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DE ESTRUCTURAS
ABRIL-2011
1. 1 INTRODUCCION
Entre los métodos más utilizados para realizar esta operación, se tienen:
Cada uno de estos métodos se aplica en función del tipo de estructura que
se utiliza.
EI
ki = 12 ⋅ (1.1)
h3
EI
ki = 3 ⋅ (1.2)
h3
Se debe señalar que los diafragmas horizontales aparte de resistir
solicitaciones verticales de peso propio y sobrecargas transmiten fuerzas
horizontales de inercia, imponiendo igualdad de deformaciones a nivel del
diafragma horizontal y produciendo fuerzas de corte proporcionales a la
rigidez horizontal de cada una de las subestructuras verticales conectadas a
ella.
F = F1 + F2 + L + Fn = ∑ Fi (1.4)
Fi = k i ⋅ ∆ i (1.5)
F = [k1 + k 2 + L k n ] ⋅ ∆ = ∑ k i ⋅ ∆ = K ⋅ ∆ (1.6)
Luego:
n
K = ∑ ki (1.7)
i =1
1 n 1
= ∑ (1.8)
K i =1 k i
EI 1 EI EI
K = 3⋅ 3
+ 12 ⋅ 32 + 3 ⋅ 33 (1.9)
3 4 3
EI
• Marco con ambas columnas empotradas: K 1 = 24
H3
Es decir:
F = F1 + F2 (1.12)
F1 = k1 ⋅ u1 (1.13)
F2 = k 2 ⋅ u 2 (1.14)
u1 = u 2 = ∆ (1.15)
F
F = F1 + F2 = k1 ⋅ u1 + k 2 ⋅ u 2 = [k1 + k 2 ] ⋅ ∆ ⇒ ∆ = (1.16)
[k1 + k 2 ]
Reemplazando el desplazamiento horizontal de (1.16), en (1.13) y (1.14) se
llega a la fuerza de corte que toma cada columna:
k1
F1 = k1 ⋅ u1 = k1 ⋅ ∆ = ⋅F (1.17)
[k1 + k 2 ]
k2
F2 = k 2 ⋅ u 2 = k 2 ⋅ ∆ = ⋅F (1.18)
[k1 + k 2 ]
ki
Fi = n
⋅F (1.19)
∑ ki
i =1
F = F1 + F2 = Qb (1.20)
EI
k1 = 12 (1.21)
H3
EI EI
k 2 = 12 3
= 96 3 = 8 ⋅ k1 (1.22)
H H
2
k1 Q
F1 = ⋅ Qb = b (1.23)
k1 + k 2 9
k2 8
F2 = ⋅ Qb = ⋅ Qb (1.24)
k1 + k 2 9
Figura 1.7. (a) Modelo conservativo; (b) Modelo amortiguado; (c) Modelo sísmico
2.1 INTRODUCCION
FI = m ⋅ u&&(t ) (2.1)
FA = c ⋅ u& (t ) (2.2)
FE = k ⋅ u (t ) (2.3)
En el caso de una excitación sísmica, no existe una fuerza externa que esta
aplicada a la masa del sistema en forma directa, sino que la única
solicitación al sistema es la debida a la aceleración del suelo sobre el cual se
encuentra la estructura. Como resultado de esta excitación la base de la
estructura tiene una aceleración a g (t ) y a su vez la estructura se deforma
en una cantidad u (t ) . El equilibrio dinámico impone que:
[ ]
m ⋅ u&&(t ) + a g (t ) + c ⋅ u& (t ) + k ⋅ u (t ) = 0 (2.5)
Luego:
k
= ω2 (2.8)
m
k k⋅g
ω= = (2.9)
m W
u (t ) = C ⋅ sen(ω ⋅ t + ϕ )
(2.11)
u& 0
u (t ) = u 0 ⋅ cos(ω ⋅ t ) + ⋅ sen(ω ⋅ t ) (2.12)
ω
2
u&
u (t ) = C ⋅ sen[ω ⋅ t + ϕ ] = u + 0 ⋅ sen[ω ⋅ t + ϕ ]
2
0 (2.13)
ω
ω ⋅ u0
Con tan ϕ = (2.14)
u&0
Matemáticamente el periodo natural de vibración de un sistema no
amortiguado se define por:
Para tener una idea intuitiva del significado del periodo de vibración, sea
∆ la deformación estática de una estructura de un grado de libertad
asociada a una fuerza lateral igual a su peso, en la dirección en que puede
deformarse (grado de libertad), ver figura 2.2.:
2π M ∆
k ⋅∆ = M ⋅ g ⇒T = = 2π ⋅ = 2π ⋅ ≈ 0.2 ∆ (2.17)
ω k g
Esto permite concluir que las estructuras más deformables (> ∆ ⇒< k )
tendrán un periodo de vibración mas largo que las estructuras menos
deformables (rígidas).
u (t ) = u g (t ) + u p (t ) (2.19)
u p (t ) = A ⋅ sen(ϖ ⋅ t ) (2.20)
[ ]
m − ϖ 2 A ⋅ sen(ϖ ⋅ t ) + k ⋅ [ A ⋅ sen(ϖ ⋅ t )] = F0 ⋅ sen(ϖ ⋅ t ) (2.21)
F0
En donde u E = , representa al desplazamiento horizontal estático del
k
péndulo.
uE
u (t ) = 2
⋅ sen(ϖ ⋅ t ) + [C ⋅ sen(ω ⋅ t + ϕ )] (2.24)
(1 − α )
uE
u (t ) = 2
⋅ sen(ϖ ⋅ t ) + [C1 ⋅ sen(ω ⋅ t ) + C 2 ⋅ cos(ω ⋅ t )] (2.25)
(1 − α )
uE
u (t ) = 2
⋅ (sen(ϖ ⋅ t ) − α ⋅ sen(ω ⋅ t ) ) +
(1 − α ) (2.26)
u0
&
ω ⋅ sen(ω ⋅ t ) + u 0 ⋅ cos(ω ⋅ t )
uE
u (t ) = 2
⋅ (sen(ϖ ⋅ t ) − α ⋅ sen(ω ⋅ t ) ) (2.27)
(1 − α )
u (t ) = FAD ⋅ u E (2.28)
1
FAD = ⋅ (sen(ϖ ⋅ t ) − α ⋅ sen(ω ⋅ t ) ) (2.29)
(1 − α 2 )
c k
u&& + ⋅ u& + ⋅ u = 0 (2.31)
m m
Sea:
c c
= 2⋅ξ⋅ω y ξ= (factor de amortiguamiento), 0 <ξ <1
m c cr
c c
= 2⋅ ⋅ ω ⇒ c cr = 2 ⋅ m ⋅ ω = 2 ⋅ k ⋅ m (2.32)
m ccr
Luego:
u (t ) = C ⋅ e λ ⋅t
u& (t ) = C ⋅ e λ ⋅t ⋅ λ ⋅ 1 (2.34)
u&&(t ) = C ⋅ e λ ⋅t ⋅ λ2 ⋅ 1
[λ 2
] [
+ 2 ⋅ ξ ⋅ ω ⋅ λ + ω 2 = 0 ⇒ λ1, 2 = ω ⋅ − ξ ± ξ 2 − 1 ] (2.36)
u (t ) = C1 ⋅ e λ1⋅t + C 2 ⋅ e λ2 ⋅t (2.37)
• [ξ 2
]
− 1 < 0 ⇒ ξ < 1 El sistema oscila alrededor de la posición de
equilibrio con una amplitud que decrece progresivamente y es
denominado amortiguamiento subcrítico.
• [ξ 2
]
−1 = 0 ⇒ ξ = 1 El sistema retorna a su posición inicial de
equilibrio sin oscilar y se denomina amortiguamiento crítico.
• [ξ 2
]
−1 > 0 ⇒ ξ > 1 El sistema no oscila pero retorna a su
posición de equilibrio lentamente y es denominado
amortiguamiento supercrítico.
