental
basis.
Slowly,
the
word
of
success
spread
with
the
possibility
of
harvesting
fresh
and
pure
honey
of
several
varieties
with
very
little
investment,
risk
or
effort.
There
has
been
great
demand
for
training
in
bee‐keeping
practices
where
over
500
bee‐rearers
have
been
trained.
The
passion
and
professionalism
of
the
honey
makers
shines
through
as
a
result
of
the
effective
training
received
from
Jugeshwar.
Today
Jugeshwar
finds
his
dream
come
true
as
these
bee‐rearers,
commonly
known
as
‘palaks’
move
around
on
trucks
loaded
with
bee
boxes
to
several
orchards,
gardens
&
forests
of
many
districts
of
Bihar
&
Jharkhand.
The
palaks
know
the
detailed
nature
of
bees,
their
attractions,
their
reasons
for
migration
and,
of
course,
the
seasonality
factors
such
as
the
different
flowering
and
pollination
timings
of
different
plant
species
such
as
Lichi,
Karanj,
Neem,
Jhamun
and
Mango.
Movement
of
the
palaks
is
very
much
governed
by
these
factors
to
have
the
optimum
collection
of
honey.
So
far,
600
bottles
of
pure
honey
from
the
palaks
have
been
sold
through
the
Vikas
Show
Room,
a
facility
created
by
GVK
for
sale
of
rural
products
for
the
villagers.
The
producers
have
also
sold
an
additional
800
bottles
of
honey
independently.
The
honey
has
a
unique
brand
image
due
to
its
purity
and
variety.
45
Appendix
E:
Case
Study
Mr
Jugeshwar
Singh
Mr
Jugeshwar
Singh
is
a
progressive
tribal
farmer
from
the
village
of
Kanikola
in
the
Potka
Block
of
East
Singhbhum.
Jagdish
has
a
passion
for
agriculture
and
depends
solely
on
it
for
his
livelihood,
growing
both
paddy
and
vegetables.
Jagdish’s
passion
for
farming
came
to
the
attention
of
Tata
Motors
when
Gram
Vikas
Kendra
implemented
a
social
forestry
project
in
Kanikola
a
few
years
ago.
GVK
subsequently
exposed
him
to
agriculture
training
upon
recognising
his
energetic
attitude.
It
became
apparent
agricultural
productivity
in
the
village
was
hindered
due
to
the
absence
of
an
assured
irrigation
facility
that
could
cater
to
the
large
tracts
of
paddy
and
vegetable
cropping.
GVK
therefore
set‐up
a
lift
irrigation
project
last
year
with
the
help
from
Rotary
International.
Jagdish
was
nominated
by
the
villagers
to
become
the
Secretary
of
Lift
irrigation
committee
in
the
village.
Following
on
from
this
the
idea
of
combining
lift
irrigation
and
pond
structures
formed
water
could
be
lifted
from
the
nearby
river
of
Subarnarekha
to
a
pond
structure
an
added
source
of
irrigation
could
be
formed.
An
integrated
village
development
plan
was
prepared
in
full
consultation
with
the
villagers:
three
ponds,
one
lift
irrigation
unit,
agriculture
training,
piscine‐
culture,
formation
and
promotion
of
self
help
groups
(SHGs)
and
afforestation.
A
detailed
layout
for
construction
of
ponds
and
the
lift
irrigation
unit
was
constructed
alongside
experts
of
Pradan,
an
organization
specializing
in
water
management.
Resources
were
mobilized
from
willing
donors:
Telcon
provided
an
excavator
and
the
Rotary
International
provided
further
funding.
The
villagers
were
willing
labourers;
digging
641
m
of
trench
lain
with
pipelines.
An
8
HP
diesel
motor
pump
having
6
discharge
outlets
capable
of
irrigating
40
acres
of
land
powered
the
irrigation
system.
Two
ponds
were
also
created
allowing
irrigation
of
a
further
15
acres
of
land.
Jagdish
says:
“When
I
found
agriculture
to
be
not
only
profitable
but
a
profoundly
dignified
vocation,
I
only
wondered
when
would
my
villagers
be
able
to
fight
out
the
vagaries
of
monsoon
and
think
the
same
way.
But
now
with
the
lift
irrigation
system
and
two
ponds
created
in
the
village
through
GVK
and
many
other
developments
in
the
offing,
it
is
my
dream
come
true.”.
Jagdish’s
leadership
qualities
are
immense,
he
has
motivated
all
villagers
to
contribute
to
the
irrigation
project.
Prior
to
the
introduction
of
the
irrigation
systems,
Jagdish
earnt
around
8000
Rs
from
rain‐fed
agriculture,
providing
two
square
meals
a
day
and
limited
possibilities
to
think
past
this.
