Gypsum Products

Calcination
• Gypsum
– CaSO4 •2H20
• Plaster or Stone
– CaSO4 •2H20 at 110-130º C = CaSO4 •½ H20
• Hexagonal anhydrite
– CaSO4 •½ H20 at 130-200º C = CaSO4
• Orthorhombic anhydrite
– CaSO4 at 200-1000º C = CaSO4
• β-hemihydrate – ‘dental plaster’ consist
of large irregularly shaped orthohombic
crystal particles with capillary pores
• α-hemihydrate – ‘die stone or improved
stone’ consist of small regularly shaped
crystalline particles in the form of rods
of prisms
• α-modified hemihydrate– boiling
gypsum in 30% aqueous solution of CaCl
& MgCl yields smoothest, most dense
powder particles
• β-hemihydrate – irregular shape absorb
more water and

• α-hemihydrate – required less water

when it is mixed
 Setting of Gypsum Products
• (CaSO4 ) 2 • H20 + 3H2O

2 CaSO4 •
2H20 + (CaSO4 ) 2 • ½H20 + Heat

• Dissolution-Precipitation theory
 Classification of Gypsum
• ADA Specification #25
– Type I “Impression Plaster”
– Type II “Model Plaster”
– Type III “Dental Stone”
– Type IV “Die Stone, Low Expansion”
– Type V “Die Stone, High Expansion”
 Gypsum Products

• Minimum reactive water is 19cc for 100gms

• “Gauging Water” is the un-reactive water that
ensure workability and result in porosity.

• Type I– 100g/40-75ml
• Type II - 100g/45-50ml
• Type III – 100g/28-30ml
• Type IV – 100g/22-24ml
• Type V– 100g/18-22ml
 Mixing Time
• ~ 20 – 30 sec for plaster
• ~ 30 – 60 sec for other stone
 Working Time
• Mixing , pouring impression, clean
equipments

• Generally 3 min
 Initial Set
• Around 9 min when excess water is
taken up in forming the dihydrate
• Initial Gilmore – needle no longer leaves
an impression
 Setting Time
• From mixing to the hardening of the
material

• Vicat Test – no mark

• Final set ~ 30 min

 Control of Setting time
• Supersaturated solution of Calcium
Sulfate

• Finer particle size

• Longer and more rapid mix

• Solubility of Hemihydrate
 Temperature effect
• 0 º – 50 º No Change in reaction

