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DEEP SPACE
COMMUNICATION

PRESENTED BY:
P.MOHANA SAI GEETHA , K.GOWTHAMI,

III/II E.C.E dept, III/II E.C.E dept.,

J.B.WOMEN’S ENGINEERING COLLEGE, J.B.WOMEN’S ENGINEERING COLLEGE,

EMAIL ID: geethageetha16@gmail.com. EMAIL ID: konangigowthami@gmail.com.

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ABSTRACT: Deep space challenging environment for data

exploration and utilization are all along communications. The radio frequency
the dreams of human beings. The
exploration and utilization of the deep channel predominantly used for
space are all along the dreams of human communication typically operates under the
beings.
following constraints.
Deep Space Communication Long Distance
transmits the information obtained by the High Signal Propagation Delays
probe to the ground and processes and High Data Corruption Rates
analyzes it. Deep space usually refers to the Disruption Events
outer space more than 2 million kilometers Complex Geography Environment
away from the earth. And deep space
communications is referred to as SPACECRAFTS:
communication between the earth and other
Spacecraft is the destination system of the
planets. Now spacecrafts are send to the
deep space communication. spacecrafts are
farthest planet Pluto called Newhorizons
launched for scientific study, the launch cost
which will enter into Pluto’s orbit in 2015.
is higher as the spacecraft become bigger so
Among them, the explorations to the Mars
we use light weight systems and equipments
and moon are more frequent. In recent forty
so we cannot incorporate large antennas or
years, Russia, United State and several
powerful communication systems. The
Europe countries have made explorations to
spacecraft's small, light communications
the Mars more than thirty times and sent
equipment consequently transmits at very
probes to the Moon. European Space
low power, typically limited to 20 watts,
Agency (ESA), Japan, China and India also
about the same as a refrigerator light bulb.
have their own Moon exploration probes
Signal power arriving at the antenna can be
right now.
as weak as one 100-millionth of one 100-
Comparison with Normal
billionth of a watt - 20 billion times less than
Communication Compared with common
the power required for a digital wristwatch.
terra and satellite communications, deep-
To "hear" the whisper of a signal from a
space communications presents more
spacecraft at planetary distances, receiving

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antennas on Earth must be very large and be • The Madrid Deep Space
equipped with highly sensitive receivers. Communication Complex, 60
The two main antennas in a spacecrafts are kilometers (37 miles) west of
high gain antenna and a low gain antenna. Madrid, Spain; and
• The Canberra Deep Space
• Low Gain Antenna Communications Complex (CDSCC)
• High Gain Antenna in the Australian Capital Territory,
40 kilometers (25 miles) southwest
DEEP SPACE NETWORK:The of Canberra, Australia near the
NASA Deep Space Network - or DSN - is Tidbinbilla Nature Reserve.
an international network of huge antennas
that allows people on the ground to Each facility is situated in semi-

communicate with satellites and other mountainous, bowl-shaped terrain to

spacecraft missions, as well as providing shield against radio frequency

radio and radar astronomy observations for interference. This strategic placement

the exploration of the solar system and the permits constant observation of

universe. It is best known for its large radio spacecraft as the earth rotates, and helps

antennas. The network also supports to make the DSN the largest and most

selected Earth-orbiting missions. DSN is sensitive scientific telecommunications

part of the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory system in the world.

(JPL).

Present Condition:DSN currently consists

of three deep-space communications
facilities placed approximately 120 degrees
apart around the world. They are:

• The Goldstone Deep Space

Communications Complex outside of
NASA's scientific investigation of
Barstow, California, United States;
the Solar System is being accomplished
mainly through the use of unmanned

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spacecraft. The DSN provides the vital two-

way communications link that guides and
controls these machines, and brings back the
images and new scientific information
they collect. All DSN steerable, high-gain,
antennas are parabolic

The antennas and data delivery systems

make it possible to:

• Acquire telemetry data from

spacecraft.
• Transmit commands to spacecraft.
• Track spacecraft position and
velocity.
• Perform Very Long Baseline
Interferometry observations.
• Measure variations in radio waves
for radio science experiments.
• Gather science data.
• Monitor and control the performance
of the network. FUNCTIONS OF DSN:

1. Telemetry: Telemetry data consists

of science and engineering information
modulated on radio signals transmitted from
the spacecraft. The Telemetry System
performs three main functions: Telemetry
data acquisition, telemetry data conditioning
and transmission to projects and telemetry
system validation.two types of telemetry,
science data and engineering data. science

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data is the important data because the
mission success depends on this data.
engineering data contains the health and
positional information of the spacecraft.
2. Spacecraft Command: The purpose of
the Command System is to provide the
means by which a Project controls the
activities of its spacecraft. Control
information (Command Data), provided by
the Project, is modulated on the RF carrier
and transmitted to a spacecraft by a DSN
station. The Command System functions as
a transfer medium between the Project
Control Center and its spacecraft.
3 Radiometric Tracking : The
purpose of the Tracking System is to
provide two-way communication between
Earth based equipment and spacecraft, to
make measurements that will allow the state
vector (position and velocity) of spacecraft
to be determined.
5 Radio Science :The field of Radio
Science improves our knowledge of the
solar system and the theory of general
relativity through radio frequency
experiments performed between spacecraft
and the Deep Space Network's (DSN) Radio
Science System. In the past, Radio Science
has performed experiments which have
allowed scientists to characterize planetary
atmospheres and ionospheres, characterize
planetary surfaces, characterize the
planetary rings, characterize the Solar
corona, confirm general relativity,
characterize interplanetary plasma, search
for gravitational waves, characterize
planetary gravity , and determine the mass
of the planets, moons, and asteroids.
6 Monitor and Control :The purpose of
the Monitor and Control System is two-fold:
to provide real time monitor data to projects
which reflect the status of project support by

4 Very Long Baseline Interferometry DSN systems, and to provide monitor and
control capabilities to operators of DSN
The purpose of the Very Long Baseline
systems' components.
Interferometry (VLBI) System is to provide
the means of directly measuring plane-of-
WORKING OF DSN:
the-sky angular positions of radio sources
(natural or spacecraft), DSN station The theory and challenges of deep
locations, interstation time and frequency space communications:Distance is the
offsets, and Earth orientation parameters. main problem in space communications,
since the intensity of electromagnetic

