Laboratory

 Experiment  3  

Mohd  Ashraf  Mohd  Ismail  

 

Name : Mohammed Ashraf Bin Mohammed Ismail

Student No: N0806406
Contact No: 98225529
Date Submitted:
Lab. : Wind Tunnel Experiment
Course Instructor: Mr Roger Chua
   
Table of Contents

ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................. 3

INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 4

OBJECTIVES................................................................................................................ 6

EXPIREMENT PROCEDURE ..................................................................................... 7

EXPIREMENT RESULT.............................................................................................. 9
Comparison between Theoretical and Experimental at 0° of flaps........................ 9
Comparison between 0° and 10° of flaps............................................................. 10
Comparison between 0°and 30° of flaps.............................................................. 11

DISCUSSION OF RESULT........................................................................................ 12

CONCLUSION............................................................................................................ 13

REFERENCE .............................................................................................................. 14

APPENDIX.................................................................................................................. 15

2    
Abstract
In this experiment, we are out to show the relationship of the coefficient of lift and
drag in relation to the deployment of flaps (0, 10, 30). In addition to every change on
the angle of flaps, we also adjusted the angle of attack (AOA) (0,5,9,12,15,18) with
reference to the airflow. This show how it further affect the relationship how it affects
lift and drag. In this experiment we are using the aerofoil design of NACA 4412.

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Introduction
Aircraft are supported in the air by an aerodynamic force called lift, which is
generated by the wings of the aircraft as air flows past the wings as a result of the
forward movement of the aircraft.

Many factor can affect the lift and drag component of the aerofoil which include
temperature, density, wing geometry, angle of attack(AOA) and angle of flaps
deployment and other factors. In this experiment we will concentrate on

Angle of Attack

Angle of Flaps Deployment - Flaps may be used to increase the maximum lift
coefficient, increase the wing area, or both. A change in the maximum lift coefficient
may be realized by a change in the shape of the airfoil section or by increased camber

4    
The Lift Coefficient and the Drag Coefficient represent the changes in lift and drag as
the angle of attack changes. CL and CD are not expressed by any physical unit, they
are rather absolute numbers obtained from either wind tunnel tests or derived
mathematically.

Lift and Drag Formulas

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Objectives
From the experiment we were able to :

I. Show the relationship of Coefficient of lift and drag with varying the angle of
flaps deployment.

II. Show the relationship of Coefficient of lift and drag with varying the angle of
attack( AOA) within the same flap deployment angle

III. Compare and calculate the difference between the experimental value and the
theoretical value for the coefficient of lift and drag (only at clean flaps)

6    
Experimental Procedure

To observe, investigate and measure the lift and drag forces while varying the aerofoil
angle of attack, angle of flap and the test section velocity.

The type of aerofoil selected for the following experiment is NACA 4412 camber
aerofoil(Figure 1).

Figure 1

- Aerofoil Span b 300mm

- Aerofoil Chord length 100mm

- Average Sea level Temperature 23 ° c

- Average Sea level Pressure 1013mbar

- Velocity of airflow 16.9 m/s

- Air Density 1.19 kg/m³

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 Procedure:

1. Mount the aerofoil on the test section of the wind tunnel( figure 2).

2. Adjust the angle of flaps deployment first.

3. Adjust the Angle of attack (AOA) and then tighten he set screw with the Allen
wrench.

4. Monitor the Lift the Drag vales on the computer.

5. Repeat step 3 until the readings for all different angle of attack for that
particular flap deployment has been taken down.

