Monografie di

M E S O P O T A M I A

XIV
Un impaziente desiderio
di scorrere il mondo
Studi in onore di Antonio Invernizzi
per il suo settantesimo compleanno

A cura di Carlo Lippolis

e Stefano de Martino

LE LETTERE
FIRENZE
In copertina: Ctesifonte. Il Taq-i Kisra.

Copyright © 2011 by Casa Editrice Le Lettere - Firenze

ISBN 978 88 6087 453 5
www.lelettere.it
Stampa: Tipografia ABC - Sesto Fiorentino (FI) - aprile 2011
Pietro della Valle, Ragionamento che io penso far nell’Acca-
demia presentando il Libro, Lettera 2. da Spahàn, 19 marzo
1617.
 INDICE

Bibliografia di Antonio Invernizzi (a cura di Carlo Lippolis e Niccolò Manassero) .......................... p. 1

STEFANO DE MARTINO, Il percorso di uno studioso: Antonio Invernizzi ................................................. » 13

MEDITERRANEO

MARIA CLARA CONTI, Il Gorgoneion sulle antefisse di Selinunte .......................................................... » 19

CARLO ZOPPI, L’immagine di Eracle con il toro nelle cretule di Selinunte punica ............................... » 29

ROSINA LEONE, Ancora sulla Magenta Ware: un vaso a testa di Iside da Lipari ................................. » 35

VICINO ORIENTE E EGITTO

ALESSANDRA CELLERINO, La signora dell’Hamrin. Terrecotte con figura divina dagli scavi italiani
di Tell Yelkhi .................................................................................................................................. » 45

ALESSANDRO ROCCATI, Orizzonti culturali di Napata ............................................................................. » 61

STEFANIA MAZZONI, The ivories of Ziwiye: a reappraisal ...................................................................... » 73

SERENA MARIA CECCHINI, Un sigillo neo-assiro con scena di culto da Arslan Tash ............................. » 85

MARIO LIVERANI, The pillared hall of neo-hittite Melid: a new link in the development of an architectural
type ................................................................................................................................................................ » 91

ELISABETTA VALTZ, Birthday greetings from New York ........................................................................... » 113

ROBERTA MENEGAZZI, VITO MESSINA, Tell ‘Umar, il tempio addossato al teatro. Le fasi architettoniche
e le figurine in terracotta ................................................................................................................ » 123

ELEONORA PAPPALARDO, Il sonno della menade, la morte dell’amazzone. Iconografie a confronto

nell’Asia ellenizzata ........................................................................................................................ » 139

VON EVELYN KLENGEL-BRANDT, IRIS HERTEL, Eine restaurierte Terrakottafigur aus Babylon ................. » 149

SUSAN B. DOWNEY, Notes on two sculptures from Dura-Europos ......................................................... » 155

ANDREAS SCHMIDT-COLINET, Priester beim festmahl: Etpeni, Symposiarch 130/31 n. chr. und andere
palmyrenische tesserae .................................................................................................................... » 161

MICHA£ GAWLIKOWSKI - KRZYSZTOF JAKUBIAK - WIES£AW MA£KOWSKI - ARKADIUSZ SO£TYSIAK,

A ray of light for Mithras ............................................................................................................... » 169
VIII INDICE

IRAN

HERMANN GASCHE, Modèles de l’iwan dans l’architecture achéménide ................................................ p. 177

PIERFRANCESCO CALLIERI, Les Sassanides étaient-ils les héritiers des Achéménides? L’évidence
archéologique .................................................................................................................................. » 187

GEORGINA HERRMANN, Attributing Sasanian reliefs ............................................................................... » 201

CARLO G. CERETI, YOUSSEF MORADI, CYRUS NASROLLAZADEH, A collection of Sasanian clay sealings
preserved in the Takiya-e Mocâven al-Molk of Kermanshah .................................................................... » 209

ENRICO MORANO, Judas’ token to the enemies in the manichaean account of Jesus’ betrayal ................... » 237

FABRIZIO A. PENNACCHIETTI, Kashkùl, l’imprevedibile storia del nome di una noce di cocco ..................... » 241

ASIA CENTRALE E INDIA

EDWARD D¥BROWA, ÁÑÓÁÊÅÓ ÈÅÏÓ. Observations on the nature of the Parthian ruler-cult ............. » 247

NATALYA M. SMIRNOVA, Bactrian imitations with tamgas ......................................................................... » 255

GENNADJ A. KOŠELENKO, Ïåðïåíäèêóëÿðíûé êîíü (î íåêîòîðûõ êîìïîçèöèîííûõ îñîáåííîñòÿõ

æèâîïèñè èç ñòàðîé íèñû) ............................................................................................................. » 261

