7-Strain Energy

CHAPTER 7 FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
STRAIN ENERGY DIVISION OF ENGINEERING MECHANICS
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Strain Energy
Materials for this chapter are taken from :
1. Ferdinand P. Beer, E. Russell Johnston,Jr, John T. Dewolf, David F. Mazurek “ Mechanics of Materials” 5th Edition in SI
units
2. R.C.Hibbeler “ Mechanics of Materials “ Seventh Edition
MEC411 – MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Ch 7 - 1

Work & Energy

F
Consider a solid object acted upon by force, F, at

a point, O, as shown in the figure.
Let the deformation at the point be infinitesimal

F and be represented by vector dr, as shown.
dr The work done = F dr
For the general case: W = Fx dx
y F i.e., only the force in the direction of the

deformation does work.
dx
x
z

Amount of Work Done
Constant Force: If the Force is constant, the work is simply the product of the
force and the displacement, W = Fx
x Displacement
Linear Force: If the force is proportional to the displacement, the work is
1
W = Fo xo
F 2
Fo
Displacement
xo x
Concept of Strain Energy
The external work done on an elastic member in

causing it to distort from its unstressed state is
transformed into strain energy which is a form of
energy
potential energy.
The strain energy in the form of elastic deformation is

mostly recoverable in the form of mechanical work.

Concept of Strain Energy
Consider a simple spring system, subjected to a Force such that F is

proportional to displacement x; F = kx.
Now determine the work done when F = Fo, from before:
1
W = Fo xo
2
This energy (work) is stored in the spring and is released when the force
is returned to zero

Strain Energy Density
y Consider
C id a cube
b off material
t i l acted
t d upon by
b a
force, Fx, creating stress σx = Fx/a2 causing an
a elastic displacement, δ in the x direction, and
strain
t i εx = δ/a
δ/
1
a W = Fxδ
a 2
x
1 1
y U = σ x a ex a = σ x ex a 3
2
2 2
Fx
U 1 3 1
u = = σxexa / a = σxex
3
V 2 2
a Where U is called the Strain Energy, and u is the

x Strain Energy Density.
δ

Example - Linear Elastic Materials
500
CONTINUED
400
MPa)
Sttress (M
300
u =1/2(300)(0.0015)
( )( ) N.mm/mm3
200
=0.225 N.mm/mm3
100
0
0 000
0.000 0 002
0.002 0 004
0.004 0 006
0.006 0 008
0.008 0 010
0.010
Strain

Example - Elastic Perfectly Plastic
500
CONTINUED
400
MPa)
Strress (M
300
u = 1/2(350)(0.0018)
+350(0.0022)
200 =1.085 N.mm/mm3
100
0
0.000 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.010
Strain

St i Energy
Strain E D to
Due t Various
V i L di
Loading

Strain Energy Due to Axial Loading
L Δ
F FL
σ axial = ; Δ= ;
A AE
A F
1 F 2L
U = FΔ =
2 2 AE
F = Axial Force (Newtons, N)

A = Cross-Sectional Area Perpendicular to “F”
F (mm2)
E = Young’s Modulus of Material, MPa
L = Original Length of Bar, mm

Comparison Of Energy Stored In Straight And Stepped Bars
L/2 L/2 Δb
L Δa
A F nA A F
F L 2 F 2L / 2 F 2L / 2
(a) (b) U= +
U= 2 AE 2nAE
2 AE
F 2L ⎛1+ n ⎞
= ⎜ ⎟
2 AE ⎝ 2n ⎠
3 F 2L
Note for n = 2; case (b) has U= which is 3/4 of case (a)
4 2 AE

E
Example
l 6.1
61
The steel rods AB and BC are made of a steel for which the yield strength is σy =
300 MPa and E = 200 GPa. Determine the maximum strain energy that can be
acquired by the assembly without causing any permanent deformation when the
length
g a of rod AB is ((a)) 2 m, ((b)) 4 m.