λ1 = λ 2 = −ξ ⋅ ω = −ω (2.39)
u (t ) = C1 ⋅ e λ1⋅t + C 2 ⋅ e λ2 ⋅t (2.42)
(u 0 ⋅ λ 2 + u& 0 )
C1 = (2.43)
λ 2 − λ1
(u 0 ⋅ λ1 + u& 0 )
C2 = (2.44)
λ1 − λ 2
Este corresponde al caso típico de las construcciones civiles ( 0 < ξ < 1 ). Las
raíces de la ecuación característica son:
B1 = C1 + C 2 (2.50)
B 2 = i ⋅ (C1 + C 2 ) = i ⋅ B1 (2.51)
Sustituyendo γ = −ξ ⋅ ω y β = ω ⋅ 1 − ξ 2 se llega a:
2 ⋅π T1
ω a = ω ⋅ 1 − ξ 2 ⇒ Ta = = (2.53)
ωa 1− ξ 2
(
u (t ) = e −ξωt u o cos ω 1 − ξ 2 t + o
)
u& + ξω u o
ω 1−ξ 2
sin ω 1 − ξ 2 ( )t (2.54)
E (t ) = E K (t ) + E P (t ) = Cte. (2.55)
1 1
E (t ) = ⋅ m ⋅ u& 2 + ⋅ k ⋅ u 2 = Cte. (2.56)
2 2
Cuando:
1
u max ⇒ u& = 0 → E (t ) = E P (t ) = 2
⋅ k ⋅ u máx (2.57)
2
1
u& max ⇒ u = 0 → E (t ) = E K (t ) = ⋅ m ⋅ u& máx
2
(2.58)
2
1 1 k
= ⋅ m ⋅ [ω ⋅ u máx ] ⇒ ω 2 =
2
E (t ) = Cte. ⇒ 2
⋅ k ⋅ u máx (2.60)
2 2 m
u
E I (t ) = − ∫ m ⋅ u&&g (t ) ⋅ du (2.63)
0
u u& m ⋅ u& 2
E K (t ) = ∫ m ⋅ u&&(t ) ⋅ du = ∫ m ⋅ u& (t ) ⋅ du& = (2.64)
0 0 2
u u
E D (t ) = ∫ f D (t ) ⋅ du = ∫ c ⋅ u& ⋅ du (2.65)
0 0
ES (t ) =
[ f S (t )]
2
(2.66)
2⋅k
E I (t ) = E K (t ) + E D (t ) + [E S (t ) + EY (t )] (2.68)
Para que el estanque de la figura 2.8, (en nuestro caso la estructura) opere
eficientemente su capacidad (resistente y de deformación) total dada por la
suma de su volumen y las salidas de agua, debe ser mayor que las entradas
de agua (energía sísmica). Es decir, la capacidad de admitir energía E I
depende del volumen del tanque E K + E S y del tamaño del orificio por
donde escapa E D + EY .
F
u p (t ) = u E = (2.69)
k
F
u (t ) = B1 ⋅ cos(ω ⋅ t ) + B2 ⋅ sen(ω ⋅ t ) + (2.70)
k
Considerando condiciones iniciales nulas ( u 0 = u& 0 = 0 ), se tiene:
F
u (t ) = ⋅ [1 − cos(ω ⋅ t )] =
k
(2.72)
t u (t ) t
u E ⋅ 1 − cos(2π ⋅ ) ⇒ = FAD = 1 − cos(2π )
T uE T
u (t ) u (t ) ⋅ k F t
= = = 1 − cos(2π ) = FAD (2.73)
uE u E ⋅ k FE T
F t
u& (t d ) = ⋅ ω ⋅ [sen(ω ⋅ t d )] = u E ⋅ ω ⋅ sen(2π ⋅ d ) (2.75)
k T
Para evaluar la repuesta después del tiempo t d se deben considerar que los
valores entregados por (2.74) y (2.75) corresponden a las condiciones
iniciales para esta nueva fase de carga. Es decir, podemos separar el
comportamiento del sistema en dos fases de carga, una fase inicial en
donde la carga se aplica hasta el tiempo t d y una fase final en donde la
carga se retira en t d y el sistema de ahí en adelante responde como si
estuviese en vibración libre.
u& (t d )
u (t − t d ) = u (t d ) ⋅ cos(ω ⋅ (t − t d )) + ⋅ sen(ω ⋅ (t − t d )) (2.77)
ω
F
u( t − t d ) = ⋅ [1 − cos( ω ⋅ t d )] ⋅ cos( ω ⋅ ( t − t d )) +
k
(2.78)
F
⋅ sen( ω ⋅ t d ) ⋅ sen( ω ⋅ ( t − t d ))
k
F
u (t − t d ) = ⋅ [cos(ω ⋅ (t − t d )) − cos(ω ⋅ t )] (2.79)
k
Luego:
t
FAD = 1 − cos(2π ) para t ≤ t d (2.80)
T
t td t
FAD = cos 2π ( − ) − cos 2π para t > t d (2.81)
T T T
F (t ) = F0 ⋅ sen(ϖ ⋅ t ) (2.82)
ϖ
Siendo α = la razón de frecuencias.
ω
F0
k
u max
p (1 − α ) + (2 ⋅ ξ ⋅ α ) 2
2 2
1
FAD = = = 2.85)
uE uE (1 − α 2 ) 2 + (2 ⋅ ξ ⋅ α ) 2
u max
p 1
ϖ → 0 ⇒ α → 0 ⇒ FAD = = ≅1 (2.86)
uE (1 − α ) + (2 ⋅ ξ ⋅ α ) 2
2 2
En resumen:
ϖ ≈ ω ⇒ Problema Dinámico
u s (t ) = u 0 ⋅ sen(ϖ ⋅ t ) (2.91)
Donde:
F0 = u 0 ⋅ (c ⋅ϖ ) 2 + k 2 = u 0 ⋅ k ⋅ (2 ⋅ ξ ⋅ α ) 2 + 1 (2.96)
c ⋅ϖ ⋅ u 0
tgβ = = 2 ⋅ ξ ⋅α (2.97)
k ⋅ u0
La solución particular (o en régimen) tiene la forma:
FO
u p (t ) = ⋅ sen[(ϖ ⋅ t + β ) + ψ ] (2.98)
k ⋅ (1 − α 2 ) 2 + (2 ⋅ ξ ⋅ α ) 2
u max
p (2 ⋅ ξ ⋅ α ) 2 + 1
TR = = (2.99)
uE
(1 − α 2 ) 2 + (2 ⋅ ξ ⋅ α ) 2
TR → 0 ⇒ Sistema aislado
TR → 1 ⇒ Sistema no aislado
(2.100)
T R → ∞ ⇒ Sistema no aislado (amplificación del movimiento del suelo)
u max
p u max
p k ⋅ u max
p
TR = = = ⋅ ( 2 ⋅ ξ ⋅ α )2 + 1 =
u0 F0 F0
2 (2.101)
k ⋅ (2⋅ξ⋅α) +1
Fmax
⋅ ( 2 ⋅ ξ ⋅ α )2 + 1
F0
u max
p k ⋅ u max
p Fmax
FAD = = = (2.102)
u0 k ⋅ uE F0
CAPITULO 3
EXITACION ARBITRARIA
u& 0 = − a 0 ⋅ dτ (3.2)
u (t = 0) = B2 ⋅ 1 = 0 ⇒ B2 = 0 (3.4)
a0
u& (t = 0) = B1 ⋅ ω = − a 0 ⋅ dτ ⇒ B1 = − ⋅ dτ (3.5)
ω
a0
u (t ) = − ⋅ dτ ⋅ sen(ω ⋅ t ) (3.6)
ω
n a ⋅ dτ
u n (t ) = − ∑ − 0 ⋅ sen(ω (t − τ )) (3.8)
i =1 ω
1 t
u (t ) = − ∫ a(τ ) ⋅ sen(ω (t − τ )) ⋅ dτ (3.9)
ω0
1 t − ξ ⋅ω⋅(t − τ)
u(t) = − ∫ a(τ ) ⋅ (⋅e ⋅ sen(ωa (t − τ)))dτ (3.10)
ωa 0
1 F (τ ) −ξ ⋅ω ⋅( t −τ )
t
u (t ) = ∫ ⋅e ⋅ sen(ω a (t − τ )) ⋅ dτ ⇒ u (ξ , ω , F (τ )) (3.11)
ωa 0 m
t
