EN 1991-1-4 DK NA:2007

National Annex to
Eurocode 1: Actions on structures -
Part 1-4: General actions – Wind actions
_______________________________________________________________________

Foreword
In connection with the incorporation of Eurocodes into Danish building legislation to replace the
Danish structural codes of practice, this National Annex was prepared in 2006-2007 to implement
Eurocode 1 in Denmark.

Scope
This National Annex lays down the conditions for the implementation of the Eurocode.

Contents
This National Annex specifies the national choices prescribed in Denmark.

The national choices may be in the form of nationally applicable values, an option between methods
given in the Eurocode, or the addition of supplementary guidance.

This National Annex addresses:

• Clauses where national choices have been made;

• All clauses where national choices have been possible;
• Bibliography: Overview of all National Annexes prepared.

Page 1 of 10
EN 1991-1-4 DK NA, 2007-11-12, 2nd edition
Clauses where national choices have been made
Clause Subject Comment
4.2 (1)P NOTE 2 Fundamental value of the basic See below
wind velocity

Clause Subject Comment

4.2 (2)P NOTES Directional factor, seasonal See below
1, 2, 3 and 5 factor and modified basic wind The modified basic wind velocity is not
velocity changed.

4.2 (1)P NOTE 2 Fundamental value of the basic wind velocity

The fundamental value of the basic wind velocity vb , 0 should be taken as 24 m/s everywhere in
Denmark apart from a border zone in Jutland with localities less than 25 km from the North Sea and
Ringkøbing Fjord. The fundamental value of the basic wind velocity in the border zone is taken as
27 m/s at the coastline decreasing linearly to 24 m/s at the other edge of the border zone. For
determination of the border zone, local orographic conditions, e.g. the inlets of Western Jutland,
shall be taken into account.

4.2 (2)P NOTE 1, 2, 3 and 5 Directional factor and seasonal factor

2
The directional factor squared, cdir , is given in table 1a, where the wind direction denotes the
midpoint of the 30° sector, from where the wind comes. The directional factor should be applied
together with the terrain evaluation to determine the characteristic wind velocity from the wind
direction considered, if the direction conditions can be assumed to exist as long as the structure.
2
Table 1a - Directional factor squared cdir
N NNE ENE E ESE SSE
Wind direction 0° 30° 60° 90° 120° 150°
2
cdir 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,8
S SSW WSW W WNW NNW
Wind direction 180° 210° 240° 270° 300° 330°
2
cdir 0,8 0,8 0,9 1,0 1,0 0,9

The seasonal factor squared is given in Table 1b.

2
Table 1b – Seasonal factor squared c season
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr Ma Jun July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
y e

Page 2 of 10
EN 1991-1-4 DK NA, 2007-11-12, 2nd edition
 2
cseason 1,0 1,0 0,9 0,9 0,8 0,7 0,7 0,7 0,8 0,9 0,9 1,0

Clause Subject Comment

5.3 (5) Lack of correlation The effect of the lack of correlation

of wind pressures between the
windward and leeward sides may be
taken into account when determining
the wind force.

Clause Subject Comment

7.2.10 (3) NOTE Force coefficients for walls or For zones denoted "A" in Figure 7.5,
2 roofs with more than one skin the force coefficient stated for the
First bullet permeable outside skin may
underestimate the wind force. This
wind force is not underestimated if
the force coefficient is taken as -0,9.

Clause Subject Comment

7.9.3 Force coefficients for vertical Table 7.14 may underestimate the
cylinders in a row arrangement wind force for a/b < 2,5

Clause Subject Comment

A.2 (1) Inhomogeneous terrain Procedure 1 should be used

Clause Subject Comment

E.1.5.1 (1) Choice between procedures 1 Procedure 2 should be used
NOTES 1 and 2 and 2
E.1.5.1 (3) Choice between procedures 1 Procedure 2 should be used
and 2
E.1.5.2.6 (1) Number of load cycles See below
NOTE 1

E.1.5.2.6 (1) NOTE 1 Number of load cycles – fatigue actions

For structures where the characteristic maximum displacement determined in E.1.5.3 of EN 1991-1-
4:2005 is less than approximately 10% of the cross-wind dimensions, the fatigue action should be
determined on the basis of E.1.5.3 of EN 1991-1-4:2005 using the constants C c and K a as given
below.