6. Then repeat step 2 to adjust the angle of flaps deployment

7. Record and tabulate the result in a table form.

Figure 2

8    
Experiment Result

Comparison between theoretical and experimental values at 0° flaps deployment

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Comparison between 10° and 0° of flap deployment

10    
Comparison between 30° and 0° of flap deployment

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 Discussion of Result

For the 1st lab comparison between the experimental value and the theoretical
values(Both 0° flaps), the % error is quite big partly because NACA uses 54 pressure
points and uses a 24’’ chord length to test on their aerofoil 4412 different from sample
aerofoil. Another issue is that the environmental variable such as air pressure, air
density, sea level temperature and velocity air speed are not the same. Other possible
errors may be due to improper setup of experiment and the fluctuating airspeed
readings
For the 2nd lab comparison between flaps deployment of 0° and 10°, the values are
almost similar but at 10° flaps, the aerofoil starts to gain more lift at low AOA(0°-4°)
but also loses lift faster at it’s stall angle(12°). For both value for drag the values are
very similar
For the 3rd lab comparison between flaps deployment of 0° degrees and 30°, the
difference are more distinct. At lower AOA airflow over the 30° flaps gain much
more lift. The Cl values are in fact more that 2 times than clean flaps. The Cd is also
slightly more than the clean flaps. At 30° flaps aerofoil start to stall at a much lower
AOA compared to 0° flaps. The Cl starts to loses lift at 9° and the Cd starts to
increase exponentially also at 9°.

I have a better understanding of lift and drag and finding the most optimum condition
and applying it to the different phase in flying.
Take Off – Most aircraft would take off with Flaps 10° as it will give them the max
lift and therefore BEST Climb Rate. It will also reduce the length of runway needed.
Cruising – At cruising you don’t need to climb but just to have the best something
ratio. It you look properly at clearer research, the greatest difference between lift and
drag is when aircraft is at AOA of 4° and no flaps. That’s why most aircraft wings are
rigged at an angle of 4° (Angle of Incident). It has the least drag therefore
aerodynamically it’s the most efficient condition to cruise.
Landing – At landing aircraft most aircraft want to descend gradually and land as
slowly as possible (landing speed). Therefore we need more drag than lift but not till
aircraft is stalled. Most of the time full flaps either 30 or 40° is being used for landing
phase

12    
Conclusion
The experiment shows the relationship of lift and drag is affected by adjusting the
angle of attack, angle of flaps deployment or even both. By completing the
experiment
To sum it all up:
1) Different AOA for same flaps deployment:

a) Increase in AOA will result in higher lift than lower AOA but only before
stalling angle. Upon exceeding stalling angle, lift will decrease drastically

b) Drag will remain quite constant, only increasing slightly with increase in
AOA. Upon exceeding stalling angle, it will increase exponentially.

2) Different AOA at different flaps deployment:

a) Increase in lift initially with more deployment of angle of flaps. As same AOA
more lift will be generated with more deflection in flaps.

b) More angle of flaps will result in slightly increase in drag because of the
deflection in shape.

c) More angle of flaps will result the stalling angle to occur at lower AOA.

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Reference
1. http://pilotsweb.com/principle/liftdrag.htm
2. http://classicairshows.com/Education/Aerodynamics/BernoulliAT1243
.htm
3. http://acam.ednet.ns.ca/curriculum/wing.htm
4. http://www.tpub.com/content/nasa1996/NASA-96-jcp-wka/NASA-96-
jcp-wka0009.htm
5. Theory of the Wing Section by IRA H.Abbot and Albert E. Von
Doenhoff. Published by Dover Publication. 1st publication in 1959
6. http://www.aerolab.com/
7.

14    
Appendix I
http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://mshades.free.fr/flapping/Cx4412.jpg&imgrefurl=http://
mshades.free.fr/flapping/selfincidentwingsection.html&h=557&w=324&sz=58&tbnid=DinGwPpi10U
J::&tbnh=133&tbnw=77&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dpicture%2Bof%2BNaca%2B4412&usg=__3dsax-
vRhkwdahNJ86899t8_3pE=&sa=X&oi=image_result&resnum=1&ct=image&cd=1