u& (t ) = − ∫ a (τ ) ⋅ e −ξ ⋅ω ⋅( t −τ ) ⋅ cos(ω a (t − τ )) ⋅ dτ + ξ ⋅ ω ⋅ u (t )
0
u&&( t ) + a( t ) =
t
ω a ⋅ ∫ a( τ ) ⋅ e −ξ⋅ω⋅( t −τ ) ⋅ sen( ω a ( t − τ )) ⋅ dτ − 2 ⋅ ξ ⋅ ω ⋅ u&( t ) − ( ξ ⋅ ω ) 2 ⋅ u( t )
0
(3.13)
Luego, se definen:
S d (ω , ξ ) = u (t ) max (3.14)
Luego se tiene:
1 t
S d (ω , ξ ) = − ∫ a(τ ) ⋅ e
−ξ ⋅ω ⋅( t −τ )
⋅ sen(ω a ⋅ (t − τ ) )
ω0 max
t
S v (ω , ξ ) = − ∫ a(τ ) ⋅ e −ξ ⋅ω ⋅(t −τ ) ⋅ sen(ω a ⋅ (t − τ ) ) (3.18)
0 max
t
S a (ω , ξ ) = ω a ⋅ ∫ a(τ ) ⋅ e −ξ ⋅ω ⋅(t −τ ) ⋅ sen(ω a ⋅ (t − τ ) ) (3.19)
0 max
S v (ω , ξ ) = ω ⋅ S d (ω , ξ ) (3.20)
S a (ω , ξ ) = ω 2 ⋅ S d (ω , ξ ) (3.21)
W
Q0 = m ⋅ S a = ⋅ S a = Cs ⋅W (3.22)
g
Q0 = C ⋅ I ⋅ P (3.23)
Donde:
u (t + ∆t ) = u (t ) + ∆t ⋅ u (t + α ⋅ ∆t ) (3.25)
u (t + ∆t ) − u (t − ∆t )
u& (t ) = (3.27)
2 ⋅ ∆t
u (t + ∆t ) − 2 ⋅ u (t ) + u (t − ∆t )
u&&(t ) = (3.28)
∆t 2
m
⋅ [u( t + ∆t ) − 2 ⋅ u( t ) + u( t − ∆t )] +
∆t 2 (3.29)
c
⋅ [u( t + ∆t ) − u( t − ∆t )] + k ⋅ u( t ) = F ( t )
2 ⋅ ∆t
De (3.29) despejando u (t + ∆t ) :
m c 2 ⋅ m m c
u (t + ∆ t ) ⋅ 2 + + u (t ) ⋅ k − 2
+ u (t − ∆t ) ⋅ 2 − = F (t )
∆t 2 ⋅ ∆t ∆t ∆t 2 ⋅ ∆t
(3.30)
2 ⋅ m c m
R(t ) = F (t ) + 2 − k ⋅ u (t ) + − 2 ⋅ u (t − ∆t ) (3.31)
∆t 2 ⋅ ∆t ∆t
m c
kˆ = 2 + (3.32)
∆t 2 ⋅ ∆t
R (t )
kˆ ⋅ u (t + ∆t ) = R(t ) ⇒ u (t + ∆t ) = (3.33)
kˆ
2 ⋅ m c m
t1 = t 0 + ∆t ⇒ kˆ ⋅ u1 = F0 + 2 − k ⋅ u o + − 2 ⋅ u −1 (3.34)
∆t 2 ⋅ ∆t ∆t
u (t + ∆t ) − u (t − ∆t ) u − u −1
u& (t ) = ⇒ u& 0 = 1 (3.35)
2 ⋅ ∆t 2 ⋅ ∆t
u (t + ∆t ) − 2 ⋅ u (t ) + u (t − ∆t ) u − 2 ⋅ u 0 + u −1
u&&(t ) = 2
⇒ u&&0 = 1 (3.36)
∆t ∆t 2
Despejando u −1 , se tiene:
u&&0 ⋅ ∆t 2
u −1 = + u 0 − u& 0 ⋅ ∆t (3.37)
2
2
∆t cri = ⋅γ (3.38)
ω max
[
u&&(τ ) = u&&(t ) + f (τ ) ⋅ ù&&(t + ∆t ) − u&&(t ) ] (3.39)
Con:
f (τ ) = 0 Para τ = t (3.40)
f (τ ) = 1 Para τ = t + ∆t (3.41)
∆t τ
u (t + ∆t ) = u (t ) + u& (t ) ⋅ ∆t + ∫ ∫ u&&(τ )dτ dτ (3.43)
0 0
∆t τ
u (t + ∆t ) = u (t ) + u& (t ) ⋅ ∆t + ∫ ∫ [u&&(t ) + f (τ ) ⋅ (u&&(t + ∆t ) − u&&(t ))]dτ dτ (3.44)
0 0
∆t τ
u (t + ∆t ) = u (t ) + u& (t ) ⋅ ∆t + ∫ (u&&(t ) ⋅ τ + (u&&(t + ∆t ) − u&&(t )) ⋅ ∫ f (τ )dτ )dτ
0 0
∆t τ
u (t + ∆t ) = u (t ) + u& (t ) ⋅ ∆t + ∫ (u&&(t ) ⋅ τ + (u&&(t + ∆t ) − u&&(t )) ⋅ ∫ f (τ )dτ )dτ (3.46)
0 0
1 ∆tτ
u (t + ∆t ) = u (t ) + u& (t ) ⋅ ∆t + ⋅ u&&(t ) ⋅ ∆t 2 + [u&&(t + ∆t ) − u&&(t )] ⋅ ∫ ∫ f (τ )dτ (3.47)
2 00
Sea:
∆t
∫ f (τ )dτ = γ ⋅ ∆t (3.48)
0
∆t τ
2
∫ ∫ u&&(τ ) dτ = β ⋅ ∆t (3.49)
0 0
u (t + ∆t ) − u (t ) = ∆u (3.50)
1
u (t + ∆t ) = u (t ) + u& (t ) ⋅ ∆t + ( − β ) ⋅ u&&(t ) ⋅ ∆t 2 + u&&(t + ∆t ) ⋅ β ⋅ ∆t 2 (3.54)
2
1 1
u&&(t + ∆t ) = 2
⋅ ( ∆u − u& (t ) ⋅ ∆t ) − ( − 1) ⋅ u&&(t ) (3.55)
β ⋅ ∆t 2⋅β
γ γ γ
u& (t + ∆t ) = ( ) ⋅ ∆u + (1 − ) ⋅ u& (t ) + (1 − ) ⋅ ∆t ⋅ u&&(t ) (3.57)
β ⋅ ∆t β 2⋅β
Resulta:
R(t + ∆t )
kˆ ⋅ u (t + ∆t ) = R(t + ∆t ) ⇒ u (t + ∆t ) = (3.59)
kˆ
m c
kˆ = 2
+ ⋅γ + k (3.60)
β ⋅ ∆t β ⋅ ∆t
1 1 1
R(t + ∆t ) = F (t + ∆t ) + m ⋅ 2
⋅ u (t ) + ⋅ u& (t ) + ( − 1) ⋅ u&&(t ) +
β ⋅ ∆t β ⋅ ∆t 2⋅β
γ γ γ
c⋅ ⋅ u (t ) + ( − 1) ⋅ u& (t ) + ( − 1) ⋅ ∆t ⋅ u&&(t ) (3.61)
β ⋅ ∆t β 2⋅β
1 1 1
γ≥ y β ≥ ⋅ ( + γ )2 (3.62)
2 4 2
%Datos de la estructura
Vec=Vec*9.8;
m=10000; %kg
k=98.7e3; %N/m
chi=0.02; % ξ = 2% %
wn=sqrt(k/m);
Tn=2*pi/wn;
c=2*m*wn*chi;
n=length(Vec);
d=zeros(1,n);
v=zeros(1,n);
ac=zeros(1,n);
p=-m*Vec;
%Método de Newmark lineal de aceleración promedio
%gama = 0.5 y beta = 0.25
%Cálculos iniciales
d(1)=0;
v(1)=0;
ac(1)=(p(1)-c*v(1)-k*d(1))/m;
delta=0.005;
kk=k + 2*c/delta + 4*m/delta^2;
a=4*m/delta + 2*c;
b=2*m;
%Cálculos para pasos posteriores
for i=1:n-1
deltap(i)=p(i+1)-p(i);
deltapp(i)=deltap(i) + a*v(i) + b*ac(i);
deltad(i)=deltapp(i)/kk;
deltav(i)=2*deltad(i)/delta - 2*v(i);
deltaac(i)=4*(deltad(i)-delta*v(i))/delta^2 - 2*ac(i);
d(i+1)=d(i)+deltad(i);
v(i+1)=v(i)+deltav(i);
4. 1 EJEMPLOS
kN
k = k A + k B + k B = 24666.67 ;
m
k 24666666.67 rad
ω= = 3
= 22.21 ;
m 50 ⋅ 10 s
2·π
T= = 0.283 (s )
ω
1 t F
u p (t ) = ·∫ F0 ·sin(ω ·(t − τ ))dτ = 0 ·(1 − cos(ω ·t ) )
m·ω 0 k
F0
u' ( t d ) = ·ω·sin( ω·t d )
K
Las fuerzas que toma cada columna, de acuerdo con el método de la rigidez
basal son proporcionales a su rigidez:
Solución:
12 EI 3EI 12 EI 27 EI
k= + 3 + 3 = 3
h3 h h h
u (t ) = C ·sen(ωt + ϕ )
2
2 u& 0
Donde C = u 0 + el desplazamiento máximo de la estructura
ω
estará determinado por la amplitud de la respuesta.
