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A sensor is a device that measures a physical quantity and converts it into a signal which can be
read by an observer or by an instrument.


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It is an object detection system that uses electromagnetic waves to identify the range, altitude,
direction, or speed of both moving and fixed objects such as aircraft, ships, motor vehicles,
weather formations, and terrain. The term M
M was coined in 1940 by the U.S. Navy as an
acronym for Radio Detection And Ranging.

A radar system has a transmitter that emits radio waves. When they come into contact with an
object they are scattered in all directions. The signal is thus partly reflected back and it has a
slight change of wavelength (and thus frequency) if the target is moving. The receiver is usually,
but not always, in the same location as the transmitter. Although the signal returned is usually
very weak, the signal can be amplified through use of electronic techniques in the receiver and in
the antenna configuration. This enables radar to detect objects at ranges where other emissions,
such as sound or visible light, would be too weak to detect. Radar uses include meteorological
detection of precipitation, measuring ocean surface waves, air traffic control, police detection of
speedingtraffic, military applications, or to simply determine the speed of a baseball.

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It is a technique that uses sound propagation to navigate, communicate with or detect other
vessels. Two types of technology share the name "sonar": passive sonar is essentially listening
for the sound made by vessels; active sonar is emitting pulses of sounds and listening for echoes.
Sonar may be used as a means of acoustic location and of measurement of the echo
characteristics of "targets" in the water. Acoustic location in air was used before the introduction
of radar. Sonar may also be used in air for robot navigation, and SODAR (an upward looking in-
air sonar) is used for atmospheric investigations. The term sonar is also used for the equipment
used to generate and receive the sound. The acoustic frequencies used in sonar systems vary
from very low to extremely high .The study of underwater sound is known as underwater
acoustics or hydro acoustics.



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It is usually a victim-triggered explosive device which is intended to damage its target via blast
and/or fragments.

The name originates from the practice of mining, where tunnels were dug under enemy
fortifications or forces. These tunnels ("mines") were first collapsed to destroy fortifications
above, and later filled with explosives and detonated. Land mines generally refer to devices
specifically manufactured for this purpose, as distinguished from improvised explosive devices
("IEDs").

The use of land mines is controversial because they are indiscriminate weapons, harming soldier
and civilian alike. They remain dangerous after the conflict in which they were deployed has
ended, killing and injuring civilians and rendering land impassable and unusable for decades. To
make matters worse, many factions have not kept accurate records (or any at all) of the exact
locations of their minefields, making removal efforts painstakingly slow. These facts pose
serious difficulties in many developing nations where the presence of mines hampers
resettlement, agriculture, and tourism. The International Campaign to Ban Landmines
campaigned successfully to prohibit their use, culminating in the 1997 Convention on the
Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on
their Destruction, known informally as the Ottawa Treaty. As of 2007, a total of 158 nations
have agreed to the treaty. Thirty-seven countries have not agreed to the ban, including China,
India, and Israel



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It is a type of land mine designed to damage or destroy vehicles including tanks and armored
fighting vehicles. Compared to anti-personnel mines, anti-tank mines typically have a much
larger explosive charge, and a fuze designed only to be triggered by vehicles or, in some cases,
tampering with the mine.

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Night Vision Devices ± or NVDs ± are optical instruments that enable people to see in the dark.
Although Night Vision Devices are most often used by military soldiers and law enforcement
officers, they are available for use by civilians in most countries. Hunters use Night Vision
Devices to track and kill animals at night or in the early morning when lighting conditions are
poor.

Current versions of Night Vision Devices are designed to adjust to changing lighting conditions
and can be worn by soldiers in a variety of conditions. Modern versions of the equipment are
much less expensive and more efficient than previous incarnations.

The first Night Vision Devices were created during World War II, but did not become widely
used by the U.S. military until the Vietnam Conflict of the 1960s. The very first Night Vision
Devices were used by German soldiers in 1939. Although crude by today¶s standards, the early
Night Vision Devices provided the German Army with a tactical advantage over Allied Forces
and allowed soldiers to fight with greater ability in the dark.