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16    
 NACA 4412
(Stations and ordinates given
in per cent of airfoil chord)
Upper Surface Lower Surface
Station Ordinate Station Ordinate
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.5000 1.6549 0.5000 -0.8857
0.7500 1.9551 0.7500 -1.1096
1.2500 2.4478 1.2500 -1.4338
2.5000 3.3829 2.5000 -1.9484
5.0000 4.7302 5.0000 -2.4834
7.5000 5.7597 7.5000 -2.7429
10.0000 6.5986 10.0000 -2.8638
15.0000 7.8878 15.0000 -2.8791
20.0000 8.7963 20.0000 -2.7320
25.0000 9.4055 25.0000 -2.5089
30.0000 9.7589 30.0000 -2.2595
35.0000 9.8849 35.0000 -2.0162
40.0000 9.8030 40.0000 -1.8030
45.0000 9.5563 45.0000 -1.6058
50.0000 9.1916 50.0000 -1.3990
55.0000 8.7174 55.0000 -1.1930
60.0000 8.1404 60.0000 -0.9955
65.0000 7.4644 65.0000 -0.8124
70.0000 6.6958 70.0000 -0.6483
75.0000 5.8340 75.0000 -0.5054
80.0000 4.8817 80.0000 -0.3855
85.0000 3.8369 85.0000 -0.2888
90.0000 2.7001 90.0000 -0.2146
95.0000 1.4642 95.0000 -0.1609
100.0000 0.1302 100.0000 -0.1248
L.E. radius = 1.587 percent c
slope of mean line at LE = 0.2000

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 NACA 4412
(Stations and ordinates given
in per cent of airfoil chord)
Upper Surface Lower Surface
Station Ordinate Station Ordinate
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.2634 1.2975 0.7366 -1.0988
0.4641 1.6057 1.0359 -1.3085
0.8898 2.1054 1.6102 -1.6132
2.0181 3.0543 2.9819 -2.0856
4.3872 4.4390 5.6128 -2.5640
6.8264 5.5049 8.1736 -2.7862
9.3054 6.3810 10.6946 -2.8810
14.3370 7.7414 15.6630 -2.8664
19.4291 8.7091 20.5709 -2.7091
24.5557 9.3621 25.4443 -2.4871
29.7003 9.7442 30.2997 -2.2442
34.8513 9.8843 35.1487 -2.0093
40.0000 9.8030 40.0000 -1.8030
45.0620 9.5526 44.9380 -1.6082
50.1176 9.1816 49.8824 -1.4038
55.1650 8.6997 54.8350 -1.1997
60.2026 8.1144 59.7974 -1.0033
65.2292 7.4317 64.7708 -0.8206
70.2437 6.6558 69.7563 -0.6558
75.2451 5.7897 74.7549 -0.5119
80.2323 4.8350 79.7678 -0.3906
85.2042 3.7924 84.7958 -0.2924
90.1599 2.6611 89.8401 -0.2166
95.0979 1.4395 94.9021 -0.1617
100.0167 0.1249 99.9833 -0.1249
L.E. radius = 1.587 percent c
slope of mean line at LE = 0.2000
http://www.pdas.com/sections45.htm#4412

18    
 Aluminum Alloy 5052
Typica Typica Mecha
Availa l l nical Fabric
ble Chemi Charact Applic Proper ation
Shapes stry eristcs ations ties Guide
Available Shapes

5052 is available in Coil, Plate and Sheet.

- Top -

Typical Chemistry (% Maximum unless shown as a range)

Cu Si + Fe Mn Mg Zn Cr Al

0.15 /
0.10 0.45 0.10 2.2 / 2.8 0.10 0.35 Balance

- Top -

Characteristics

5052 is one of the higher strength non-heat-treatable alloys. It

has a high fatigue strength and is a good choice for structures
subjected to excessive vibration. The alloy has excellent
corrosion resistance, particularly in marine atmospheres. The
formability of the grade is excellent and in the annealed
condition it offers higher strengths than 1100 or 3003 grades.
- Top -

Typical Applications

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 5052 is often used in high strength sheet metal work, marine
components, appliances, fuel and oil tubing.
- Top -

Mechanical Properties

Elongati Brinell
Tensile Strength Yield Strength on Hardness

% in 2"
ksi MPa ksi MPa (50mm)

5052-0 28.0 196 13.0 91 25 47

5052-
H32 33.0 231 28.0 196 12 60

5052-
H34 38.0 266 31.0 217 10 68
- Top -

Fabrication Guide

Weldability

Corrosio
n
Resistan Formab Machin
ce ility ability Mpa TIG Resist.