NICOLÒ MASTURZO, Le foglie d’acanto di Nisa: studio per la ricomposizione del capitello corinzio ... » 265

NICCOLÒ MANASSERO, A celtic track in Parthian Nisa .......................................................................... » 273

CARLO LIPPOLIS, I cavalli di Mithradatkert. Matrici in gesso da Nisa Vecchia .................................... » 285

VASIF A. GAIBOV, Öàðñêàÿ îõîòà – íîâûé ñþæåò â ïàðôÿíñêîé ñôðàãèñòèêå òàðãèàíû ..................... » 303

KAZIM ABDULLAEV, Ïàðôÿíñêèå ìîòèâû â íàñòåííîé ðîñïèñè íàõøåáà (åðêóðãàí è åãî îêðóãà) ........... » 309

PIERRE LERICHE, Le chapiteau tétracéphale de l’Ancienne Termez ....................................................... » 321

DANIEL T. POTTS, Indianesque ivories in southeastern Arabia .............................................................. » 335

KATSUMI TANABE, Two unique stone dishes from Gandhâra. The function of the so-called toilet-trays
from Gandhâra restated ................................................................................................................... » 345

OSMUND BOPEARACHCHI, In search of Utpalavarnýâ in Gandhâran Buddhist art ....................................... » 353

ARCANGELA SANTORO, Il Bodhisattva Vajrapânýi nell’arte del Gandhâra ................................................... » 369

ANNA MARIA QUAGLIOTTI, The tug-of-war in Gandhâran art ................................................................ » 377

ANNA PROVENZALI, Osservazioni su alcune pissidi da Butkara I (Swât) ............................................... » 383