Today, the U.S. Air Force is developing Panoramic Night Vision Goggles that will effectively
double a soldier¶s field of view to about 95 degrees. This is accomplished by using four 16
millimeter image intensifying tubes rather than the current two 18 millimeter tubes. These
Panoramic Night Vision Goggles are now being used by air crews on AC-130 Gunships and A-
10 Thunderbolt II aircraft.

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Smoke grenades and canisters are most often used to provide a ³smoke screen´ for soldiers and
vehicles that are moving in a combat zone. The smoke can be used to hide soldiers, jeeps, tanks,
ships, even aircraft that are taking off or landing in an area under enemy fire. Current smoke
grenades also block infrared sensors and laser targets from locking onto soldiers and vehicles.

Artillery and mortars can be used to fire smoke grenades and provide needed cover on the
battlefield. Smoke canisters used by the U.S. military include M18 and M40 grenades. These
grenades are made of a steel cylinder with holes on the top and bottom that release smoke when
ignited. Smoke grenades are considered non-lethal by the U.S. military. However, once ignited,
smoke grenades are scalding hot and should not be touched by bare hands.

  
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U.S. troops are deployed as modular units in a fast-moving, world-wide environment. This
creates a challenge to get hot, quality chow to Soldiers on the move. The Army¶s Field
Operations Training Branch has answered the call to serve rapidly-deployed troops with the
Containerized Kitchen ± a seven-ton, compact mobile trailer that is twice as efficient as
traditional, much larger mobile kitchen trailers used in past decades.

³It took two of the older mobile kitchen trailers to serve 700 Soldiers,´ said Sgt. 1st Class
Charles Ray, an instructor at the Field Operations Training Branch, Army Center of Excellence,
Subsistence, Quartermaster Center and School, Fort Lee, Va. ³With one CK, we can serve 800
troops in less time, and with greater mobility than ever before.´

The CK is a self-contained system for food preparation ± cooking and warming by utilizing a
griddle, steam pans, cook pots, roasting pans, or sheet pans in the oven. Food is kept fresh in two
refrigerators or warm in a holding cabinet. Hot and cold water are provided for food prep and
clean up.

For the teams of Soldier-chefs who operate these state-of-the-art systems, precision-timing is
critical to enabling CK¶s and their crews to prepare nutritious meals for hundreds of hungry
troops on the move.

³Once we get it unpacked, we simply hit a button, the system comes alive and we are ready to
feed up to 800 Soldiers within three hours,´ Ray said. Keeping the systems up and running is just
as easy, according to Ray. The CK¶s come with a solid collection of maintenance tools to
troubleshoot almost anything that might go off-line. Most of the components of the CK are made
in such a way that the teams who operate them will be able to troubleshoot and affect repairs on
site.´
At a cost of $150,000 each, more than 200 CK¶s have been put into operation at forward
operating bases around the world since March 2001.

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Gators are about the size of a small golf cart, feature an automatic transmission and require no
special training to operate. Those deployed to Forward Operating Base Ripley use the gator
primarily for logistical purposes such as picking up mail, passengers and equipment from the
flightline, transporting food and fuel cans to locations all over the base. Coalition members are
also using them to get to different locations throughout the base. We use this piece of equipment
every day for a lot of different things.This base is pretty big, so if we want to get in contact with
one of the units, we use this piece of equipment to get to them.

Using the gator also requires less time and manpower to accomplish daily missions than other
methods.

"Normally we'd have to resource a vehicle, such as a (high mobility multipurpose wheeled
vehicle), and a trailer, with of course a vehicle commander -- or a TC -- and a driver and Soldiers
to help unload the supplies.It can take one person or two to load the supplies and get to where
need to go in a pretty good time,"

The gator runs on diesel or gas fuel and uses much less than HMMWVs and civilian vehicles. It
is cost efficient, mobile, and light, allowing it to maneuver quickly and easily into tight spaces or
along narrow roadways, reaching areas a truck or HMMWV could not easily get to. With its
increasing popularity comes the issue of safety for those operating the equipment. Drivers and
passengers are required to wear a ballistic helmet and eye protection while driving, in addition to
reflective belts. Operators are also required to receive instruction from unit safety
noncommissioned officers, including proper operating procedures, the importance of wearing the
right safety gear while driving, and limitations of the vehicle.