Strain Energy due to Torsion
From definition:
T TL
k= and G =
φ Jφ
Therefore,
Gφ
k=
I
Strain energy is:
T T 2 T 2L
U= φ= =
2 2k 2GJ

Example 6.2
62
Rod AC is made of aluminium (G=73 GPa) and is subjected to a torque T applied at
end
d C.
C Knowing
K i that
th t portion
ti BC off the
th rodd is
i hollow
h ll and
d has
h an inside
i id diameter
di t off 16
mm, find the strain energy of the rod for a maximum shearing stress of 120 MPa.

Strain Energy due to Direct Shear
From definition:
F τ F/A
k= and G = =
δ γ δ /L
Therefore,
GA
k=
I
Strain energy is:
F F 2 F 2L
U= δ= =
2 2k 2 AG
Alternatively allowing z to be variable,

variable strain energy is:
F τA A bx 2
U= δ= δ = ∫ τγ dz = ∫ τ dz
2 2 2 2G z

Strain Energy due to Bending
From definition:
M
dU = dθ and ds = Rdθ
2
Therefore,
Mds
dU =
2R
Then,
M E M 2 ds
= therefore dU =
I R 2 EI
Strain energy is:
M 2 dx
U =∫
2 EI

Example 6.3
63
Using E = 200 GPa, determine the strain energy due to bending for the steel beam
and
d loading
l di shown.
h given
i I = 165 x 106 mm4 .

Example 6.4
6 4 combine
bi loadings
l di
The 18 mm diameter steel rod BC is attached to the lever AB and to the fixed support
C The
C. Th uniform
if steel
t l lever
l AB is
i 9 mm wide
id andd 24 mm deep.
d U i E = 200 GPa,
Using GP G =
77 GPa, and the method of work and energy, determine the deflection of point A.

Summary
Note : The constant K for the traverse shear option is shown in the
section
i on traverse shear
h above.
b F a Structural
For S l section
i (K = 1)

Supplementary Problems 6.1

61
1. Determine the strain energy in
the rod assembly. Portion AB is
steel, BC is brass, and CD is
aluminium. Est = 200 GPa, Ebr
=101 GPa, Eal = 73.1 GPa.
2. Determine the total axial and

bending energy in the A-36 steel
beam. A = 2300 mm2, I = 9.5(10
( 6)
mm4, E = 200 GPa.
3
3. IIn the
th assembly
bl shown
h t
torques TA
and TB are exerted on disks A and
B respectively. Knowing that both
shafts
h ft are solidlid and
d maded off
aluminium (G=73 GPa), determine
the total energy acquired by the
assembly.

Castigliano’s Theorem
This method was discovered in 1879 by Alberto Castigliano to

determine the displacement and slope at a pt in a body.
It applies only to bodies that have constant temperature and material

with linear-elastic behavior.
His second theorem states that displacement is equal to the first partial
derivative of strain energy in body w.r.t. a force acting at the pt and in
displacement
direction of the displacement.

Consider a body of arbitrary

shape subjected to a series of n
forces P1, P2, … Pn.
Since external work done by y

forces is equal to internal strain
energy stored in body, by
conservation of energy, Ue = Ui.
However, external work is a

function of external loads
Ue = ∑ ∫ P dx.

So, internal work is also a function of the external loads. Thus
U i = U e = f ( P1 , P2 ,..., Pn )
Now, if any one of the external forces say Pj is increased by a differential

amount dPj. Internal work increases,
increases so strain energy becomes
δUi
U i + dU i = U i + dPj ( 2)
δ Pj
Further application of the loads cause dPj to move through displacement

Δj, so strain energy becomes
U i + dU j = U i + dPj Δ i ( 3)

dUj = dPjΔi is the additional strain energy caused by dPj.
In summary,
summary Eqn (2) represents the strain energy in the body determined by
first applying the loads P1, P2, …, Pn, then dPj.
Eqn (3) represents the strain energy determined by first applying dPj, then
the loads P1, P2, …, Pn.
Si
Since theses
h two eqns are equal,
l we require
i
δUi
Δi =
δ Pj

Example 6.5
65
Determine the horizontal displacement Solution
of joint C of steel truss shown. The
cross-sectional area of each member is External force P : Since horizontal
also indicated.
indicated Take Estt = 210(103) displacement of C is to be determined,
determined a
N/mm2. horizontal variable force P is applied
to joint C. Later this force will be set
equal to the fixed value of 40 kN.
kN