Training
provided
to
villagers
by
GVK
has
challenged
the
villagers
to
think
beyond
their
boundaries
and
explore
more
for
themselves
and
their
family.
Taking
advantage
of
the
knowledge
inputs
on
multiple
cropping,
he
began
growing
cabbage,
cauliflower,
ladies’
finger
and
different
varieties
of
gourds,
apart
from
the
rain
fed
paddy,
which
now
fetches
him
Rs40,000/‐
per
annum.
He
is
market
sensitive
and
grows
and
sells
his
vegetables
on
time
directly
at
the
markets
of
Dorkasai,
Jadugada,
Narwa,
Govindpur
and
Tata
Motors
colony.
All
this
has
made
Jagdish
a
model
farmer
in
his
village.
46
Appendix
F
Personal
Statement
For
as
long
as
I
can
remember,
I
have
been
extremely
interested
in
learning
more
about
life
in
India.
This
curiosity
began
at
a
young
age,
sparked
by
the
many
stories
I
heard
of
the
time
my
Great
Grandfather
spent
working
for
the
jute
mills
of
the
East
India
Company
and
the
time
that
my
Grandfather
spent
working
on
an
Indian
tea
plantation
in
the
1930's.
TISES
provided
the
perfect
opportunity
for
me
to
experience
working
in
India,
to
learn
about
its
contrasting
culture
while
at
the
same
time
to
take
a
break
from
my
career
in
science
and
develop
my
social
and
communication
skills.
With
no
previous
experience
in
the
field
of
water
management
or
in
social
research
I
was
very
excited
to
take
on
a
new
research
topic
and
use
my
previous
experiences
of
problem
solving
to
add
a
new
perspective
on
the
water
management
issues
of
the
tribal
villages
of
India.
Most
of
all,
the
TISES
project
has
allowed
me
to
see,
first
hand
that
the
world
has
a
dilemma:
there
are
not
enough
resources
to
sustain
the
current
human
population
for
generations
to
come.
With
a
thriving
human
population
relying
on
water
for
survival
and
an
ever‐decreasing
supply
of
accessible
water
sources,
the
ability
to
manage
water
efficiently
is
essential
for
future
survival
of
our
race.
India’s
population
is
booming
and
it’s
land
over
cultivated.
It
is
therefore
evident
that
we
must
find
a
way
of
living
with
the
world
in
a
more
ecologically
balanced
way.
This
must
either
be
done
by
changing
the
way
in
which
we
live
or
by
developing
new
technologies
to
maintain
our
standard
of
living
without
causing
a
detrimental
effect
to
our
surrounding
environment.
I
have
enjoyed
the
TISES
project
immensely,
I
have
not
only
learnt
about
water
management
but
I
have
also
been
privileged
enough
to
learn
about
tribal
lifestyle,
a
culture
vastly
different
to
my
own.
Talking
to
people
so
content
with
their
lives
without
a
great
number
of
material
possessions
provided
a
refreshing
change.
The
vibrancy
of
the
Indian
culture
and
the
open,
friendly
nature
of
the
many
Indians
I
have
met
and
worked
with
has
been
wonderful
‐
the
Indians
treat
their
guests
with
great
respect.
The
main
challenge
I
faced,
as
a
scientist
was
the
realisation
that
in
social
work,
there
is
no
perfect
solution
to
a
problem
‐
compromises
must
be
made
along
the
way.
When
deciding
on
my
next
career
step,
the
social
entrepreneurship
activities
of
a
company
will
be
a
key
factor
in
who
I
decide
to
work
for.
TISES
has
enabled
me
to
observe
how
a
large
company
can
make
a
positive
impact
upon
the
world
with
its
drive
to
make
a
difference
in
the
communities
surrounding
Tata
industries.
My
time
in
India
has
also
given
me
a
greater
perspective
on
the
world
as
a
whole
and
has
confirmed
to
me
that
my
actions
and
lifestyle
in
the
UK
affect
the
entire
world,
in
particular,
the
fragility
of
the
weather
forecast,
most
likely
due
to
the
effects
of
global
warming.
I
will
therefore
make
the
upmost
effort
to
lead
a
more
environmentally
conscious
lifestyle
on
my
return
to
the
UK.
47
Acknowledgements
Although
I
only
spent
two
months
in
India,
there
are
an
incredible
number
of
people
I
would
like
to
thank.
Many
are
depicted
in
Photos
18.
Sandeep
Kumar
provided
me
with
excellent
guidance
throughout
my
time
in
the
Community
Services
Division
(CSD)
of
Tata
Motors.