Por lo tanto:
2
2 u&
u max = u 0 + 0
ω
Reemplazando, se tiene:
2
1
u max = 0.05 2 + = 0.081 ⇒ ω = 15.69 [rad / s ]
ω
k 27 ⋅ EI
ω2 = ⇒ k = m ⋅ω 2 =
m h3
1/ 3
27 ⋅ EI
h= 2 = 3.01 ⇒ h = 3 m
ω ⋅ m
mu&& + ku = −m·u&&s (t )
u s (t ) = u 0 ·sen(ϖ ·t )
u& s (t ) = u 0ϖ ·cos(ϖ ·t )
u&&s (t ) = −u 0 ·ϖ 2 sen(ϖ ·t )
u0
u p (t ) = sen(ϖ ·t + ϕ )
1−α 2
− 2ξα
tan(ϕ ) =
1−α 2
0.04
up(t ) = 2
⋅ sen( 20 ⋅ t ) = −0.065 ⋅ sen( 20 ⋅ t )
20
1−
15.69
u pmax 1
TR = = 2
= 1.6 ⇒ 1.6 ⋅ 0.04 = 0.064 = u max
uo (1−α )
• Definir el valor
numérico del
desplazamiento
horizontal
máximo que se
desarrolla en la
fase ascendente
de carga.
12 EI 12 EI
kH = 3
+ 3
+ k = 2752.2 [kN / m]
h1 h2
k 2752.2·10 3
ω= = = 11.73 [rad / s ]
m 20·10 3
2400τ 0 ≤ τ ≤ 0.25 ( s )
P(t ) = 1100 − 2000τ 0.25 ≤ τ ≤ 0.55 ( s )
0 τ ≥ 0.55 ( s)
1 t 1 t
up(t ) = ∫ P( t )·sen( ω( t − τ ))dτ = ∫ 2400 τ·sen( ω( t − τ ))dτ
mω 0 mω 0
t
2400
mω ∫0
u p (t ) = τ ·sen(ω (t − τ ))dτ
u =τ du = dτ
dv = sen(ω (t − τ )) cos(ω (t − τ ))
v=
ω
2400 τ cos(ω (t − τ ))
t t
u p (t ) =
mω ω
cos(ω (t − τ ))
0
− ∫
0
ω
dτ
2400 t sen(ω ·t )
u p (t ) = −
mω ω ω 2
[
u p (t ) = 10.23· 0.085t − 7.26·10 −3 sen(11.73·t ) ]
u p (t ) = 0.87·t − 0.074·sen(11.73·t ) [m]
12 EI 12·5000
F1 = k1· ⋅ u max = 3
·u max = ·0.202 = 96.96 [kN ]
h1 53
12 EI 12·5000
F2 = k 2 ⋅ u max = 3
·u max = ·0.202 = 448.89 [kN ]
h2 33
K
ω12 = ⇒ K = M ⋅ ω12 = 30.000 ⋅ 12 2 = 4.320.000 N = 4.320 ,0 KN
M
EI EI EI
K e = ∑ k i = 12 ⋅ +6⋅ = 60 ⋅
3 3
H H H3
2
8.000
H 3 = 60 ⋅ = 111,11 ⇒ H = 4.81 m
4320
F 1 6 10
A= 0 ⋅ = ⇒ F0 = 0.06 ⋅ 4.320.000 ⋅ ( 1 − ( ) 2 ) = 79.200 ,0
K e ( 1 − α 2 ) 100 12
∴ F0 = 79.2 KN
Determinar las fuerzas de corte que toman cada una de las columnas para
8000 KN
K A = 12 ⋅ = 862 ,7
4.813 m
8000 KN
KB = 3⋅ = 1.725 ,3
2.413 m
8000 KN
KC = 3 ⋅ = 1.725 ,3
3 m
2.41
KN
K e = 4.313 ,3
m
862 ,7
FA = ⋅ 79 ,2 = 15 ,8 KN
4.313 ,3
1.725 ,3
FB = FC = ⋅ 79 ,2 = 31,7 KN
4.313 ,3
F 79 ,2
u0 = 0 = = 0.018 m
K e 4.320 ,0
2 ⋅ k1 7
Ke = + k1 = ⋅ k1
5⋅ 5
rad
ω12 ⋅ 330 = K e y ϖ 1 = 2 ⋅ π = 6.28
seg
6 20.000 ,0
= ⇒ ω12 ⋅ 330 − 4 ⋅ π 2 ⋅ 330 = 333.333,33
100 4 ⋅ π2
ω12 ⋅ 330 ⋅ 1 −
ω12
N
K e = 32.4 2 ⋅ 330 = 346.420 ,8
m
5 KN
k1 = ⋅ 346.420 ,8 = 247.443,4 = 247 ,4
7 m
1
FT = 20.000 ,0 ⋅ = 20.780 ,1 N
6.28 2
1 −
32.4
seg
c = ccr = 2 ⋅ K e ⋅ m = 2 ⋅ 346.420 ,8 ⋅ 330 = 21.384 ,0 N ⋅
m
td
Para 0 ≤ t ≤
2
F0 t τ
u( t ) = ∫ 2 ⋅ senω1 ( t − τ ) ⋅ dτ
m ⋅ ω1 0 t d
2 F0 t 1 F 2 sen( ω1t )
u( t ) = − ⋅ sen( ω1t ) = 0 t − = u est × DLF
m ⋅ ω1 ⋅ t d ω1 ω12 K t d ω1
t
Para d ≤ t ≤ t d
2
t 2 t
u( d ) = 1 − ⋅ sen( ω1 d ) ⋅ u est
2 ω1 ⋅ t d 2
t
u&( d ) t
t t 2 ⋅ sen( ω ( t − t d )) + F0 τ
u( t ) = u( d ) ⋅ cos( ω1 ( t − d )) + 1 ∫ ⋅ 2( 1 − ) ⋅ sen( ω1 ( t − τ )) ⋅ dτ
2 2 ω1 2 t d m ⋅ ω1 td
2
t F0 τ F0 τ
∫ ⋅ 2( 1 − ) ⋅ sen( ω1 ( t − τ )) ⋅ dτ = ∫ 2 ⋅ sen( ω1 ( t − τ )) ⋅ dτ − ∫ 2 sen( ω1 ( t − τ )) ⋅ dτ
t d m ⋅ ω1 td m ⋅ ω1 td
2
F0 2 t t 2 t t 1 t
( 1 − cos( ω1 ( t − d ))) − − d ⋅ cos( ω1 ( t − d )) − sen( ω1 ( t − d )) =
m ⋅ ω1 ω1 2 ω1 2ω1
td 2 ω12 2
F0 t td 2 t
2( 1 − ) − cos( ω1 ( t − )) + sen( ω1 ( t − d ))
K td 2 ω1 ⋅ t d 2
4 td t 2 td td
