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Lecture 1

All living organisms have the same above molecules

Prokaryotic cells have no nucleus.

Eukaryotic cells have nucleus.

A gene is part of a chromosome

Histones undergo chemical modifications to yield to transcription.

Base pairs in DNA and bases in a basepair are flexible

B-DNA is the physiological form

DNA is normally supercoiled in a cell

RNA is also an important nucleic acid

Almost all biochemical functions are undertaken by proteins

Proteins are chains of amino acids.

A protein can be a single chain or multiple chains. The chains can be homo or hetero.

Į-helix and ȕ-strand are called secondary structures

Hydrogen bond, ionic bond and disulphide bridge stabilize proteins.

Proteins are classified as Į, ȕ, or Įȕproteins

ProteinǦDNA interaction is very important for various biochemical processes.

In cloning, there is no maternal or paternal contribution

Promoter CG methylation can be a marker for cancer during annual medical exam.
Lecture 2

‡ Fatty acids
‡ Triacylglycerols
‡ Phosphoglycerides
‡ Sphingolipids
‡ Steroids
- - - is a lipid molecule.

Membrane mainly contains lipid molecules and protein.

Membrane is not a rigid sheet.

Membrane proteins are classified as integral and peripheral proteins

Membrane proteins have several significant functions.

Transport across membrane is very important for the cell.

Membrane transport is used by sea-fish for desalination.

The sugar units can be homo or hetero in a di- or poly saccharide

Starch is Principal carbohydrate reserve in plants

Glycogen is the storage polysaccharidesin animals

A glycoprotein is carbohydrate attached protein.

Carbohydrate metabolism gives energy.

Glycolysis is important in all organisms.

Hydrogen runs the ATPase machine.

ATP is currency of Energy.

Viruses can be spherical or cylindrical in shape; contains RNA or DNA

Lecture 3

Genetic engineering means altering the genome of a species

A vector is circular DNA

Promoter is the origin of transcription

A primer is single stranded DNA

A forward primer binds to the bottom strand and á
á


In summary, in sub-cloning, a vector is cut by restriction enzymes and a new DNA fragment
is inserted and sealed.

In summary, in sub-cloning, a vector is cut by restriction enzymes and a new DNA fragment
is inserted and sealed.

Insulin important is a hormone in glucose / sugar metabolism

Growth hormones are important for normal growth, but «

Oil cleaning bacteria are useful

GFP, GUS etc. are called reported genes

Controlled use of Genetically Engineered micro-organisms OK but «

Lecture 4

Transgenic plants are mostly useful

Antisense is a gene silencing technique

Biotechnology can be used to make vitaminizedvegetables and rice

Biotechnology can be used to kill corn borer

Edible vaccines are easy to administer.

Lecture 5

Microinjection is a technique to introduce anything into an egg

Dolly cloning was one of the milestones of science

Lecture 6

DNA vaccine development technology is very useful

Gene therapy is useful to rectify genetic disorders