5052-0
A A D A A B
5052- A B C A A A
20    
H14

5052-
H18
A B C A A A

Aluminum 2024-O

Subcategory: 2000 Series Aluminum Alloy; Aluminum Alloy; Metal; Nonferrous

Metal

Close Analogs:

Composition Notes:
A Zr + Ti limit of 0.20 percent maximum may be used with this alloy designation for
extruded and forged products only, but only when the supplier or producer and the
purchaser have mutually so agreed. Agreement may be indicated, for example, by
reference to a standard, by letter, by order note, or other means which allow the Zr +
Ti limit.
Aluminum content reported is calculated as remainder.
Composition information provided by the Aluminum Association and is not for
design.

Key Words: Aluminium 2024-O; UNS A92024; ISO AlCu4Mg1; NF A-U4G1

(France); DIN AlCuMg2; AA2024-O, ASME SB211; CSA CG42 (Canada)

Component Wt. %

Al 90.7 - 94.7
Cr Max 0.1
Cu 3.8 - 4.9
Fe Max 0.5
Component Wt. %

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Mg 1.2 - 1.8
Mn 0.3 - 0.9
Other, each Max 0.05
Other, total Max 0.15
Component Wt. %

Si Max 0.5
Ti Max 0.15
Zn Max 0.25
Material Notes:
General 2024 characteristics and uses (from Alcoa): Good machinability and surface
finish capabilities. A high strength material of adequate workability. Has largely
superceded 2017 for structural applications. Use of 2024-O not recommended unless
subsequently heat treated.

Uses: Aircraft fittings, gears and shafts, bolts, clock parts, computer parts, couplings,
fuse parts, hydraulic valve bodies, missile parts, munitions, nuts, pistons, rectifier
parts, worm gears, fastening devices, veterinary and orthopedic equipment, structures.

Data points with the AA note have been provided by the Aluminum Association, Inc.
and are NOT FOR DESIGN.

Physical Properties Metric English Comments

Density 2.78 g/cc 0.1 lb/in³ AA; Typical

Mechanical Properties

Hardness, Brinell 47 47 AA; Typical; 500 g load; 10 mm ball

Ultimate Tensile Strength 186 MPa 27000 psi AA; Typical
Tensile Yield Strength 75.8 MPa 11000 psi AA; Typical
Elongation at Break 20 % 20 % AA; Typical; 1/16 in. (1.6 mm) Thickness
Elongation at Break 22 % 22 % AA; Typical; 1/2 in. (12.7 mm) Diameter

22    
Modulus of Elasticity 73.1 GPa 10600 ksi AA; Typical; Average of tension
and compression. Compression modulus is about 2% greater than tensile modulus.
Ultimate Bearing Strength 345 MPa 50000 psi Edge distance/pin
diameter = 2.0
Bearing Yield Strength 131 MPa 19000 psi Edge distance/pin
diameter = 2.0
Poisson's Ratio 0.33 0.33
Fatigue Strength 89.6 MPa 13000 psi AA; 500,000,000 cycles
completely reversed stress; RR Moore machine/specimen
Machinability 30 % 30 % 0-100 Scale of Aluminum Alloys
Shear Modulus 28 GPa4060 ksi
Shear Strength 124 MPa 18000 psi AA; Typical