ω ⋅ t sen( ω1 ( t − 2 )) + 2 ⋅ ( 1 − t ) − ω ⋅ t sen( ω1 2 ) cos( ω1 ( t − 2 )) −
u( u ) = u est ⋅
1 d d 1 d
2 td td
cos( ω1 )sen( ω1 ( t − ))
ω1 ⋅ t d 2 2
= u est × DLF
Para t d ≤ t
4 t t
u( t d ) = 1 − cos( ω1 d ) ⋅ sen( ω1 d ) ⋅ u est
ω1 ⋅ t d 2 2
4 t 4 4 t
u&( t d ) = ⋅ cos( ω1 d ) − + ⋅ sen 2 ( ω1 d ) ⋅ u est
td 2 td td 2
t
4 4 ⋅ cos( ω1 d ) − 4
t t 1
u( u ) = u est ⋅ sen( ω1 d ) ⋅ ( 1 − cos( ω1 d ) ⋅ cos( ω1 ( t − t d )) + ⋅ 2 ⋅ sen( t − t
d
ω1 ⋅ t d 2 2 ω1 ⋅ t d 2 t d
+ 4 ⋅ sen ( ω 1 )
2
5.1 INTRODUCCIÓN
En este caso las ecuaciones del movimiento para el edificio de tres pisos de
la figura anterior, se obtiene aplicando el principio de D’Alambert en cada
una de las masas en forma aislada, considerando los desplazamientos
relativos de una masa con respecto a la otra:
La solución analítica, para cada uno de los grados de libertad es dada por:
y 1 = Φ 1 ⋅ sen( ω ⋅ t + φ )
y 2 = Φ 2 ⋅ sen( ω ⋅ t + φ ) (5.5)
y 3 = Φ 3 ⋅ sen( ω ⋅ t + φ )
y = Φ ⋅ sen( ω ⋅ t + φ ) (5.6)
[K − ω M ]⋅ Φ = 0
2
(5.7)
[
det K − ω 2 M = 0 ] (5.8)
ω 2 n + C 1 ⋅ ω 2 n − 2 + C 2 ⋅ ω 2 n − 4 + L + C n −1 ⋅ ω 2 + C n = 0 (5.9)
ω1 0 0
Ω = 0 ω 2 0 (5.10)
0 0 ω 3
(K − ω i
2
)
⋅ M ⋅ Φi = 0 i = 1,2,3 (5.11)
Φ 11 K Φ 1 j K Φ 1n
M O M
Φ= M Φ ij M = [Φ 1 K Φ j K Φn ] (5.15)
M O M
Φ n1 K Φ nj K Φ nn
K ⋅ Φ i − ω i2 ⋅ M ⋅ Φ i = 0 (5.16)
K ⋅ Φ j − ω 2j ⋅ M ⋅ Φ j = 0 (5.17)
T T
Premultiplicando ecuación (5.16) por − Φ j y ecuación (5.17) por Φ i se
tiene:
T T T
− Φ j ⋅ K ⋅ Φ i + ω i2 ⋅ Φ j ⋅ M ⋅ Φ i = 0 /⋅ −Φ j (5.18)
T T T
Φ i ⋅ K ⋅ Φ j − ω 2j ⋅ Φ i ⋅ M ⋅ Φ j = 0 /⋅ Φ i (5.19)
[ω i
2
] T
− ω 2j ⋅ Φ i ⋅ M ⋅ Φ j = 0 (5.20)
T
Puesto que ω i ≠ ω j ⇒ Φ i ⋅ M ⋅ Φ j = 0 , que es la propiedad de
ortogonalidad de dos autovectores cualesquiera con respecto a la matriz de
masa. Entonces se demuestra que:
T
Φi ⋅ M ⋅ Φ j = 0 para i≠ j (5.21)
T T
Φ i ⋅ K ⋅ Φ j = ω 2j ⋅ Φ i ⋅ M ⋅ Φ j (5.22)
T
Φi ⋅ K ⋅ Φ j = 0 para i≠ j (5.23)
K ⋅ Φ i − ω i2 ⋅ M ⋅ Φ i = 0 (5.24)
K ⋅ Φ i = ω i2 ⋅ M ⋅ Φ i ⇒ F i = ω i2 ⋅ M ⋅ Φ i (5.25)
F j = ω 2j ⋅ M ⋅ Φ j (5.26)
T T
Φ j ⋅ F i = Φi ⋅ F j (5.27)
T T
Φ j ⋅ ω i2 ⋅ M ⋅ Φ i = Φ i ⋅ ω 2j ⋅ M ⋅ Φ j (5.28)
T
[ ]
Φ j ⋅ M ⋅ Φ i ⋅ ω i2 − ω 2j = 0 (5.30)
Puesto que ω i ≠ ω j :
⇒ Φ Tj ⋅ M ⋅ Φ i = 0 (5.31)
Φ 11 K Φ 1 j K Φ 1n z1 z1
M O M M M
y = Φ⋅z = M Φ ij M ⋅ z j = [Φ 1 K Φ j K Φ n ]⋅ z j (
M O M M M
Φ n1 K Φ nj K Φ nn z n z n
5.32)
y = ∑ Φ i ⋅ zi (5.33)
T
M ⋅ (Φ ⋅ &z&) + C ⋅(Φ ⋅ z& ) + K ⋅ (Φ ⋅ z ) = − M ⋅ 1 ⋅ &y&s /⋅ Φ (5.34)
En donde, se definen:
T *
Φ ⋅M ⋅Φ = M (5.36)
T *
Φ ⋅C ⋅Φ = C (5.37)
T *
Φ ⋅ K ⋅Φ = K (5.38)
M 1* K 0 K 0
M O M
M = M M
*
M *j (5.39)
M O M
0 K 0 K M *
n
C1* K 0 K 0
M O M
C = M M
*
C *j (5.40)
M O M
0 K 0 K C*
n
L = Φ ⋅ M ⋅1 ⇒ L j = Φ j ⋅ M ⋅1
T T
(5.42)
C *j K *j Lj
&z& j + ⋅ z& j + ⋅zj =− ⋅ &y&s (5.44)
M *j M *j M *j
Donde:
T
Lj Φ j ⋅ M ⋅1
Γj = = (5.45)
M *j T
Φ j ⋅M ⋅Φ j
1 0 0
Φ ⋅ M ⋅ Φ = I = 0 1 0
T
(5.47)
0 0 1
ω12 0 0
T 2 2
Φ ⋅K ⋅Φ = 0 ω 2 0 =Ω (5.48)
0 0 ω 32
2
Donde Ω es la matriz espectral al cuadrado y Φ es la matriz modal
normal, la cual se obtiene al dividir cada una de las columnas de (5.15) por
un factor de escala.