Although
extremely
busy,
he
always
provided
the
patience
for
discussion
and
taught
me
a
great
deal
about
water
management.
Alongside
Sandeep
in
the
rural
affairs
team
R.
P.
Gupta
and
Sunil
Kumar
Mahto
and
C.M
Singh
were
instrumental
in
allowing
me
to
carry
out
my
field
research
both
of
whom
exhibited
much
patience.
Jayanti
Datt
is
an
excellent
leader
of
CSD,
she
most
of
all,
provided
straightforward
and
productive
advice
when
required.
I
admire
her
and
I
would
like
to
thank
her
for
welcoming
me
into
her
team
and
making
my
stay
in
Jamshedpur
very
comfortable.
Nishi
Strivistava
was
a
wonderful
friend
to
me
throughout
my
time
in
Jamshedpur.
Nishi
initially
introduced
me
to
the
education
activities
in
Tata
Motors,
every
visit
always
left
me
with
a
warm
feeling
inside
from
which
I
felt
I
always
gain
a
new
perspective
on
the
world.
Nishi
continued
to
be
a
wonderful
friend
throughout
my
time
in
Jamshedpur:
giving
me
advice
what
to
wear
and
transporting
me
to
and
from
Tisco
Guesthouse
when
required
in
her
new
maroon
car.
Most
importantly
she
introduced
me
to
her
family
from
whom
I
gained
insight
into
the
wonderful
family
culture
for
which
India
is
renowned.
Many
thanks
to
Kamlah
for
aiding
me
in
my
attempts
to
speak
Hindi
and
for
her
welcoming
smile
every
time
I
entered
the
office.
Thanks
also
to
Ila
for
wearing
incredibly
beautiful
saris
every
day
and
for
the
opportunity
to
see
her
charming
family
sing
and
dance.
I
would
also
like
to
thank
the
many
drivers
of
CSD
and
other
staff
who
made
me
feel
extremely
welcome
in
Jamshedpur.
Aunindo
Roy
and
Dr.
R.
Roy
were
wonderful
in
welcoming
me
to
their
health
initiatives
at
PKS.
I
would
like
to
thank
Dr
Helen
Haugh
for
organising
the
TISES
programme
from
Cambridge,
her
patient
manner
and
ease
of
conversation
are
admirable.
Helen
also
provided
to
extremely
helpful
advice
and
aid
when
problems
arose
throughout
my
internship
experience.
My
fellow
TISES
2009
interns:
Sian
Hershel,
Andy
Paton,
David
Nefs
and
Nick
Evans
for
sharing
many
great
adventures
together.
Thank
you
to
my
family
(David,
Rhona
and
Robyn)
and
friends
(Mica,
Jason
and
Simon
and
Katherine)
for
supporting
me
in
my
endeavour
to
come
to
India
while
at
the
same
time
supporting
me
in
my
attempt
to
complete
my
Ph.D
studies.
India
is
a
wonderful
country
and
I
cannot
wait
to
come
back
and
visit
the
many
great
people
I
met
in
my
time
here
and
explore
the
country
further.
48
Photos
18:
Some
of
the
wonderful
people
I
met
during
my
time
on
the
TISES
programme.
Column
1:
Top:
Nishi
Srivistava,
Sandeep
Kumar,
R.P.
Gupta,
myself,
Jyantti
Datt.
2nd
row:
On
the
tour
of
the
Tata
Motors
plant:
Nishi
Srivistava
,driver,
Dev
Das,
Sian
Herschel,
Andy
Panton.
3rd
row:
Ila
teaching
girls
to
knit
at
a
knitting
workshop.
Bottom:
Nishi’s
family
and
myself.
Column
2:
Top:
Dilith
Castleton
of
Tata
Steel.
Middle:
Jayanti
Datt,
Sian
Herschel,
myself,
Andy
Panton
and
Nishi
Srivistava.
Bottom:
Rockmina,
a
tribal
lady
and
Sian
Herschel
Column
3:
Top:
A
young
girl
showing
me
her
mindi
at
a
workshop
for
teenage
girls.
Middle:
Kamlah
Bottom:
New
pond
structure
for
rainwater
harvesting
in
the
village
of
Konikula:
a
villager,
R.P.
Gupta
and
C.
M.
Singh.
Column
4:
Top:
A
waiter
at
Dalma
House.
2nd
row:
Andy
Panton,
Dr.
Helen
Haugh
and
a
tribal
lady.
3rd
row:
Sian
Herschel,
Andy
Panton
and
myself
on
a
beach
near
Chilka
Lake,
Orissa.
The
Bottom:
The
Deogam
family
and
myself
in
Jaskandih.
49
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