Tavole
 Enrico Morano
Torino
Judas’ token to the enemies in the Manichaean
account of Jesus’ betrayal
In the first part of the great Parthian Crucifixion
Hymn1, reconstructed from several manuscripts of the
Berlin Turfan collection, some details related to the
passion and death of Christ occur, starting with the
intrigues against Jesus by the demons of wrath and
the devil (vv. 6-10), the pouring of poison upon the
sons and the preparation of a cup of death vv. 11-
14), the evil plot of the Jews and the demons, the
gathering of false witnesses (vv. 14-19), the vexation
of the Apostles by Satan2:
1 wygrʾsyd brʾdrʾn wjydgʾn
2 pd ʿym rwc gyʾnyn bwxtgyfṯ
3 pd myhr mʾẖ pd sxt
4 cfʾrds ° kd prnybrʾd
5 yyšwʿ bgpwhr °° ngʾẖ kryd
6 hrw bg ʾmwstʾn °° kw kd
7 gd jmʾn ʾnjʾmyšn pd mrd
8 pwhr frwdʾd ʿšmgʾn ° ʾwd
9 ʾšyjʾd hw bzg ʾmwg xwdʾy
10 db pdmwxt hʾmʾfrʾs bwd
11 ʾhynd ° ʾʾywšt ʾc ʾbr
12 dwʾdys gʾhʾn ° ʾw dʾm
13 ʾdryn jhr ryxt ʾw zʾdgʾn ° ʾwd
14 pdrʾyʾd hw mrn tʾst °° yhwdʾn
15 msyšt bg ʿspsgʾn d(b)
16 ʾwmwsʾd swndʾg qfṯ
17 pdycyhr ʾxʾzynd ʾbr mrd
18 pwhr ° bzgyfṯ ʾndyšynd zʿwr
19 wygʾẖ ʾmwrtynd pd drwg
20 dwšfr sʾtʾn ky cyd ʾywšt
21 ʾw fryštgʾn ° hw wxd ʾšyfṯ
22 ʾw crg cy mšyhʾ °
Translation
1 Wake up Brothers, Elect
2 on this day (came) salvation for the Souls;
3 in the month of Mihr
4 the fourteenth, when into Parinirvana went
5 Jesus the Son of God. Pay attention
6 ye all Believers in God: when
7 the time of accomplishment came, about the
8 Son of Man the demons of wrath got to
know
9 and the Lord of evil doctrine rose and
10 (having become) an accomplice put on the
garment of deception.
11 There were agitated from above
12 the twelve thrones; upon the creation
13 below poison was poured, upon the Sons, and
14 the Cup of Death was prepared. The Jews,
15 the servants of the Highest God, deception
16 incited, the slanderer fell,
17 and consequently they fight against
18 the Son of Man; evil is their plot,
19 witnesses they gather with falsehood,
20 the accursed Satan, who always disturbed
21 the Apostles, himself vexed
22 the Flock of Christ.
In the verses that follow (22-25), it is said how
Satan himself made the wretched Iscariot his steed3:
22 ° kyrdwš
23 bʾrg ʿškrywtʾẖ ʾbzftg
24 fryhstwm ʾmwsṯ ʾc
25 ʾbjyrwʾngʾn °°
22 He made
23 Iscariot (his) wretched steed,
24 (him, who was) the dearest, most devout
25 among the disciples4.
1
The hymn was re-edited and reconstructed in Morano
1998, q.v. for earlier literature. The remnants of the other
Manichaean Parthian Crucifixion Hymns are all published in
Morano 2000.
2
See the reconstruction of the text in Morano 1998, 132-
135 (compiled text and translation); 139-144 (diplomatic edi-
tion of the manuscripts); plates 13-16 (photographs of the
manuscripts).
3
Cf. Lk 22, 3 – εἰσῆλθεν δὲ Σατανᾶς εἰς Ἰούδαν τὸν
καλούμενον Ἰσκαριώτην, ὄντα ἐκ τοῦ ἀριθμοῦ τῶν δώδεκα.
“Then entered Satan into Judas surnamed Iscariot, being of
the number of the twelve.”; Jo 13, 26-27 — ἀποκρίνεται Ἰησοῦς,
ἐκεῖνός ἐστιν ᾧ ἐγὼ βάψω τὸ ψωμίον καὶ δώσω αὐτῷ. βάψας
οὗν τὸ ψωμίον δίδωσιν Ἰούδᾳ Σίμωνος Ἰσκαριώτου. καὶ μετὰ
τὸ ψωμίον τότε εἰσῆλθεν εἰς ἐκεῖνον ὁ Σατανᾶς. λέγει οὗν αὐτῷ
ὁ Ἰησοῦς, ὃ ποιεῖς ποίησον τάχιον. “Jesus answered, He it is,
to whom I shall give a sop, when I have dipped it. And when
he had dipped the sop, he gave it to Judas Iscariot, the son of
Simon. And after the sop Satan entered into him. Then said
Jesus unto him, That thou doest, do quickly.”
4
The sentence could also be translated “he made the wretched
Iscariot (his) steed, (he made him) the dearest, most devout
among (his own) disciples”.
238 enrico morano
Fig. 1 - M 5090+M 390 Recto (Photo: Staatsbibliothek
zu Berlin, Preußischer Kulturbesitz).
In the following section (25-31) the actual betrayal
of the master is described:
25 °° nmʾdyš pd
26 dst b[..] ʾʾdyšg ʾw dwšmnyn
27 ʾbysprd bgpwhr ʾbystʾwʾd
28 ʾc [r]ʾštyft pd pʾdbʾrg cy
30 dʾ[d yh]wdʾn wxybyy xwdʾy ʾwṯ
31 ʾmwcg prct °
25 He showed him with
26 [...] ??? to the enemies,
27 he handed over the Son of God, abjured
28 to the Righteousness for the bribe that
29 the Jews gave (him), sacrificed his own Lord
30 and Teacher.
Unfortunately, the first word of v. 26, dst b[..], is
damaged in all the manuscripts and Henning emended
to a hapax dstbr, to be interpreted as “having power,
one in authority”, and translated “as one in author-
ity”5. It is remarkable, however, that here Judas’ kiss
Fig. 2 - Mosaic in S. Apollinare Nuovo, Ravenna.
is not mentioned. According to the synoptic Gospels
Judas identified Jesus to the soldiers by a kiss:
Mth 26, 48-49 – ὁ δὲ παραδιδοὺς αὐτὸν ἔδωκεν
αὐτοῖς σημεῖον λέγων, ὃν ἂν φιλήσω αὐτός ἐστιν·
κρατήσατε αὐτόν καὶ εὐθέως προσελθὼν τῷ Ἰησοῦ
εἶπεν, χαῖρε, ῥαββί· καὶ κατεφίλησεν αὐτόν. “Now he
that betrayed him gave them a sign, saying, Whomso-
ever I shall kiss, that same is he: hold him fast. And
forthwith he came to Jesus, and said, Hail, master;
and kissed him.”
Mk 14, 44-45 – δεδώκει δὲ ὁ παραδιδοὺς αὐτὸν
σύσσημον αὐτοῖς λέγων, ὃν ἂν φιλήσω αὐτός ἐστιν·
κρατήσατε αὐτὸν καὶ ἀπάγετε ἀσφαλῶς. καὶ ἐλθὼν
εὐθὺς προσελθὼν αὐτῷ λέγει, ῥαββί, καὶ κατεφίλησεν
αὐτόν. “And he that betrayed him had given them a
token, saying, Whomsoever I shall kiss, that same is he;
take him, and lead him away safely. And as soon as
he was come, he goeth straightway to him, and saith,
Master, master; and kissed him.”
Lk 22, 47-48 – ἔτι αὐτοῦ λαλοῦντος ἰδοὺ ὄχλος,
καὶ ὁ λεγόμενος Ἰούδας εἷς τῶν δώδεκα προήρχετο
αὐτούς, καὶ ἤγγισεν τῷ Ἰησοῦ φιλῆσαι αὐτόν.
Ἰησοῦς δὲ εἶπεν αὐτῷ, Ἰούδα, φιλήματι τὸν υἱὸν τοῦ
5
Henning 1944, 143 n.6. For other suggestions see Durkin-
Meisterernst 2004, 142 s.v. dstbr.
 judas’ token to the enemies in the manichaean account of jesus’ betrayal
ἀνθρώπου παραδίδως; “And while he yet spake, behold
a multitude, and he that was called Judas, one of the
twelve, went before them, and drew near unto Jesus
to kiss him. But Jesus said unto him, Judas, betrayest
thou the Son of man with a kiss?”
The Greek words used, φιλέω/καταφιλέω/φίλημα,
mean properly ‘to kiss firmly, passionately’ and we
understand from Mark that the kiss was the token
(σύσσημον) Judas had given to the enemies to allow
them to recognize and arrest Jesus.
While revising the texts of the Crucifixion Hymns
against the manuscripts in Berlin, in view of a forth-
coming edition of all the fragments regarding Jesus,
I was able to find a small piece, M 50906, which can
be joined to M 390 (see montage above, Fig. 1) and
allows us to read the word which was previously read
dstb[r] as dst b(wd). Thus the sentence
nmʾdyš pd dst b(wd) ʾʾdyšg ʾw dwšmnyn
should be translated
“he showed (him) with his hand, it was the token
(ʾʾdyšg = σύσσημον) to the enemies”.
We understand therefore that the Eastern Mani­
chaeans, like the Gospel of John, did not know the
tradition of the kiss of Judas. They knew that Judas
betrayed his master with a gesture of his hand, pos-
239
sibly as a kind of greeting. And this was the token he
had given to the enemies.
We do have another similar Manichaean account of
the same incident in Kephalaia, 12, 30-34:
“Der Satan (σατανᾶς) ist gegangen hinein in Ju-
das Ischariot, einen von den Zwölfen Jesu. Er ver­
klagte (κατηγορεῖν) ihn bei der Sekte (δόγμα) [der
Juden], durch seinen Kuß (ἀσπασμός) uberlieferte
(παραδιδόναι) er [ihn in die Hände] der Juden und
der Kohorte (σπεῖρα) der Soldaten”7.
Here perhaps Polotsky’s German translation is
somehow misleading, as the Greek word used in Cop-
tic, ἀσπασμός, does not mean “kiss” at all, but rather
“greeting, salutation”8, which could be made with a
gesture of the hand. In some old depictions of the
scene, like the mosaic of S. Apollinare Nuovo (Fig.
2), we see Judas who seems not to be kissing Jesus,
but rather pointing him out with his hand.
6
See Boyce 1960, 105.
7
Polotsky-Böhlig 1940.
8
See Lieu-Clackson-Hunter 1999, 63.
240 enrico morano
Bibliography
Boyce, M.
1960 - A Catalogue of the Iranian Manuscripts in
Manichean Script in the German Turfan Collection,
Berlin.
Durkin-Meisterernst, D.
2004 - Dictionary of Manichaean Texts. Volume III,
1: Texts from Central Asia and China. Part 1: Dic-
tionary of Manichaean Middle Persian and Parthian,
Turnhout.
Henning, W. B.
1944 - ‘The murder of the Magi’, Journal of the Royal
Asiatic Society 1944, 133-144.
Lieu, S. N. C. - Clackson S. - Hunter E.
1999 (eds.) - Dictionary of Manichaean Texts. Volume
I: Texts from the Roman Empire (Texts in Syriac, Greek,
Coptic and Latin), Turnhout.
Morano, E.
1998 - ‘My kingdom is not of this world. Revisiting the
great Parthian crucifixion hymn’, in N. Sims-Williams
(ed.), Proceedings of the Third European Conference of
Iranian Studies held in Cambridge, 11th to 15th Sep-
tember 1995, Part 1. Old and Middle Iranian Studies,
Wiesbaden, 131-145, Pl. 13-16.
2000 - ‘A survey of the extant Parthian Crucifixion
Hymns’, in R. Emmerick, W. Sundermann, P. Zieme
(eds), Studia Manichaica. IV. Internationaler Kongreß
zum Manichäismus, Berlin 14. - 18. Juli 1997, Berlin,
398-429.
Polotsky, H. J. - Böhlig, A.
1940 - Kephalaia (Manichäische Handschriften der
Staatlichen Museen Berlin 1), Stuttgart.