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The newest concepts for lightweight, lethal uniform systems to be worn by the future soldiers in
battle were displayed at the Russell Senate Building here.

Two uniform systems are under development. The Future Force Warrior system will be available
for fielding to soldiers in 2010. The Vision 2020 Future Warrior system, which will follow on
the concept of the 2010 Future Force Warrior system, is scheduled to be ready 10 years later.The
two new uniform systems are being developed under the Future Combat System Program. "This
Army initiative will develop and demonstrate revolutionary capabilities for the future soldiers in
battle, The new systems include a weapon, head-to-toe individual protection, onboard computer
network, soldier-worn power sources, and enhanced human performance.The Future Force
Warrior will be a responsive and formidable member of an invincible battle space team. The
2010 Future Force Warrior system will meet the more immediate, short-term demands of our
fighting warriors in the battle space, while the 2020 model will remind you of an ominous
creature out of a science fiction movie," Soldiers deployed to Afghanistan and Iraq carry large
amounts of external weight, often 120 pounds or more, to be battle-readyThe body armor of the
new uniforms will absorb the shock of a bullet much better than current bulletproof vests. "The
hard body armor has been stood off of the body by 2½ to 3 inches, so when the soldier is shot,
the force is more evenly distributed to decrease injuries such as broken ribs,Soldiers will be able
to chat online with each other while they are walking down a jungle trail. The new system has
the ability for each soldier to be tied into tactical local and wide-area networks with an onboard
computer that sits at the base of the soldier's back. "We essentially call the 2010 soldier an 'F- 16
on legs' because it gives the soldier the same capabilities as they would normally have on aircraft
and other platformsSoldiers will also be able to share data with vehicles, aircraft and other
individual soldiers. "If an Apache helicopter was deployed forward and recorded real-time video
of the enemy, the helicopter can send the video back to an individual soldier to observe," he said,
with obvious enthusiasm and excitement for the new uniform system.

As has been seen in science-fiction movies, a dropdown piece of eyewear from the helmet allows
the soldier to see a 17-inch computer screen displaying anything relayed to the soldier.

Soldiers wearing the new system will have no need for an external microphone to communicate.
"The helmet has sensors that register vibrations of the cranial cavity so I don't have to have a
microphone in my mouth. That allows the soldier to control the entire computer via voice-
activation,"





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The U.S. Army is in the process of fielding its first complete REMBASS II (remotely monitored
battlefield sensor system, version II) unattended ground sensor (UGS) system.

That fielding, which is being made to the 3rd Stryker Brigade Combat Team (SBCT), provides
an excellent opportunity to highlight recent activities in the UGS arena.

The AN/GSR-8 REMBASS II is the U.S. Army's latest generation of UGS, using multiple
sensing techniques to detect personnel and wheeled and tracked vehicles crossing a "named area
of interest." Detection techniques and technologies used include seismic, acoustic, magnetic and
infrared.

U.S. Army product manager for robotic and unmanned sensors, the complete REMBASS II
system is designed to fit in two MOLLE packs.

The sensors are packaged into three units that are emplaced by hand and programmed via a
handheld monitoring device.

When detections occur, the information is reported through repeaters to an advanced monitoring
display system (AMDS) that runs on a laptop computer, which can be located up to 45
kilometers away.

It explained that the REMBASS II UGS, produced by L3 Communications, is complemented by

the capabilities of the AN/PPS-5D ground surveillance radar (GSR), produced by Syracuse
Research Inc. In normal operations, the tripodmounted GSR would stay back with the unit and
provide a wider area of coverage of possible moving targets around the UGS.

While both systems can be battery operated, UGS battery power lasts approximately 30 days
compared to just eight hours for the GSR, a consideration that usually translates to the AN/PPS-
5D being operated off vehicle power.

"Both systems report to the AMDS, which provides a consolidated display of targets," Madden
said. "Unfortunately the AMDS is not connected to any other system [within the Army battle
command system] and therefore targets need to be manually reported."

