TRIGONOMETRY

TRIGONOMETRY
• is among the earliest applications of
Euclidean geometry.
• branch of mathematics that deals with
the relationships between the sides
and angles of triangles and with the
properties and applications of the
trigonometric functions of angles.
 TRIGONOMETRY

• The two branches of trigonometry

are:
• Plane trigonometry - which deals with
figures lying wholly in a single plane
• Spherical trigonometry - which deals
with triangles that are sections of the
surface of a sphere
 TRIGONOMETRY
• deal with problems in astronomy and has
many other uses to the measurement of
distance that are difficult or impossible to
measure directly.
• consider problems involving periodic
phenomena such as sound waves.
 Parts of a Triangle
• Hypotenuse
• The side opposite to
the right angle in a
triangle is called the
hypotenuse.
• Here the side AC is
the hypotenuse.
 Parts of a Triangle
• Opposite Side
• The side opposite to
the angle in
consideration is called
the opposite side.
• So, if we are
considering angle A,
then the opposite side
is CB.
 Parts of a Triangle
• Base/ Adjacent
Side
• The third side of the
triangle, which is one
of the arms of the
angle under
consideration, is
called the base.
• If A is the angle under
consideration, then
the side AB is the
base.
 Similar Triangles
B
B1

B2
B3

C C1 C2 C3 A
The consequent proportions of corresponding sides can
be rewritten as follows:

BC = B1C1 = B2C2 = B3C3 =s (1)

AB AB1 AB3 AB3

AC = A1C1 = A2C2 = A3C3 =c (2)

AB AB1 AB2 AB3

BC = B1C1 = B2C2 = B3C3 =t (3)

AC AC1 AC2 AC3
Now, since angle A is common to all triangles, we can
describe the ratios s, c, t with reference to the acute
angle A:

s= opposite leg (to A) (1)

hypotenuse
c= adjacent leg (to A) (2)
hypotenuse
t= opposite leg (to A) (3)
adjacent leg (to A)
This means that for the same acute angle A on any right
triangle the ratios (1), (2), (3) are constant, hence we
can give them names:

Define:
sine A = opposite leg sin A
hypotenuse
cosine A = adjacent leg cos A
hypotenuse
tangent A = opposite leg tan A
adjacent leg

These are the three basic trigonometric

functions of angle A.
Complementary Angle Property
Observe that angle A and angle B are
complementary, i.e., A = B = 90 ° and that
• sin A = cos B
• cos A = sin B
We state the property above as follows:

“If two angles are complementary, then the

sine of one equals the cosine of the other.”
Problem: Find the values of sin A, cos A,
and tan A.
Solution:
sin(A) = opposite / hypotenuse
= 4.00 cm / 7.21 cm
= 0.5548

Or simply:
sin (A) = 0.5548
Solution:
cos(A) = adjacent / hypotenuse
= 6.00 cm / 7.21 cm
= 0.8322

Or simply:
cos (A) = 0.8322
Solution:
tan(A) = opposite / adjacent
= 4.00 cm / 6.00 cm
= 0.6667

Or simply:
tan (A) = 0.6667
Here is an easy way to remember these relationships
for trig functions and the right triangle.

SOH - CAH - TOA

It is pronounced "so - ka - toe - ah".
The SOH stands for "Sine of an angle is
Opposite over Hypotenuse."
The CAH stands for "Cosine of an angle is
Adjacent over Hypotenuse."
The TOA stands for "Tangent of an angle is
Opposite over Adjacent."
 Law of Sines
sin A = sin B = sin C
a b c

Or

a = b = c
sin A sin B sin C
 Law of Sines

The area of the triangle equals one-half of

the product of the lengths of two sides and
the sine of their included angle.
Example
In a triangle ABC, a = 7; b=4; A=75°
Find B.
A = 75°

c
b=4

B
C a=7
Solution:
a =b sin B = 0.5519
sin A sin B B = 34°
7/ sin 75° = 4/sin B
4 sin 75 ° = 7 sin B
4(0.9659) = 7 sin B
sin B = 4(0.9659)/ 7
 Law of Cosines
Given a triangle, the square of any length of
any side equals the sum of the squares of
the lengths of the other two sides
decreased by twice the product of these
two sides and the cosine of their included
angle.
 Law of Cosines
• In symbols,
a2 = b2 + c2 – 2bc cos A
b2 = a2 + c2 – 2ac cos B
c2 = a2 + b2 - 2ab cos C
Example
• Given: In a triangle ABC, a=3; b=5; C=60°

C=60°

c=?
b=5

B
A a=3
Solution:
c2 = a2 + b2 - 2ab cos 60°
c2 = 32 + 52- 2 (3)(5)(0.5)
= 9 + 25 -15
= 34 – 15
= 19
c = 4.36
TRIVIA
 Fourier Ears Only!

• Writing a function as a sum of sines and cosines

is called a Fourier series.
• In fact, your ears do Fourier series automatically!
• There are little hairs (cilia) in you ears which
vibrate at specific (and different) frequencies.
• When a wave enters your ear, the cilia will
vibrate if the wave function "contains" any
component of the corresponding frequency!
• Because of this, you can distinguish sounds of
various pitches!
Thank you!