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radiation decreases according to 1/r2, that is
why signals from deep space probes are
usually very weak when they reach the
Earth. In order to receive the faint signal
back on Earth large parabolic disc antennas
are used. To collect as much as possible of
the faint signal the antenna dish must be big.
Since the electromagnetic radiation cannot
move faster than the speed of light there are
considerable time lag introduced in the
communications making real time
communications impossible.
It takes over 5 hours for a signal
from earth to reach the orbit of Pluto in the
outer part of the solar system. In order to
communicate with the Earth the spacecraft
must have a free line of sight to the Earth,
since radio waves cannot pass through large
solid objects such as planets and moons. A
space probe orbiting a planet will therefore
lose contact with earth every time it gets on
the far side of the planet. This means that the
spacecraft will not be able to communicate
with the Earth at all times. Even if the probe
has a free line of sight to the Earth the
receiving antenna could be on the wrong
side of the Earth, however by using several
antennas in different places around the
planet that could be solved.
The gain of an antenna is a measure
of how good the antenna is at focusing the
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radiated energy. A low gain antenna radiates
in a wide angle, while a high gain antenna
radiates in a narrow beam. On spacecraft
high gain antennas are used to send
scientific measurements at high data rates
back to earth as well as receiving steering
commands from earth; these antennas are
highly directional and require very accurate
aiming. Spacecraft are always equipped with
at least one low gain antenna often two.
These low gain antennas are very important
since they can intercept signals from almost
any direction, this is useful if the spacecraft
gets disoriented and the main high gain
antenna doesn’t point towards Earth. If the
spacecraft only had a high gain antenna it
would then not be able to receive any more
instructions from Earth. The low gain
antennas are used in these kinds of situations
as a backup to receive the appropriate
commands that will turn the spacecraft so
that the main antenna gets properly aligned
to earth again. However, the low gain
antenna can only handle a fraction of the
data rate compared to the high gain antenna.
Coding used in DSN:
Most missions employ error
detecting – error correcting codes to
substantially improve telemetry link
performance. DSN users are reminded that
their encoders should conform to the
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CCSDS Telemetry Channel Coding Blue
Book (CCSDS 231.0-B-1, September 2003.
Acceptable codes include:
1) Convolutional r = 1/2, k = 7 only.
2) Reed-Solomon 223/255 only.
3) concatenated Convolutional / Reed-
Solomon
4) Turbo codes with rates: 1/2, 1/3, 1/4, or
1/6, block sizes: 1784, 3568, 7136, and
8920.
INDIAN DEEP SPACE
NETWORK (IDSN):The Indian Deep
Space Network consists of a 18-m and a 32-
m antennae that are established at the IDSN
campus, Byalalu, Bangalore. The Network is
augmented witha couple of stations in the
western hemisphere in addition to the 64-m
antenna in Bearslake, Russia to improve the
visibility duration and to provide support
from the antipodal point.
The existing ISTRAC (ISRO
Telemetry Tracking and Command
Network) S-Band Network stations will be
used to support the mission during Launch
and Early Orbit Phase (LEOP) that includes
Earth Transfer Orbit (ETO) up to a range of
about 1,00,000 km. Although the 18-m
antenna is tailored for Chandrayaan-1
mission, the 32-m antenna can also support
other planetary missions. The established
IDSN is a state-of-the-art system, with its
base band system adhering to CCSDS
(Consultative Committee for Space Data
Systems) Standards, thus facilitating cross-
support among other TTC agencies. The
supporting network stations will ensure the
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adequacy of the link margin for
telemetry/dwell, tracking, telecommand
payload data reception. The IDSN station
has the responsibility of receiving the
spacecraft health data as well as the payload
data in real time. Later, conditioning of the
data takes place, before onward transmission
of the same to Mission Operations Complex
at Bangalore. The tracking data
comprisingRange, Doppler and Angle data
will be transferred to the control center for
the purpose of orbit determination. The
payload data will be transmitted to the
Indian Space Science Data Center (ISSDC)
as and when received by the payload data
acquisition system, located at the station
CCSDS File Delivery Protocol (DSN) to
improve station utilization efficiency as well
as reduce mission risk and costs, all DSN
users should employ the CCSDS File
Delivery Protocol (CFDP), to transfer data
to and from a spacecraft.
Bandwidth Efficient Modulation
(DSN):Missions operating in the 2 and 8
GHz bands, should employ bandwidth
efficient modulation methods in
conformance with SFCG (space frequency
coordination group) and CCSDS
Recommendations.
Data Relaying:Some missions
may propose dropping probes, landers, or
even rovers to explore the surface of a
planet/body. Others may insert orbiters
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around the same body. The result can be a problems where they are out of
multiplicity of spacecraft on or around a service for months at a time.
planet/body. While Mars has been the recent Furthermore, they are reaching the
focus, it is foreseeable that other planets or end of their lives. At some point they
objects in space could be of equal interest in will need to be replaced. The leading
the future. candidate is an array of smaller
dishes.
• By 2020, the DSN will be required to
support twice the number of
missions it was supporting in 2005.
CONCLUSION: Since all these
spacecraft are controlled by the DSN.
By 2015 NASA is planning for a
There are a number of limitations to
the current DSN, and a number of second Moon mission and by end of 2030 a
challenges going forward.
manned mission to Mars. These all require a
• There is only one DSN site in the powerful Earth communication Network.
Southern Hemisphere, Canberra.
There are no DSN network dishes in REFERENCE:
South America or Southern Africa, [1] How Spacecraft Will Communicate “on
so the DSN coverage of the Southern the Fly”, NASA CICT Program Office
Ames Research Center.
Hemisphere is limited.
www.cict.nasa.gov/infusion
• The need to support "legacy" [2] "NASA Tests First Deep-Space Internet."
missions that have remained PHYSorg.com. 18 Nov 2008.
www.physorg.com/news146245446.html
operational beyond their original
lifetimes but are still returning [3] http://deepspace.jpl.nasa.gov/dsn/
scientific data. Programs such as
[4] http://www.space.com/searchforlife/
Voyager have been operating long
past their original mission [5]http://www.spacetoday.org/SolSys/DeepS
termination date. They also need paceNetwork/DeepSpaceNetwork.

some of the largest antennas.

• The DSN's deferred maintenance of
its 70m antennas. This causes

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