Page 3 of 10
EN 1991-1-4 DK NA, 2007-11-12, 2nd edition
The dependence of the constant C c on the wind velocity ratio v m / vcrit ,i , where v m is the 10 minutes
mean wind velocity and vcrit ,i is the resonance wind velocity should be approximated by:

3/ 2
 v   1  1 − vcrit ,i / vm  2 
Cc = Cc (Table E.6) m  exp −   
 vcrit ,i   2  B  

Cc (Table E.6) is given in Table E.6 of EN 1991-1-4:2005, and B may approximately be taken as
B =0,1. The 10 minutes wind velocity v m and the resonance wind velocity vcrit ,i should be
determined at the height above terrain where the movement of the structure is at its maximum.

The movement of the structure is not underestimated if the dependence of the aerodynamic damping
constant K a on the wind velocity ratio vm / vr and the turbulence intensity I v is determined by the
following simplified, approximate expression:

 v 
K a = K a ,max h( I v ) g  m 

 vcrit ,i 

The function h( I v ) is defined in E.1.5.3 (4) below. The function g has its largest value equal to 1
for v m = v crit ,i , and is assumed to decrease linearly from the value 1 to the value 0 for v m = 2v crit ,i .
g is assumed to be 0 for v m < v crit ,i and v m > 2vcrit ,i .

The occurrence of mean wind velocities up to approximately 15-20 m/s may be determined from
the European Wind Atlas, see Troen, I.; Petersen, B. & Lundtang, E., 1989, Europæisk Wind Atlas,
Risø, Roskilde.

For wind above terrain with a roughness length between approx. 0,01 m and approx. 0,05 m, the
occurrence of different turbulence intensities may approximately be based on a normal distribution
with the mean value given in 4.4.(1) of EN 1991-1-4:2005 and a standard deviation gradually
decreasing from approx. 0,06 at mean wind velocities less than approx. 5 m/s to approx. 0,03 for
mean wind velocities of approx. 10 m/s. The probabilities of the normal distribution for negative
arguments are here assumed to correspond to a turbulence intensity of 0.

For fatigue analyses based on the specifications stated above, the coefficient of variation of the
fatigue loads should be taken as 30% when the partial factor is determined, see the national annex to
EN 1990.

Clause Subject Comment

E.1.5.3 (4) Influence of turbulence See below
intensity

Page 4 of 10
EN 1991-1-4 DK NA, 2007-11-12, 2nd edition
E.1.5.3 (4) Influence of turbulence intensity

The effect of rhythmic vortex shedding depends on the turbulence intensity of the wind. For 10
minutes mean wind velocities larger than approx. 15 m/s the turbulence intensity of the wind is
determined from 4.4 (1) of EN 1991-1-4:2005. For 10 minutes mean wind velocities less than
approx. 10 m/s account should be taken of rhythmic vortex shedding in wind without turbulence
which occurs under certain, relatively rare meteorological conditions.

The movement of the structure is not underestimated if the dependence of the aerodynamic damping
constant K a on the turbulence intensity I v is determined using the following simplified,
approximate expression:

K a ( I v ) = K a ,max h( I v )

where K a ,max is given in Table E.6 of EN 1991-1-4:2005. The function h is determined by

h( I v ) = 1 − 3I v for 0 ≤ I v ≤ 0,25 and h( I v ) = 0,25 for I v >0,25. The turbulence intensity I v is
determined at the height where the movement of the structure is at its maximum.

Page 5 of 10
EN 1991-1-4 DK NA, 2007-11-12, 2nd edition
Overview of possible national choices
The list below identifies the clauses where national choices are possible and the applicable/not
applicable informative annexes.

Furthermore, this National Annex refers to additional (non-conflicting) information that may be of
assistance to the user of the Eurocode.

Clause Subject Comment

1.1 (11) NOTE 1 Additional design rules No additional design rules
1.5 (2) Design assisted by testing and No additional guidance
measurements
4.1 (1) National climatic information Not relevant
4.2 (1)P NOTE 2 Fundamental value of the basic See below
wind velocity
4.2 (2)P NOTES Directional factor, seasonal See below
1, 2, 3 and 5 factor and modified basic wind The modified basic wind velocity is not
velocity changed.
4.3.1 (1) NOTES Terrain orography and mean No additional design rules
1 and 2 wind velocity
4.3.2 (1) Roughness factor The recommended procedure should be
used
4.3.2 (2) Determination of terrain The recommended procedure should be
roughness used
4.3.3 (1) Determination of terrain The recommended procedure should be
orography used
4.3.4 (1) Effect of neighbouring The recommended procedure should be
structures used
4.3.5 (1) Effect of closely spaced The recommended procedure should be
buildings used
4.4 (1) NOTE 2 Turbulence intensity The recommended procedure should be
used
4.5 (1) NOTES 1 Characteristic peak velocity The recommended procedure and value
and 2 pressure and air density should be used
5.3 (5) Lack of correlation The effect of the lack of correlation of
wind pressures between the windward and
leeward sides may be taken into account
when determining the wind force.

