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Bonding
Section 6.1: Introduction to Chemical Bonding- 1-
2 days
Bell work: Define chemical bond, ionic bond, covalent bond,
nonpolar covalent bond, and polar covalent bond.
♦ The first type of bond that we will look at is the ionic bond.
Ionic bond = chemical bonding that results from the
electrical attraction between large numbers of cations and
anions. See figure 6-1.
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♦ Bonding between atoms with an electronegativity
difference of 1.7 or less has a covalent bond. Bonds
between two atoms of the same element are also covalent
because they have no electronegativity.
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Section 6.2- Covalent Bonding and Molecular
Compounds- 2 days.
Bell work- Define molecule and molecular formula.
2nd day: Define bond length, bond energy
Introduction
1. Molecule = a neutral group of atoms that are held
together by covalent bonds.
2. Molecular compound = a chemical compound whose
simplest units are molecules.
3. Chemical formula = the relative numbers of atoms of
each kind of a chemical compound by using atomic
symbols and numerical subscripts.
4. Diatomic molecule = a molecule containing only two
atoms of the same element.
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II. Characteristics of the Covalent Bond
♦ Atoms that form covalent bonds are nonmetals.
♦ The bottom of the ditch represents the balance between
attraction and repulsion in a stable covalent bond.
♦ Bond length = the distance between two bonded atoms
at their minimum potential energy, that is, the average
distance between two bonded atoms.
♦ Energy is released when the bond is formed.
♦ Bond energy = the energy required to break a chemical
bond and form neutral isolated atoms. The energy
released to form the bond is the same amount of energy
needed to break the bond.
♦ Look at table 6-1 and note that bond length decreases as
the strength of the bond increases.
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♦ Electron-dot notation = an electron-configuration notation
in which only the valence electrons of an atom of a
particular element are shown, indicated by the dots placed
around the element’s symbol.
♦ Do sample problem 6-2 on pg. 170.
V. Lewis Structures
♦ Lewis structures = formulas in which atomic symbols
represent nuclei and inner-shell electrons, dot-pairs or
dashes between two atomic symbols represent electron
pairs in covalent bonds, and dots adjacent to only one
atomic symbol represent unshared electrons.
♦ The pair of dots between the two chemical symbols
represents the shared pair of the covalent bond. An
unshared pair or lone pair is a pair of electrons that is not
involved in bonding and that belongs exclusively to one
atom.
♦ Structural formulas indicated the kind number,
arrangement, and bonds but not the unshared pairs of the
atoms in a molecule. (F-F, H-Cl are structural formulas)
♦ See sample problem 6-3 on pg. 171.
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♦ Double and triple bonds are referred to as multiple bonds
♦ Sample problem 6-4 on page 174. There are additional
sample problems on pg. 199A.
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Section 6.3- Ionic Bonding and Ionic Compounds-
2 days
Bell work: define ionic compound, formula unit, and lattice
energy
2nd day: Lab B6
Introduction:
1. Ionic compound = a compound composed of positive and
negative ions that are combined so that the numbers of
positive and negative charges are equal.
2. Formula unit = the simplest collection of atoms from which
an ionic compound’s formula can be established.
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♦ The distance between ions in a crystal creates a balance
between all these forces. Draw a lattice structure like figure
6-14.
♦ To compare bond strengths in ionic compounds, chemists
compare the amounts of energy released when separated
ions in a gas come together to form a crystalline solid.
♦ Lattice energy = the energy released when one mole of an
ionic crystalline compound is formed from gaseous ions.
♦ The negative energy values in table 6-3 indicate that energy
is released when bonds are formed.
♦ Teaching Tip: Lattice energy is negative because it
indicates a release of energy in the formation of a bond.
Bond energy is the amount of energy needed to break a
bond so it is a positive number. Both are measured in
kJ/mol. See table 6-2 on pg. 173 and table 6-3 on pg. 179.
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III. Polyatomic Ions
♦ Polyatomic ion = a charged group of covalently bonded
atoms.
♦ These ions have characteristics of both covalent and ionic
bonds. Certain atoms form covalent bonds with each other
but have an overall charge like an ion.
♦ The ammonium ion has nitrogen that normally has 7
electrons (5 valence electrons) and 4 hydrogens that have 4
electrons. One of the electrons is pulled away (NH4) so it
has an overall charge of +1. Nitrate (NO3) is -1, sulfate
(SO4) is -2, and phosphate (PO4) is -3.
♦ These bond with other ions to form ionic compounds.
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Chemistry Lecture 6.4- Metallic Bonding- 1 day
Bell work: define metallic bonding, malleability, and ductility.
2. Metallic Properties
• This freedom of movement among electrons
account for high conductivity of metals.
• The large number of electron orbitals means that
metals absorb a wide range of light frequencies.
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• When light is absorbed it excites the electrons to
higher energy levels.
• When they fall back to lower levels, energy is
emitted in the form of light.
• This de-excitation is why metals have shiny
surfaces.
• Metals can also be easily formed into new
shapes. The are malleable and ductile.
Malleability = the ability of a substance to be
hammered or beaten into thin sheets.
• Ductility = the ability of a substance to be
drawn, pulled, or extruded through a small
opening to produce a wire.
• The electrons can move easily and so metals can
be easily shaped.
Section Review
Study Guide 6.4
Chapter 6 test
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