• 50 º – 100 º Gradually retardation

• 100 º - 110 º Reaction start to reverse

• Retarder – Borax, Potassium Citrate,
NaCl 20%

• Accelerators – Gypsum, Potassium

Sulfate, NaCl 28%
 Setting Expansion
• Crystallization mechanism

• Increase expansion
• Lower W/P ratio
• Longer mixing

• Decrease expansion
• Potassium sulfate, NaCl, Borax
Hygroscopic Setting Expansion
• Additional setting expansion in present
of water
 Strength
Wet vs. Dry
Drying period MPa
2 9.6
4 11.7
8 11.7
16 13
24 23.3
48 23.3
72 23.3
“fresco”
 Type I Gypsum
• “Impression Plaster”
• Compression Strength 580 psi
• Percentage of expansion 0.15%
• Mounting Cast, Provisional Cast
• Soldering indexes
 Type II Gypsum
• “Modeling Plaster”
• Compression Strength 1300 psi
• Percentage of expansion 0.30%
• Orthodontics Diagnostic Cast
 Type III Gypsum
• “Dental Stone”
• Compression Strength 3000 psi
• Percentage of expansion 0.20%
• Diagnostic Cast, Opposing Arch Cast,
and Removable Prosthodontics
• “Yellow Stone”, “Microstone”
 Type IV Gypsum
• “Die stone, Low Expansion”
• Compression Strength 5000 psi
• Percentage of expansion 0.10%
• “Densite or Improved Dental Stone”
• Dies for Crown, Bridge, and Implant
• Cast for cast post
• “Fuji Rock”
 Type V Gypsum
• “Die Stone, High Expansion”
• Compression Strength 7000 psi
• Percentage of expansion 0.30%
• “Densite or Improved Dental Stone”
• Dies for Crown and Bridge
• “DieKeen”
 Gypsum Principles
• Proper Water/Powder ratio minimized gaging
water
– Prepackaged Envelopes
– Measure water with glass cylinder
• Powder is added to the Water
• Vacuum Mixing
• Mixing Time
• Pouring impression with vibration device
• Compression Strength plateau at 24 hour
Using baseplate/inlay wax carefully lute some wax using the PKT 1 instrument
all around the margin. Be very careful not to get any on the margin. This
will make the die easier to trim.
Pour the impression in Die Keen properly proportioned and vacuum mixed
on a vibrating surface.
Carefully fill the preparation areas first using a PKT 1 instrument.
Fill the remainder of the impression to the top of the PVS and add a
base Allow the gypsum to set for the recommended time before
removing the cast from the impression. Inspect the cast for inaccuracies
Carefully remove nodules with a carving instrument.
Allow to set for 24 hours to gain maximum strength
Remove all positive nodules (bubbles) from occlusal surface
Soak the cast in slurry water for 5-10 minutes. Trim cast to approximate
occlusal plane, ideal height of 11mm but no more than 13mm. Immediately
rinse off the sludge on the cast using tap water. Allow cast to dry for
24hours
Trim excess stone on internal aspect of cast. Do not thin the cast too much
Otherwise it may break. As a guideline the width of the cast should be 15-17mm
Take a mellite bur and place a small bevel aroundthe palatal/lingual sides of the
cast.
Bevel the edge of the cast, the purpose of this is when you make the base
There will be a thin lip of stone that will fracture away and expose your
die/stone interface
Place dots in the occlusal areas where you want to place pins.
Holes in the base of the cast will be placed with the DVA drill press machine
Check to see that the guide for the pin lines up with the drill bit before use. Place
the cast so that the dots line up with the guide. Depress the platform firmly while
holding the cast against it. Prevent movement of the cast while drilling. Place all
holes in base of cast, clean shavings away with compressed air and inspect holes
for accuracy.
Place holes in base of cast
Example of incorrect hole in base of cast
Place some cyanoacrylate adhesive on some boxing wax
Dip cross pin in cyanoacrylate, blow off excess and insert pin in hole in
base of cast. The cross pins are not the same on both ends. One end is
tapered, the other end has a telescopic step like feature. The telescopic
end should be glued into the cast
Using a #8 round bur in a slow speed handpiece drill an antirotational groove to
The depth of the diameter of the round bur on both buccal and lingual sides of the
hole. DO NOT connect the pin hole ;eave 1mm intact around the pinhole. Trim the
sides of the groove with a bard parker knife to ensure that any undercuts that are
formed are removed
Seat sleevs over the pins until they touch the die keen cast.using
super-sep seperating agent on a brush paint liberally over the base
and onto the sides of the cast. Allow to dry, cast will have a wet looking
film when super sep is applied.
Place two short strips of rope wax to form an X in the posterior of the cross pin
Base former to serve as retention for articulation later. Seat the die keen cast
with pins to check for complete seating of the pins to the bottom of the base
former.Rope wax should be in center of base former
Using a properly proportioned and vacuum mixed dental stone (Microstone)
fill the base former with the mixing spatula
Using a brush pick up a small amount of stone and vibrate around the pins and
into the antirotational groove. Please be sure that sleeves stay seated on the
die keen cast and protect the die from the yellow stone
Place the base former on a vibrating surface and carefully place the die keen cast
onto the yellow stone in a posterior to anterior motion. Be careful not to entrap
air underneath the die keen cast. Remove any excess stone from the lingual area
of the die keen cast. Allow to set.
When separating the base from the base former, there should be an X shape
left by the rope wax. Carefully lift the die keen portion off the base to ensure
that it separates. Trim the bottom of the base 2mm on the model trimmer.
When you replace the die keen cast on the base the bottom of the pins will
be exposed. Wash away any sludge that accumulates
Place 4 layers of baseplate wax over the bottom of the base. Trim
center of baseplate wax around the X. The wax will prevent any debris
entering the wax `sleevs during articualtion of the casts.
Take jaw relation record using PVS registration material. You must
trim the record so that you can see the preparations seating into
the record
DO NOT!!!!!!!!!
Using previous jaw relation record relate mandibular cast to maxillary cast.
Stabilize with tongue blades and sticky wax. Ready the articulator by setting
the pin to zero. Wet the bottom of the base with a small amount of water to
allow impression plaster to bond to the base. Lute the cast to the articulator
using impression plaster . After initial set smooth the plaster with a wet finger.
Peel away baseplate wax from around base of cast.
Draw lines for separation of the dies from the adjacent areas
along the sides and base of cast.
Remove the die keen cast and place it on a soft protected surface and section
the dies. Start from the top of the cast being very careful not to damage the
Margin work towards the bottom. Snap the last bit apart using pressure. Do not
put pressure on the saw, just use a back and forth motion and the saw will cut
Through the die material
You can also use a joe dandy to separate the dies, be very careful not
to damage the dies
Trim the die to the approximate root form for atleast 3mm past the margin using
A mellite bur and a bard parker blade. Be careful not to damage the margins of
The die. You may need to trim the adjacent sections of the die keen cast to allow
Proper removal of the die after articulation is complete
Remove any excess around die margin using bard parker blade, smooth area
With mellite bur. Dies and ridge area should be able to be independently
Removed from the base
 .

Dies should be able to be independently removed, base should be smooth.

There should be a distinct interface between die and base. Casts should be
mounted neatly.
Using the side of a sharpened red pencil, apply a thin red line to the
margin of the die. This line should be visible and thin but not bright. The
die of the preparation must be dry before proceeding with the remaining
steps.
Using a liberal amount of cyanoacrylate, quickly apply to the margins using a PKT
Instrument. Use compressed air to blow the excess onto the axial surfaces and to
thin the cyanoacrylate. The appearance on the die should not be shiny, the
Appearance should appear to be a moist die. Be careful that the cyanoacrylate
does not get on the pin or base of the die.
Place 4 coats of die spacer using alternate layers to ensure complete coverage
Start by painting the base of the axial wall and shoulder and paint towards the
occlusal surface. Allow 5 minutes of time between coats and end all coats with
A silver coat to contrast with the wax. DO NOT HAVE ANY DIE SPACER OVER
THE MARGIN. THIS WILL RESULT IN A T GRADE
Place alternate colors on the dies, always end with silver.
Ensure distinct interface Ensure length of die does not
Between base and die with no exceed 13mm
air bubbles

Ensure dies are neatly trimmed Ensure red line is appropriately

and smoothed. Ensure they can marked and die spacer is neatly
Be independently removed applied and casts are neatly mounted