6.1 (1) Structural factor No additional guidance

6.3.1 (1) NOTE Procedure for determining the The procedure given in Annex C should
3 dynamic response be used
6.3.2 (1) Determination of The procedure given in Annex C should

Page 6 of 10
EN 1991-1-4 DK NA, 2007-11-12, 2nd edition
 displacements and
accelerations
7.1.2 (2) Asymmetry and torsional
effects
7.1.3 (1) Effects of ice and snow
7.2.1 (1) NOTE Force coefficients for loaded
2 areas between 1 m² and 10 m²
7.2.2 (1) Reference heights
7.2.2 (2) NOTE Force coefficient for walls
1
7.2.8 (1) Force coefficients for
cylindrical roofs
7.2.9 (2) Openings in the building
envelope
7.2.10 (3) NOTE Force coefficients for walls or
2 roofs with more than one skin
First bullet
7.4.1 (1) Force coefficient for free-
standing walls
7.4.3 (2) Horizontal eccentricity for
signboards
7.6 (1) NOTE 1 Effects of rounded corners
7.7 (1) NOTE 1 Force coefficients for prisms
with sharp edged sections
7.8 (1) Force coefficients for prisms
with regular polygonal section
(m>4)
7.9.3 Force coefficients for vertical
cylinders in a row arrangement
7.10 (1) NOTE 1 Force coefficients for spheres
7.11 (1) NOTE 2 Reduction factors for
scaffolding
7.13 (1) Reduction factors for free-end
flow for cylinders or prisms
7.13 (2) Slenderness and reduction
factors
8.1 (1) NOTES 1 Wind actions on bridges
and 2
8.1 (4) Substitute value for the
fundamental value of the basic
wind velocity
8.1 (5) Substitute value for the
fundamental value of the basic
Page 7 of 10
be used
The recommended procedure should be
used
No additional guidance
The recommended procedure should be
used
The recommended procedure should be
used
The recommended values should be used
The recommended values should be used
No additional guidance
For zones denoted "A" in Figure 7.5, the
force coefficient stated for the permeable
outer skin may underestimate the wind
force. This wind force is not
underestimated if the force coefficient is
taken as -0,9.
The recommended values should be used
The recommended value should be used
The recommended values should be used
The recommended value should be used
The recommended values should be used
Table 7.14 may underestimate the wind
force for a/b < 2,5
The recommended values should be used
No additional values
The recommended values should be used
The recommended values should be used
Not relevant for building structures
Not relevant for building structures
Not relevant for building structures
EN 1991-1-4 DK NA, 2007-11-12, 2nd edition
 wind velocity
8.2 (1) NOTE 1 Dynamic response procedure Not relevant for building structures
for bridges
8.3 (1) Force coefficients for wind Not relevant for building structures
force on parapets etc. on
bridges
8.3.1 (2) Reduction factor for wind force Not relevant for building structures
on bridges
8.3.2 (1) Force coefficient for wind Not relevant for building structures
force on bridges
8.3.3 (1) NOTE Force coefficient for wind Not relevant for building structures
1 force on bridges
8.3.4 (1) Force coefficient for wind Not relevant for building structures
force on bridges
8.4.2 (1) NOTES Wind effects on piers Not relevant for building structures
1 and 2
A.2 (1) Inhomogeneous terrain Procedure 1 should be used
E.1.3.3 (1) Air density The recommended value should be used
E.1.5.1 (1) Choice between procedures 1 Procedure 2 should be used
NOTES 1 and 2 and 2
E.1.5.1 (3) Choice between procedures 1 Procedure 2 should be used
and 2
E.1.5.2.6 (1) Number of load cycles See below
NOTE 1
E.1.5.3 (2) Air density The recommended value should be used
NOTE 1
E.1.5.3 (4) Influence of turbulence See below
intensity
E.1.5.3 (6) Peak factor The recommended value should be used
E.3 (2) Stability parameter No additional values

Page 8 of 10
EN 1991-1-4 DK NA, 2007-11-12, 2nd edition
Additional (non-conflicting) information
Troen, I.; Petersen, B. & Lundtang, E., 1989, Europæisk Wind Atlas, Risø, Roskilde.