The combination of UGS and GSR provides an all-weather ground surveillance detection
capability of personnel and vehicles otherwise unavailable to the units that is also essential in
preparation of the battlefield," Madden said, adding that "REMBASS II sensors are also used as
force protection assets as part of the battlefield anti-intrusion system. That is a new requirement
that we are also meeting with REMBASS sensors

Madden explained that the handoff of systems in theater is based on the fact that "the standard
Army will not get REMBASS II or AN/PPS-5Ds, as the UGS and GSR operators are scheduled
to move on to operate the Shadow 200 UAV [unmanned aerial vehicle] as it fields. As part of the
Army's task force modularity, however, a new MASINT [measurement and signatures
intelligence] team is being formed and will require UGS and GSR capabilities. We are pursuing
this with DA as the task force modularity progresses.

 

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The XM1201 Reconnaissance and Surveillance Vehicle (RSV) featured a suite of advanced
sensors to detect, locate, track, classify and automatically identify targets under all climatic
conditions, day or night.

The suite included a mast-mounted, long-range optoelectronic infrared sensor, an emitter

mapping sensor for radio frequency interception and direction finding, chemical sensor and a
multifunction radio frequency sensor.

The RSV also features the onboard capability to conduct automatic target detection, aided target
recognition and level-one sensor fusion. To further enhance the scout's capabilities, the RSV is
also equipped with Unattended Ground Sensors, a Small Unmanned Ground Vehicle with
various payloads and two unmanned aerial vehicles. It is armed with a 30 mm MK44 cannon and
a coaxial 7.62 mm M240 machine gun
The XM1202 Mounted Combat System was a planned U.S. Army tank. It was to be small
enough to be able to fit two units inside a C-17 or one inside a smaller C-130 Hercules transport.

The Mounted Combat System (MCS) was to provide both direct and Beyond-Line-of-Sight
(BLOS) offensive firepower capability, allowing for in-depth destruction of point targets up to 8
km (5 mi) away. This requires the use of an integrated sensor network to detect enemy forces.

The MCS was to have had a crew of two and to be armed with a 120 mm main gun, a .50 caliber
machine gun, and a 40 mm automatic grenade launcher.

The MCS was intended to deliver precision fire at a rapid rate, in order to destroy multiple
targets at standoff ranges quickly, and will complement the other systems in the unit of action. It
will be capable of providing direct support to the dismounted infantry in an assault, defeating
bunkers, and breaching walls during tactical assaults. It was also intended to be highly mobile, in
order to maneuver out of contact and into positions of advantage; given the vehicle's light
weight, this is especially important.

The common MGV chassis was required to provide full protection from 30 mm and 45 mm
cannon fire in a 60 degree arc opening towards the front of the vehicle. 360 degree protection
must also be provided from small arms fire up to 14.5 mm heavy machine gun and 155 mm
artillery shell air-bursts. Protection from higher caliber rounds as well as anti-tank guided
missiles will be provided by an active protection system manufactured by Raytheon known as
"Quick Kill".

The MCS would consist of the common Manned Ground Vehicle chassis and autoloading line-
of-sight and BLOS capability.
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The XM1205 Field Recovery and Maintenance Vehicle (FRMV) was the recovery and
maintenance system for employment within both the unit of action (UA) and unit of
employment (UE) and contributes to sustaining and generating combat power to the Future
Force structure. Each UA will have a small number of 2-3 man combat repair teams within
the organic Forward Support Battalion (FSB) to perform field maintenance requirements
beyond the capabilities of the crew chief/crew, more in-depth battle damage assessment
repair (BDAR), and limited recovery operations. The recovery vehicle is designed to hold a
crew of three with additional space for three additional recovered crew. The FRMV has a
close combat support weapon (CCSW) and a 40 mm Mk 19 grenade launcher.

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 | www.wikipedia.com
 | www.afcea.org/signal/articles/anmviewer.asp?a=30
 | www.nvl.9
.mil/
 | www.ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/74/4674380/04674706.pdf?arnumber=4674706
 | www.news-medical.net/.../Inbuilt-Œ
Π-in-cell-phones-for-detecting-deadly-
chemicals.aspx

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