Electrical Properties

Electrical Resistivity 3.49e-006 ohm-cm 3.49e-006 ohm-cm AA; Typical at

68°F

Thermal Properties

CTE, linear 68°F 23.2 µm/m-°C 12.9 µin/in-°F AA; Typical; Average over 68-
212°F range.
CTE, linear 250°C 24.7 µm/m-°C 13.7 µin/in-°F Average over the range 20-
300ºC
Specific Heat Capacity 0.875 J/g-°C 0.209 BTU/lb-°F
Thermal Conductivity 193 W/m-K 1340 BTU-in/hr-ft²-°F AA; Typical at
77°F
Melting Point 502 - 638 °C 935 - 1180 °F AA; Typical range based on typical
composition for wrought products 1/4 inch thickness or greater. Eutectic melting is
not eliminated by homogenization.
Solidus 502 °C 935 °F AA; Typical
Liquidus 638 °C 1180 °F AA; Typical

Introduction  to  Aerospace  Engineering  Lab  3   23  

 
Processing Properties

Annealing Temperature 413 °C 775 °F

Solution Temperature 256 °C 493 °F

Aluminum 5052-O

Subcategory: 5000 Series Aluminum Alloy; Aluminum Alloy; Metal; Nonferrous

Metal

Close Analogs:

Composition Notes:
Aluminum content reported is calculated as remainder.
Composition information provided by the Aluminum Association and is not for
design.

Key Words: UNS A95052; ISO AlMg2.5; Aluminium 5052-O; AA5052-O

Component Wt. %

Al 95.7 - 97.7
Cr 0.15 - 0.35
Cu Max 0.1
Fe Max 0.4
Component Wt. %

Mg 2.2 - 2.8
Mn Max 0.1
Other, each Max 0.05
Component Wt. %

24    
Other, total Max 0.15
Si Max 0.25
Zn Max 0.1
Material Notes:
Data points with the AA note have been provided by the Aluminum Association, Inc.
and are NOT FOR DESIGN.

Physical Properties Metric English Comments

Density 2.68 g/cc 0.0968 lb/in³ AA; Typical

Mechanical Properties

Hardness, Brinell 47 47 AA; Typical; 500 g load; 10 mm ball

Ultimate Tensile Strength 193 MPa 28000 psi AA; Typical
Tensile Yield Strength 89.6 MPa 13000 psi AA; Typical
Elongation at Break 25 % 25 % AA; Typical; 1/16 in. (1.6 mm) Thickness
Elongation at Break 30 % 30 % AA; Typical; 1/2 in. (12.7 mm) Diameter
Modulus of Elasticity 70.3 GPa 10200 ksi AA; Typical; Average of tension
and compression. Compression modulus is about 2% greater than tensile modulus.
Ultimate Bearing Strength 345 MPa 50000 psi Edge distance/pin
diameter = 2.0
Bearing Yield Strength 131 MPa 19000 psi Edge distance/pin
diameter = 2.0
Poisson's Ratio 0.33 0.33
Fatigue Strength 110 MPa 16000 psi AA; 500,000,000 cycles
completely reversed stress; RR Moore machine/specimen
Machinability 30 % 30 % 0-100 Scale of Aluminum Alloys
Shear Modulus 25.9 GPa 3760 ksi
Shear Strength 124 MPa 18000 psi AA; Typical

Electrical Properties

Introduction  to  Aerospace  Engineering  Lab  3   25  

 
Electrical Resistivity 4.99e-006 ohm-cm 4.99e-006 ohm-cm AA; Typical at
68°F

Thermal Properties

CTE, linear 68°F 23.8 µm/m-°C 13.2 µin/in-°F AA; Typical; Average over 68-
212°F range.
CTE, linear 250°C 25.7 µm/m-°C 14.3 µin/in-°F Average over the range 20-
300ºC
Specific Heat Capacity 0.88 J/g-°C 0.21 BTU/lb-°F Estimated from
trends in similar Al alloys.
Thermal Conductivity 138 W/m-K 960 BTU-in/hr-ft²-°F AA; Typical at 77°F
Melting Point 607 - 649 °C 1125 - 1200 °F AA; Typical range based on
typical composition for wrought products 1/4 inch thickness or greater
Solidus 607 °C 1125 °F AA; Typical
Liquidus 649 °C 1200 °F AA; Typical