Page 9 of 10
EN 1991-1-4 DK NA, 2007-11-12, 2nd edition
 Bibliography
List of all National Annexes

EN 1990 DK NA:2007 National Annex to Eurocode 0 – Basis of structural design

EN 1991-1-1 DK NA:2007 National Annex to Eurocode 1: Actions on structures – Part 1-1: General actions – Densities, self-
weight, imposed loads for buildings
EN 1991-1-2 DK NA:2007 National Annex to Eurocode 1: Actions on structures – Part 1-2: General actions – Actions on
structures exposed to fire
EN 1991-1-3 DK NA:2007 National Annex to Eurocode 1: Actions on structures – Part 1-3: General actions – Snow loads
EN 1991-1-4 DK NA:2007 National Annex to Eurocode 1: Actions on structures – Part 1-4: General actions – Wind actions
EN 1991-1-5 DK NA:2007 National Annex to Eurocode 1: Actions on structures – Part 1-5: General actions – Thermal actions
EN 1991-1-6 DK NA:2007 National Annex to Eurocode 1: Actions on structures – Part 1-6: General actions – Actions during
execution
EN 1991-1-7 DK NA:2007 National Annex to Eurocode 1: Actions on structures – Part 1-7: General actions – Accidental actions
EN 1992-1-1 DK NA:2007 National Annex to Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures - Part 1-1: General rules and rules for
buildings
EN 1992-1-2 DK NA:2007 National Annex to Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures - Part 1-2: General rules – Structural fire
design
EN 1993-1-1 DK NA:2007 National Annex to Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures - Part 1-1: General rules and rules for
buildings
EN 1993-1-2 DK NA:2007 National Annex to Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures - Part 1-2: General rules – Structural fire
design
EN 1993-1-3 DK NA:2007 National Annex to Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures - Part 1-3: General rules - Supplementary
rules for cold-formed members and sheeting
EN 1993-1-4 DK NA:2007 National Annex to Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures - Part 1-4: General rules - Supplementary
rules for stainless steels
EN 1993-1-5 DK NA:2007 National Annex to Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures - Part 1-5: Plated structural elements
EN 1993-1-6 DK NA:2007 National Annex to Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures - Part 1-6: Strength and stability of shell
structures
EN 1993-1-7 DK NA:2007 National Annex to Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures - Part 1-7: Plated structures subject to out of
plane loading
EN 1993-1-8 DK NA:2007 National Annex to Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures - Part 1-8: Joints
EN 1993-1-9 DK NA:2007 National Annex to Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures – Part 1-9: Fatigue
EN 1993-1-10 DK NA:2007 National Annex to Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures - Part 1-10: Material toughness and through-
thickness properties
EN 1994-1-1 DK NA:2007 National Annex to Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and concrete structures - Part 1-1: General
rules and rules for buildings
EN 1994-1-2 DK NA:2007 National Annex to Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and concrete structures - Part 1-2: General
rules – Structural fire design
EN 1995-1-1 DK NA:2007 National Annex to Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures - Part 1-1: General - Common rules and
rules for buildings
EN 1995-1-2 DK NA:2007 National Annex to Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures - Part 1-2: General – Structural fire design
EN 1996-1-1 DK NA:2007 National Annex to Eurocode 6: Design of masonry structures - Part 1-1: General rules for reinforced
and unreinforced masonry structures
EN 1996-1-2 DK NA:2007 National Annex to Eurocode 6: Design of masonry structures - Part 1-2: General rules – Structural fire
design
EN 1996-2 DK NA:2007 National Annex to Eurocode 6: Design of masonry structures - Part 2: Design considerations,
selection of materials and execution of masonry
EN 1997-1 DK NA:2007 National Annex to Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design - Part 1: General rules
EN 1999-1-1 DK NA:2007 National Annex to Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium structures - Part 1-1: General rules
EN 1999-1-2 DK NA:2007 National Annex to Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium structures – Part 1-2: Structural fire design
EN 1999-1-3 DK NA:2007 National Annex to Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium structures – Part 1-3: Fatigue

Page 10 of 10
EN 1991-1-4 DK NA, 2007-11-12, 2nd edition