Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
tehnologije
2
3
Definicije
• Telekomunikacije
– komunikacija na daljinu
– prenos poruka posredstvom određenih tehničkih
sistema
• Telekomunikaciona služba
– organizovan sistem za pružanje usluga korisnicima
• Telekomunikaciona mreža
– tehničko sredstvo kojim se realizuje sistem pružanja
usluga korisnicima, t.j. telekomunikaciona služba
4
Primeri
• Telekomunikaciona • Telekomunikacina
služba mreža
– telegrafija – telegrafska mreža
– telefonija – telefonska mreža
– televizija – televizijska mreža
– radio difuzija – radio mreža
– prenos podataka – mreža za prenos
– ... podataka
– ...
5
• Bearer - provides a "transport system" for
exchanging information.
• Teleservice - "complete" in the sense that it
includes functions for connection, and a uniform
"language" for communication.
6
STANDARDI
Since March 1993, the ITU is divided into three sectors
Telecommunications Standardization Sector (ITU-T)
Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R)
Development Sector (ITU-D)
7
Developments in switching
8
switching
9
Mreže na bazi komutacije kola
10
Mreže na bazi komutacije kola
11
Mreže na bazi skladištenja i
prosleđivanja
12
Mreže na bazi skladištenja i
prosleđivanja
13
Komutacija paketa metodom
datagrama
14
Komutacija paketa metodom
virtuelnog kola
15
Komutacija paketa metodom
virtuelnog kola
16
Komutacija paketa metodom
virtuelnog kola
17
Connections to the local exchange
18
Packet-node structure
19
Different connections in dedicated
networks
20
Integrated subscriber line and node
21
Full integration in B-ISDN
22
23
TROSLOJNA ARHITEKTURA
MREŽE
• okosnica (backbone) mreže
• ivični deo mreže (edge - deo mreže koji
povezuje okosnicu sa pristupnim delom
mreže)
• pristupni deo mreže (access)
• INTEGRACIJA I SIGNALIZACIJA
24
Transport of information
25
Basic concepts
• bandwidth (analog and digital);
• transmission media;
• carriers;
• modulation and baseband transmission;
• two-wire, four-wire, and hybrids;
• simplex - duplex; asymmetrical transmission;
• amplification - regeneration;
• line coding; and
• multiplexing.
26
• The usable frequency range of a connection is called
bandwidth.
• The three most important transmission media:
– copper, which is used in two main types of cable: paired cable
and coaxial cable;
– glass fibre, which is used in optical fibre cable; and
– radio waves, which are used in terrestrial point-to-point systems
or area coverage systems (such as mobile telephony), and for
point-to-point or area coverage communication via satellite.
• Carriers - carry waves of some kind: light waves or
electromagnetic waves.
• Modulation - By allowing the transferred information to
manipulate the carrier in some way the information can
be perceived by a receiving exchange or terminal.
Baseband transmission – transfer information without
carrier.
27
28
• Two-wire, four-wire, and hybrids
• Line coding
• Multiplexing (FDM, TDM, WDM)
29
Transmission methods - an overview
30
Trunk and access circuits
31
• Signalling
in circuit-switched networks
• Signalling
in cell-switched networks
32
Operation and maintenance
33
34
telecommunications management network (TMN)
simple network management protocol (SNMP)
35