Processing Properties

Annealing Temperature 343 °C 650 °F holding at temperature not required

Hot-Working Temperature 260 - 510 °C 500 - 950 °F

26    
Aluminum 7075-O

Subcategory: 7000 Series Aluminum Alloy; Aluminum Alloy; Metal; Nonferrous

Metal

Close Analogs:

Composition Notes:
A Zr + Ti limit of 0.25 percent maximum may be used with this alloy designation for
extruded and forged products only, but only when the supplier or producer and the
purchaser have mutually so agreed. Agreement may be indicated, for example, by
reference to a standard, by letter, by order note, or other means which allow the Zr +
Ti limit.
Aluminum content reported is calculated as remainder.
Composition information provided by the Aluminum Association and is not for
design.

Key Words: UNS A97075; ISO AlZn5.5MgCu(A); Aluminium 7075-O; AA7075-O

Component Wt. %

Al 87.1 - 91.4
Cr 0.18 - 0.28
Cu 1.2 - 2
Fe Max 0.5
Component Wt. %

Mg 2.1 - 2.9
Mn Max 0.3
Other, each Max 0.05
Other, total Max 0.15

Introduction  to  Aerospace  Engineering  Lab  3   27  

 
Component Wt. %

Si Max 0.4
Ti Max 0.2
Zn 5.1 - 6.1
Material Notes:
General 7075 characteristics and uses (from Alcoa): Very high strength material used
for highly stressed structural parts. The T7351 temper offers improved stress-
corrosion cracking resistance.

Uses: Aircraft fittings, gears and shafts, fuse parts, meter shafts and gears, missile
parts, regulating valve parts, worm gears, keys, aircraft, aerospace and defense
applications.

Data points with the AA note have been provided by the Aluminum Association, Inc.
and are NOT FOR DESIGN.

Physical Properties Metric English Comments

Density 2.81 g/cc 0.102 lb/in³ AA; Typical

Mechanical Properties

Hardness, Brinell 60 60 AA; Typical; 500 g load; 10 mm ball

Hardness, Knoop 80 80 Converted from Brinell Hardness Value
Hardness, Vickers 68 68 Converted from Brinell Hardness Value
Ultimate Tensile Strength 228 MPa 33000 psi AA; Typical
Tensile Yield Strength 103 MPa 15000 psi AA; Typical
Elongation at Break 16 % 16 % AA; Typical; 1/2 in. (12.7 mm) Diameter
Elongation at Break 17 % 17 % AA; Typical; 1/16 in. (1.6 mm) Thickness
Modulus of Elasticity 71.7 GPa 10400 ksi AA; Typical; Average of tension
and compression. Compression modulus is about 2% greater than tensile modulus.
Poisson's Ratio 0.33 0.33
Shear Modulus 26.9 GPa 3900 ksi

28    
Shear Strength 152 MPa 22000 psi AA; Typical

Electrical Properties

Electrical Resistivity 3.8e-006 ohm-cm 3.8e-006 ohm-cm

Thermal Properties

CTE, linear 68°F 23.6 µm/m-°C 13.1 µin/in-°F AA; Typical; Average over 68-
212°F range.
CTE, linear 250°C 25.2 µm/m-°C 14 µin/in-°F Average over the range 20-
300ºC
Specific Heat Capacity 0.96 J/g-°C 0.229 BTU/lb-°F
Thermal Conductivity 173 W/m-K 1200 BTU-in/hr-ft²-°F
Melting Point 477 - 635 °C 890 - 1175 °F AA; Typical range based on typical
composition for wrought products 1/4 inch thickness or greater. Homogenization may
raise eutectic melting temperature 20-40°F but usually does not eliminate eutectic
melting.
Solidus 477 °C 890 °F AA; Typical
Liquidus 635 °C 1175 °F AA; Typical

Processing Properties

Annealing Temperature 413 °C 775 °F

Solution Temperature 466 - 482 °C 870 - 900 °F

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