f = K ⋅ y = K ⋅ (Φ ⋅ z ) (5.51)
[
f = K ⋅ Φ 1 ⋅ z1 + K + Φ j ⋅ z j + K + Φ n ⋅ z n ] (5.52)
n n
f = ∑ f = ∑ ω 2j ⋅ M ⋅ Φ j ⋅ Γ j ⋅ S D j (5.54)
j =1 j j =1
T n T
Qb = 1 ⋅ f = ∑ (1 ⋅ M ⋅ Φ j ) ⋅ Γ j ⋅ S D j ⋅ ω 2j (5.55)
j =1
T T
1 ⋅ M ⋅ Φ j = M 1 ⋅ Φ 1 j + K + M i ⋅ Φ ij + K + M n ⋅ Φ nj = Φ j ⋅ M ⋅ 1 = L j (5.56)
n n Lj
Qb = ∑ ( L j ⋅ Γ j ⋅ S D j ⋅ ω 2j ) = ∑ ( L j ⋅ ⋅ S D j ⋅ ω 2j ) =
j =1 j =1 Mj
(5.57)
n L2j
∑( ⋅ S D j ⋅ ω 2j )
j =1 Mj
L2j
M Ej = (5.58)
Mj
S A j = S D j ⋅ ω 2j (5.59)
n
Qb = ∑ ( M Ej ⋅ S A j ) (5.60)
j =1
Se debe tener presente en ecuación (5.60) que dicho esfuerzo de corte basal
debe ser evaluado utilizando algún criterio de superposición modal.
Nótese que:
La suma de las masas modales efectivas para todos los modos es igual a
la suma de todos los términos de diagonal de la matriz de masa., es
decir, la masa total de la estructura
Φ 11 K Φ 1 j K Φ 1n z1max
M O
M M
y
max
=Φ⋅z
max
= M Φ ij M ⋅ z max (5.61)
j
M O M M
Φ n1 K Φ nj
K Φ nn z nmax
Los resultados que se obtienen con la aplicación del método SRSS (Square
root of the sum of the squares), pueden subestimar o sobreestimar la
respuesta cuando dos o mas frecuencias tienen valores cercanos (del orden
de un 10%) PAZ (1992) ( 6 ) .
1/ 2
N N
ymax
k = ∑∑zki ⋅ ρij ⋅ zkj (5.64)
i=1 j=1
T
Φi ⋅ C ⋅ Φ j = 0 para i≠ j (5.66)
T
Φ j ⋅ C ⋅ Φ j = C *j para i= j (5.67)
C *j = 2 ⋅ ξ j ⋅ ω j ⋅ M *j (5.68)
T
[ T
] [ T
]
Φ i ⋅ C ⋅Φ i = α ⋅ Φ i ⋅ M ⋅ Φ i + β ⋅ Φ i ⋅ K ⋅ Φ i = 2 ⋅ ξ i ⋅ ωi ⋅ M i* (5.70)
α ⋅ M i* + β ⋅ K i* = 2 ⋅ ξ i ⋅ ω i ⋅ M i* (5.71)
α ⋅ M i* + β ⋅ ω i2 ⋅ M i* = 2 ⋅ ξ i ⋅ ω i ⋅ M i* (5.72)
α β
ξi = + ⋅ ωi (5.73)
2ω i 2
α ωm ⋅ ωn ωn − ω m ξ
m
β = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 1 1 ⋅ (5.74)
( ω n − ω 2m ) − ω n ω m ξ n
α = 0.41487
β = 0.00324
0.20743
ξi = + 0.00162 ⋅ ω i (5.75)
ωi
El valor de la fracción de amortiguamiento ξ i se presenta en figura 5.3
6.1 EJEMPLOS
y1 (0) = 3
y 2 (0) = 3.5 cm.
y 3 (0) = 4.0
Solución:
7.92 0 0 0.00807 0 0
1 T − s2
M = 0 7.92 0 ⋅ = 0 0.00807 0
g cm
0 0 5.31 0 0 0.00541
17 − 7 0
T
K = − 7 12 − 5
cm
0 − 5 5
14.97 − 7 0 Φ 11 0
( K − ω1 M ) ⋅ Φ 1 = 0 ⇒ − 7 9.96 − 5 ⋅ Φ 12 = 0
2
Dado: Φ 11 = 1
5.34 − 7 0 Φ 21 0
( K − ω 2 M ) ⋅ Φ 2 = 0 ⇒ − 7 0.335
2
− 5 ⋅ Φ 22 = 0
0 − 5 − 2.82 Φ 23 0
Dado: Φ 21 = 1
1
5.34 − 7 ⋅ Φ 22 = 0 ⇒ Φ 22 = 0.763
∴ Φ 2 = 0.763
− 7 + 0.335 ⋅ 0.763 − 5 ⋅ Φ 23 = 0 ⇒ Φ 23 = −1.35
− 1.35
1
Φ 3 = − 0.832
0.404
1 1 1
Φ = 2.14 0.763 − 0.832
2.90 − 1.35 0.404
&z& + Ω ⋅ z = 0
1 0 0
M = Φ ⋅ M ⋅ Φ = I = 0 1 0
* T
0 0 1
ω12 0 0
* T 2 2
K = Φ ⋅ K ⋅ Φ = 0 ω2 0 =Ω
0 0 ω 32
Por lo tanto se debe resolver:
&z&1 + ω1 2 z1 = 0
&z&2 + ω 2 2 z 2 = 0
z& 0i
zi = sen(ω i t ) + z 0i cos(ω i t ) Para i=1, 2,3
ωi
3 0
Las condiciones iniciales se conocen y valen: y 0 = 3.5 y y& 0 = 0
4 0
0
⇒ z& o = Φ ⋅ y& 0 = 0 (cm / s )
−1
y& 0 = Φ ⋅ z& o
0
−1
Donde z 0 = Φ ⋅ y0
Por lo tanto:
−1
z 01 3.32 6.67 8.33 3 0.490
z = 7.11 5.08 − 6.93 ⋅ 3.5 = 0.109 (cm)
02
z 03 9.63 − 9 3.37 4 0.078
y1 1.63 0.727
y = 3.48 cos( 15.58 ⋅ t ) + 0.554 cos( 38.02 ⋅ t ) +
2
y 3 4.72 − 0.981
0.649
− 0.540 cos( 53.18 ⋅ t )
0.263
M ⋅ u&& + K ⋅ u = − M ⋅ 1 ⋅ u&&g
T T T
Φ ⋅ M ⋅ Φ ⋅ &z& + Φ ⋅ K ⋅ Φ ⋅ z = −Φ ⋅ M ⋅ 1 ⋅ u&&g
T T
Φ ⋅K ⋅Φ Φ ⋅ M ⋅1 L
&z& + T
⋅z = − T
⋅ u&&g = − *
⋅ u&&g
Φ ⋅M ⋅Φ Φ ⋅M ⋅Φ M
L
&z& + Ω 2 ⋅ z = − *
⋅ u&&g = −Γ ⋅ u&&g
M
Γ1 0.136
⇒ Γ2 = 0.046
Γ3 0.029
z 1max Γ1 ⋅ ( S d )1 0.621
max
z 2 = Γ2 ⋅ ( S d )2 = 0.309 ( cm )
z max Γ ⋅ ( S ) 0.011
3 3 d 3
y 1max = (Φ 11 ⋅ z 1max ) + (Φ
2
12 ⋅ z 2max ) + (Φ
2
13 ⋅ z 3max )
2
= 2.06 ( cm )
y 2max = (Φ 21 ⋅ z 1max ) + (Φ
2
22 ⋅ z 2max ) + (Φ
2
23 ⋅ z 3max )
2
= 4.41 ( cm )
y 3max = (Φ 31 ⋅ z 1max ) + (Φ
2
32 ⋅ z 2max ) + (Φ
2
33 ⋅ z 3max )
2
= 5.98 ( cm )
2.06
= 4.41 (cm)
max
y
5.98
f 1max = 5.23 (T )
f 2max = 9.01 (T )
f 3max = 8.13 (T )
L1 (0.136) 2 T − s2
M 1E = ⋅ L1 =
= 0.0184
M 1* 1 cm
L (0.046) 2 T − s2
M 2E = 2* ⋅ L2 = = 0.00212
M2 1 cm
L1 (0.029) 2 T − s2
M 1
E
= * ⋅ L1 = = 0.00084
M1 1 cm
La suma de las masas modales efectivas debe ser igual a la masa total del
sistema:
T − s2
M TE = M 1E + M 2E + M 3E = 0.02136
cm
La masa total del sistema se obtiene sumando las componentes de la matriz
de masa concentrada del sistema.