65
Example 6.5
Internal forces
N: Using method
of joints, force N
in each member
is found. Results
are shown in
table:
Castigliano s Second
Castigliano’s ⎛δN ⎞ L
Δ Ch = ∑ N ⎜ ⎟
Theorem gives; ⎝ δ P ⎠ AE
= 0+0+
( )
556.7 106 N ⋅ m
⎡⎣625 mm ⎤⎦ ⎡ 210 (10 ) N/mm ⎤
2 3 2
⎣ ⎦
283.7 (10 ) N ⋅ m
3
+
⎡⎣1250 mm ⎤⎦ ⎡ 210 (10 ) N/mm ⎤
2 3 2
⎣ ⎦
Δ Ch = 4.24 + 1.08 = 5.32 mm

Supplementary Problem 6.2

62
1. Members of the truss shown are made of
steel and have the cross-sectional areas
shown. Using E = 200 GPa, determine the
horizontal deflection of joint C caused by
the application of the 210 kN load. AC
and AB have area of 1200 mm2 and BC has
an area of 1800 mm2.
2. For the beam and loading shown,

determine the slope
p at end A. Use E =
200 GPa.

Supplementary Problem 6.2

62
3 Two rods AB and BC of the same flexural

3.
rigidity EI are welded together at B. For
the loading shown, determine (a) the
deflectio of point
deflection oi t C,
C (b) the slope
lo e of
member BC at point C.

7-Strain Energy

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CHAPTER 7 FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

STRAIN ENERGY DIVISION OF ENGINEERING MECHANICS

Materials for this chapter are taken from :

MEC411 – MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Ch 7 - 1

Work & Energy

Consider a solid object acted upon by force, F, at

Let the deformation at the point be infinitesimal

dr The work done = F dr

For the general case: W = Fx dx

y F i.e., only the force in the direction of the

MEC411 – MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Ch 7 - 2

Amount of Work Done

Linear Force: If the force is proportional to the displacement, the work is

Concept of Strain Energy

The external work done on an elastic member in

The strain energy in the form of elastic deformation is

MEC411 – MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Ch 7 - 4

Concept of Strain Energy

Consider a simple spring system, subjected to a Force such that F is

Now determine the work done when F = Fo, from before:

MEC411 – MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Ch 7 - 5

Strain Energy Density

a Where U is called the Strain Energy, and u is the

MEC411 – MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Ch 7 - 6

Example - Linear Elastic Materials

MEC411 – MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Ch 7 - 7

Example - Elastic Perfectly Plastic

MEC411 – MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Ch 7 - 8

MEC411 – MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Ch 7 - 9

Strain Energy Due to Axial Loading

F = Axial Force (Newtons, N)

MEC411 – MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Ch 7 - 10

Comparison Of Energy Stored In Straight And Stepped Bars

MEC411 – MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Ch 7 - 11

MEC411 – MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Ch 7 - 12

Strain Energy due to Torsion

MEC411 – MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Ch 7 - 13

MEC411 – MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Ch 7 - 14

Strain Energy due to Direct Shear

Alternatively allowing z to be variable,

MEC411 – MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Ch 7 - 15

Strain Energy due to Bending

MEC411 – MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Ch 7 - 16

MEC411 – MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Ch 7 - 17

MEC411 – MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Ch 7 - 18

MEC411 – MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Ch 7 - 19

Supplementary Problems 6.1

2. Determine the total axial and

MEC411 – MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Ch 7 - 20

This method was discovered in 1879 by Alberto Castigliano to

It applies only to bodies that have constant temperature and material

MEC411 – MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Ch 7 - 21

Consider a body of arbitrary

Since external work done by y

However, external work is a

MEC411 – MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Ch 7 - 22

So, internal work is also a function of the external loads. Thus

Now, if any one of the external forces say Pj is increased by a differential

Further application of the loads cause dPj to move through displacement

MEC411 – MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Ch 7 - 23

dUj = dPjΔi is the additional strain energy caused by dPj.

MEC411 – MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Ch 7 - 24

MEC411 – MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Ch 7 - 25