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Principles of
the WCDMA System
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Transmitted
signal
Strength of the
received signal
Time
Received data
0
-5
-10
-15
dB
-20
-25
-30
-35
-40
-40
-60
Distance (m)
10 20 30
P(f) P(f)
Fading
Narrowband
Narrowband
System
System
f f
Transmit Signal Received Signal
P(f) P(f)
Fading
Broadband
Broadband
System
System f f
Transmit Signal Received Signal
Static channel
Power
Traffic channels: different time slots
cy are allocated to different users, for
en
Tim qu example, DAMPS and GSM
FDMA e Fre
Us
e
Us ser r
U
Power Us er
Us er Traffic channels: different frequency bands
er cy are allocated to different users,for example,
n
T im que
e Fr
e AMPS and TACS
Bit (bps): the data that is obtained upon source coding and contains
information.
Symbol (sps): the data obtained upon channel coding and interleaving.
Chip (cps): the data obtained upon final spreading.
− The spreading rate of WCDMA is: 3.84 Mcps
Processing gain
It refers to the ratio of the final spreading rate to the bit rate (cps/bps).
In the WCDMA system, the processing gain depends on the specific
service.
Channel RF
Source
coding and Spreading Scrambling Modulation transmission
coding
interleaving
Radio link
Channel
Source deinterleaving RF
decoding and De-spreading De-scrambling Demodulation
decoding reception
de-interleaving
Channel
Source RF
Interleaving
coding and Spreading Scrambling Modulation
coding transmission
interleaving
Channel
Source RF
Interleaving
coding Spreading Scrambling Modulation
coding transmission
interleaving
11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 ...
... ...
... 452
452 453
453 454
454 ……
……
Ist interleaving B0 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
. . . . . . . .
.... . . . . . . . .
....
. . . . . . . .
449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456
2nd interleaving
{A4,B0}
{A4,B0} {A5,B1}
{A5,B1} {A6,B2}
{A6,B2} {A7,B3}
{A7,B3} {B4,C0}
{B4,C0} {B5,C1}
{B5,C1} {B6,C2}
{B6,C2} {B7,C3}
{B7,C3}
Channel RF
Source Interleaving Scrambling
coding and Spreading Modulation transmission
coding
interleaving
+ UE2xc2:
UE1xc1+ 0 -2 0 -2 0 +2 0 +2
×c1+
UE1× + UE2×
×c2:
: 0 -2 0 -2 0 +2 0 +2
UE1 de-spreading with c1: +1 -1 +1 -1 +1 -1 +1 -1
De-spreading result: 0 +2 0 +2 0 -2 0 -2
Integral: +4 -4
Decision: +4/4 = +1 -4/4 = -1
Cch,1,0 = (1)
Cch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1)
Cch,2,1 = (1,-1)
Cch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1)
SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4
Since all the users use orthogonal code, where does the self
interference come from?
Comes from the code error during the transfer.
If there are some code error on one user’s information, it
misses some orthogonal to others. Then interference comes.
c1: +1 -1 +1 +1 +1 -1 +1 -1
Result: 2 +2 0 +2 0 -2 0 -2
Integral: +6 -4
Decision: +6/4 = 1.5 -4/4=-1
C2 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1
Result: 2 -2 0 -2 0 +2 0 +2
Integral: -2 +4
Decision: -2/4=-0.5 +4/4=1
Channel
Source RF
Interleaving
coding and Spreading Scrambling Modulation
coding transmission
interleaving
Chips after
spreading
Symbols 3.84Mcps and
xx sps 3.84M
scrambling
a2Tbit = Ebit
Demodulation
Allowed maximum interference threshold
level of the system
Interference
signals from other
users
Echip
f
Broadband signal P (f)
f
Narrowband signal
f
Noise
Separation of
signals and noise
P (f)
Signal
combination Noise + broadband signal
P (f)
f
Spreading code f
Correlator 1
The
Correlator 2 Combiner combined
signal
Receive set
Correlator 3
t t
RAKE receiver help to overcome on the multi-path fading and enhance the receive
performance of the system