Short Transmission Line - Equivalent circuit and Phasor diagram

Short Transmission Line

The equivalent circuit and vector diagram of a short transmission line are shown in the figure
given below.In the equivalent circuit short transmission line is represented by the lumped
parameters R and L. R is the resistance (per phase) L is the inductance (per phase) of the
entire transmission line.As said earlier the effect of shunt capacitance and conductance is not
considered in the equivalent circuit.The line is shown to have two ends : sending end
(designated by the subscript S) at the generator, and the receiving end (designated R) at the
load.

The phasor
diagram is
drawn taking
Ir, the
receiving end
current as the
reference.

The terms with in the simple brackets is small as compared to unity, using binomial expansion
and limiting only to second term
Vs ≈ Vr + IrR cosΦr + IrX sinΦr

Here Vs is the sending end voltage corresponding to a particular load current and power factor
condition. It can be seen from the equivalent circuit that the receiving end voltage under no
load is same as the sending end voltage under full load condition i.e Vr(no load) = Vs .

Therefore
where Vr and Vx are the per unit values of resistance and reactance of the line.From the
equivalent circuit diagram we can observe that
Vs = Vr + Ir ( R + jX) = Vr + IrZ
Is = Ir
In a four terminal passive network the voltage and current on the receiving end and sending
end are related by following pair of equations
Vs = AVr + BIr
Is = CVr + DIr
Comparing the above two sets of equations, for a short transmission line A = 1, B = Z, C = 0,
D = 1. ABCD constants can be used for calculation of regulation of the line as follows:
Normally the quantities P,Ir and cosΦr at the receiving end are given and ofcourse the ABCD
constants.Then determine sending end voltage using the relation Vs = AVr + BIr. Vr(no load)
at the receivind end is given by Vs/A when Ir = 0.

Classification of transmission lines

Transmission lines are classified as short, medium and long. When the length of the line is
less than about 80Km the effect of shunt capacitance and conductance is neglected and the
line is designated as a short transmission line. For these lines the operating voltage is less than
20KV.
For medium transmission lines the length of the line is in between 80km - 240km and the
operating line voltage wil be in between 21KV-100KV.In this case the shunt capacitance can
be assumed to be lumped at the middle of the line or half of the shunt capacitance may be
considered to be lumped each end of the line.The two representations of medium length lines
are termed as nominal-T and nominal- π respectively.
Lines more than 240Km long and line voltage above 100KV require calculations in terms of
distributed parameters.Such lines are known as long transmission lines.This classification on
the basis of length is more or less arbitrary and the real criterion is the degree of accuracy
required.
Performance of Transmission Lines - Efficiency and Regulation
Performance of Transmission Lines
The performance of a power system is mainly dependent on the performance of the
transmission lines in the system.It is necessary to calculate the voltage,current and power at
any point on a transmission line provided the values at one point are known.
The transmission line performance is governed by its four parameters - series resistance and
inductance,shunt capacitance and conductance.All these parameters are distributed over the
length of the line.The insulation of a line is seldom perfect and leakage currents flow over the
surface of insulators especially during bad weather.This leakage is simulated by shunt
conductance.The shunt conductance is in parallel with the system capacitance.Generally the
leakage currents are small and the shunt conductance is ignored in calculations.

Performance of transmission lines is meant the determination of efficiency and regulation of

lines.The efficiency of transmission lines is defined as
The end of the line where load is connected is called the receiving end and where source of
supply is connected is called the sending end.
The Regulation of a line is defined as the change in the receiving end voltage, expressed in
percent of full load voltage, from no load to full load, keeping the sending end voltage and

frequency constant.