( S a )1 = ( S v )1 ⋅ ω1 = 1107.74 (cm / s )
2
( S a ) 2 = ( S v ) 2 ⋅ ω 2 = 965.708 (cm / s )
2
( S a ) 3 = ( S v ) 3 ⋅ ω 3 = 1079.55 (cm / s )
2
Qb1 = M 1E ⋅ ( S a )1 = 20.38 (T )
Qb 2 = M 2E ⋅ ( S a ) 2 = 2.028 (T )
Qb 3 = M 3E ⋅ ( S a ) 3 = 0.906 (T )
2 2 2
Qb max = Qb1 + Qb 2 + Qb 3 = 20.50 (T )
P(t)
20 T
t
0.25 seg
Fase I
τ τ
F (τ ) = F1 ⋅ (1 − ) = 20 ⋅ (1 − ) T
td 0.25
Figura 6.5 Carga impulsiva aplicada en el primer nivel
Solución:
10 − 3 T
K=
− 3 3 cm
70 0 0.07143
g 0 T − s2
M = =
0 70 0 0.07143 cm
g
K − ω 2 M = 0 ⇒ ω 4 − 183.1ω 2 + 4165.8 = 0
1 1
Φ=
2.7 − 0.36
Para definir las masas modales efectivas, es necesario evaluar los factores
de participación modal, que aparecen después de plantear las ecuaciones
de movimiento desacopladas:
M ⋅ u&& + K ⋅ u = − M ⋅ 1 ⋅ a (t )
u (t ) = Φ ⋅ z (t )
[Φ T
] [ T
] [ T
]
⋅ M ⋅ Φ ⋅ &z&(t ) + Φ ⋅ K ⋅ Φ ⋅ z (t ) = − Φ ⋅ M ⋅ 1 ⋅ a (t )
2
1L 0.2643 2
M = 1* =
e = 0.118
M1 0.5921
2
2L 0.0457 2
M = 2* =
e = 0.026
M2 0.0807
T1 ⇒ S 1A ≅ 0.23 g
T2 ⇒ S A2 ≅ 0.85 g
∆1 = 4.80 cm.
M ⋅ u&& + K ⋅ u = P(t )
u (t ) = Φ ⋅ z (t )
T F (t )
[Φ T
] [ T
] T
⋅ M ⋅ Φ ⋅ &z&(t ) + Φ ⋅ K ⋅ Φ ⋅ z (t ) = Φ ⋅ P(t ) = Φ ⋅
0
Con:
τ τ
F (τ ) = F1 ⋅ (1 − ) = 20 ⋅ (1 − ) T
td 0.25
Solución:
60 − 24 0 36 − 24 0
K A = − 24 36 − 12 y K B = − 24 60 − 36
0 − 12 12 0 − 36 36
0.0561 0 0
M = 0 0.0510 0
0 0 0.0459
rad
ω1 = 10.2330 ⇒ T1 = 0.6140 (s )
s
rad
ω 2 = 23.2938 ⇒ T2 = 0.2967 (s)
s
rad
ω3 = 37.2764 ⇒ T3 = 0.1686 ( s)
s
rad
ω1 = 7.8912 ⇒ T1 = 0.7962 ( s )
s
rad
ω 2 = 26.1238 ⇒ T2 = 0.2405 (s)
s
rad
ω1 = 43.1019 ⇒ T3 = 0.1458 ( s)
s
0.0110
y máx
= 0.0244
0.0404
0.0336
y máx
= 0.0455
0.0495
Solución:
3 ⋅ k − k
K =
− k k
2 ⋅ m 0
M =
0 m
3 ⋅ k − k 2 ⋅ m 0
K −ω2 ⋅ M = 0⇒ − k −ω2 ⋅ =0
k 0 m
( 2 ⋅ m 2 ) ⋅ ω 4 − (5 ⋅ k ⋅ m ) ⋅ ω 2 + 2 ⋅ k 2 = 0
k 2⋅k
ω1 = y ω2 =
2⋅m m
EI EI EI
Sea k = 24 ⋅ ⇒ ω1 = 3.464 ⋅ y ω 2 = 6.928 ⋅
H3 mH 3 mH 3
1 − 1
Φ 1 = 2 y Φ2 =
1 1
La matriz modal:
1 − 1
Φ= 2
1 1
2 0 1 3
T
m1 = Φ 1 ⋅ M ⋅ Φ 1 = 1
2
1 ⋅ ( )
⋅ 2 = ⋅ m
0 1 1 2
1 1 1 1
Φ1 = ⋅ 2 = ⋅
m1 1 6 m 2
0 1 1
1 − 1 1 − 1
Φ2 = ⋅ = ⋅
m2 1 3m 1
2
EI 2
&z&1 + 3.464 3
⋅ z1 = − ⋅ 6m ⋅ u&&s (t )
mH 3
2
EI
&z&2 + 6.928 ⋅ z 2 = − 3m ⋅ u&&s (t )
mH 3
2.5 ⋅ 1 + 10 ⋅ 0.25 + 50 ⋅ 0 = 0 ⇒ OK
2.5 ⋅ 1 + 10 ⋅ 0.25 + 5.625 ⋅ 0 = 0 ⇒ OK
Se requiere:
2k − k m 0
K= M =
− k 2 k
0 m
K − λ ⋅ M = 0 ⇒ λ2 − λ ⋅ 4 ⋅
k
m
+ 3⋅ k
m
( )
2
=0
k k
λ1 = y λ2 = 3 ⋅
m m
k
1 − 1 0
φ= y Ω= m
1 1 k
0 3⋅
m
φT ⋅ M ⋅ φ ⋅ &z& + φT ⋅ K ⋅ φ ⋅ z = 0
2 m 0 &z&1 2 k 0 z1 0
0 2 m ⋅ &z& + 0 ⋅ =
2k z 2 0
2
z&
z1 = z01 ⋅ cos( ω1t ) + 01 ⋅ sen( ω1t )
ω1
z&
z 2 = z02 ⋅ cos( ω 2 t ) + 02 ⋅ sen( ω 2 t )
ω2
EI EI EI N
K = 12 ⋅ + 3⋅ ⋅ 2 = 60 ⋅ = 3.840 ,0 K
H3 H
3
H3 m
2
3840 × 10 3 rad
ω1 = = 11.31 , T1 = 0.56 ( s )
3 s
30 × 10
12 12
FA = ⋅ F1 ⋅ DLF = ⋅ 80 × 2.0 = 32 KN
60 60
24
FB = ⋅ 80 × 2.0 = 64 KN
60
24
FC = ⋅ 80 × 2.0 = 64 KN
60
kN
Considere que la rigidez horizontal vale K = 8.000 ,0 , M = 20 ,0 T y
m
condiciones iniciales nulas.
3k − k 2 ⋅ m 0
K= y M =
− k k 0 m
3k − k 2 m 0
K −ω2 ⋅M = 0⇒ − k − ω2 ⋅ =0
k 0 m
( 2 ⋅ m 2 ) ⋅ ω4 − ( 5 ⋅ k ⋅ m ) ⋅ ω 2 + 2 ⋅ k 2 = 0
T1 = 0 ,44( s ) y T2 = 0 ,22( s )
1 − 1
Φ1 = 2 y Φ2 =
1 1
m* 0 3 ⋅ m 0
* T
M = Φ ⋅ M ⋅ Φ == 1 = 2
0 m*2 0 3 ⋅ m
k * 0 3 ⋅ k 0
* T
K = Φ ⋅ K ⋅ Φ == 1 = 4
0 k 2* 0 6 ⋅ k
M ⋅ u&& + K ⋅ u = P( t )
u( t ) = Φ ⋅ z( t )
T F ( t )
[Φ T
] [ T
] T
⋅ M ⋅ Φ ⋅ &z&( t ) + Φ ⋅ K ⋅ Φ ⋅ z( t ) = Φ ⋅ P( t ) = Φ ⋅ 1
0
F1
t
2
z1 (t ) =
3 ∫ sen(ω (t − τ ))dτ =
0
1
m ⋅ ω1
2
F1
2 [1 − cos(ω1 ⋅ t )] = 4.16 × 10 −3 [1 − cos(ω1t )](m)
3
m ⋅ ω12
2
− F1 t
z 2 (t ) =
3m ⋅ ω 2 ∫ sen(ω
0
2 (t − τ ))dτ =
− F1
2
[1 − cos(ω 2 ⋅ t )] = −1.04 × 10 −3 [1 − cos(ω 2 t )](m)
3m ⋅ ω 2
u 1 ( t ) 1 1
− 1 z 1 ( t ) z 1 ( t ) − z 2 ( t )
u ( t ) = 2 ⋅ = 2
2 1 1 z 2 ( t ) z 1 ( t ) + z 2 ( t )
z 2max = ( DLF ) 2 ⋅ z 2E
t d 0.22
⇒ = = 1.0 ⇒ ( DLF )2 = 2.0
T2 0.22
68 − 32 0
K = − 32 56 − 24
kN
m
0 − 24 24
0.0561 0 0
kN ⋅ s 2
M = 0 0.0510 0
m
0 0 0.0459
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
0,500
0,000
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3
Tn (s)
Se pide:
rad rad
ω1 = 11.56 ⇒ T1 = 0.54 , ω 2 = 28.19 ⇒ T2 = 0.22 (s)
s s
rad
ω 3 = 42.98 ⇒ T3 = 0.15 (s)
s
T T T
Φ ⋅ M ⋅ Φ ⋅ &z& + Φ ⋅ K ⋅ Φ ⋅ z = −Φ ⋅ M ⋅ 1 ⋅ u&&g
T T
Φ ⋅ K ⋅Φ Φ ⋅ M ⋅1 L
&z& + T
⋅z =− T
⋅ u&&g = − *
⋅ u&&g
Φ ⋅M ⋅Φ Φ ⋅M ⋅Φ M
L
&z& + Ω 2 ⋅ z = − * ⋅ u&&g = −Γ ⋅ u&&g
M
T1 = 0.54 ( s ) → ( S a )1 = 2.75( m / s 2 )
T2 = 0.22 ( s ) → ( S a )2 = 2.00( m / s 2 )
T3 = 0.15 ( s ) → ( S a )3 = 1.40( m / s 2 )
2.75
0.368 ⋅
z max
Γ1 ⋅ ( S d )1 11.56 2 7.57 × 10 −3
1
max
= Γ ⋅ = 0.120 ⋅ 2.00 = 3.02 × 10 −4 ( m )
z 2 2 ( S )
d 2
28.19 2
z max Γ3 ⋅ ( S d )3 4 .09 × 10 −5
3 1.40
0.054 ⋅ 42.98 2
y1max = (Φ 11 ⋅ z 1max ) + (Φ
2
12 ⋅ z 2max ) + (Φ
2
13 ⋅ z 3max )
2
= 0.010( m )
y 3max = (Φ 31 ⋅ z 1max ) + (Φ
2
32 ⋅ z 2max ) + (Φ
2
33 ⋅ z 3max )
2
= 0.026 ( m )
L1 ( 0.368 ) 2
M 1E = ⋅ L1 = = 0.135
M 1* 1
L2 ( 0.120 )2
M 2E = ⋅ L2 = = 0.014
M 2* 1
L3 ( 0.054 ) 2
M 3E = ⋅ L3 = = 2.92 × 10 −3
M 3* 1
La suma de las masas modales efectivas debe ser igual a la masa total del
sistema:
M TE = M 1E + M 2E + M 3E = 0.152 ≈ 0.153 ⇒ OK
2 2 2
Qb max = Qb1 + Qb 2 + Qb 3 = 0.37( kN )
f I ( x , t ) = − m( x ) ⋅ u&&t ( x , t ) (7.1)
[ ]
f I ( x , t ) = −m( x ) ⋅ u&&( x , t ) + u&&g ( t ) (7.2)
Donde:
L
δWext . = ∫ f I ( x ,t ) ⋅ δu( x )dx (7.4)
0
d 2 u( x , t ) M ( x ,t )
k ( x ,t ) = =− (7.7)
2 ( EI )
dx
u( x ,t ) = ϕ( x ) ⋅ z( t ) y δu( x , t ) = ϕ( x ) ⋅ δz( t )
Con:
Derivada espacial:
d 2 u( x , t ) M ( x ,t )
k ( x ,t ) = =− = ϕ" ( x ) ⋅ z( t ) y δk ( x ,t ) = ϕ" ( x ) ⋅ δz( t )
2 ( EI )
dx
(7.8)
L
L = ∫ m( x ) ⋅ ϕ( x )dx (7.15)
0
L
&z&( t ) + ω 2n ⋅ z( t ) = − ⋅ u&&g ( t ) = − Γ ⋅u&& g ( t ) (7.16)
m
L
["
∫ EI ( x ) ⋅ ϕ ( x ) dx]
2
ω 2n = 0
L
∫ m( x ) ⋅ [ϕ( x )] dx
2
dM ( x ) dV ( x )
=V( x )⇒ = q( x ) (7.18)
dx dx
d 2M( x )
f s ( x ,t ) =
dx 2
"
[
= q( x ) = [M ( x )] = EI ( x ) ⋅ u " ( x , t )
"
] (7.19)
d 2 u( x , t )
De ecuación (7.8) 2
= u " ( x , t ) = ϕ" ( x ) ⋅ z( t ) , reemplazando en
dx
(7.19):
[ ]"
f s ( x ,t ) = [M ( x )] = EI ( x ) ⋅ ϕ" ( x ) ⋅ z( t )
"
(7.20)
S
z max = Γ ⋅ S D = Γ ⋅ A2 (7.21)
ω n
u max = ϕ( x ) ⋅ z max = ϕ( x ) ⋅ Γ ⋅ S D (7.22)
m( x ) ⋅ &z&( t ) + k ⋅ z( t ) = p( t ) (7.24)
Figura 7.2
Solución:
L = 31 m
E= 2 ⋅ 1010 [N / m ]
2
x2 2x 2
ψ ( x) = 2
⇒ ψ' ( x) = 2 ⇒ ψ' ' ( x) = 2
L L L
Propiedades generalizadas:
2 L
L
x2
L
mx 5 mL
m = ∫ m( x) [ψ ( x)] dx =m ∫ 2 dx = 4 = 15500 [Kg ]
2
=
o L 5L 5
o 0 (7.26)
L L 2 L
2 4 EIx 4 EI
k = ∫ EI ( x) [ψ ' ' ( x)] dx = EI ∫ 2 dx = 4 = 3 = 5.719 ⋅ 10 6 [N / m]
2
o o L L 0 L
k 20 EI
ωn = = = 19.21 [rad / s ] , donde k y m , fueron calculados
m mL4
anteriormente
2π 2π
T= = = 0.33 [s ]
ω 19.21
[ ]
F ( x ) = ω 2 ⋅ m( x ) ⋅ u ( x, t ) = 16.69 x 2 [N ] (7.33)
7. FEMA 451
http://www.bssconline.org/FEMA451B/451Bchapters.htm