01 WCDMA Principles

Internal
Principles of
the WCDMA System
www.huawei.com
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential

Preface
Now, the most popular term in the mobile

communication field is WCDMA!
What is WCDMA? And what is its benefit?
Today, let’s go to know about WCDMA!
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Objectives
After studying this course, you should be able to:
Know the basic knowledge of the CDMA system.

Master advantages of the CDMA technology
comparing with other multiple access technologies.
Know technical features of WCDMA FDD.

Contents
Chapter 1 WCDMA Principle
Chapter 2 Technical Features of WCDMA

FDD

Overview of CDMA Principles
Radio Propagation Environment
Multiple Access Technology and

Duplex Technology
CDMA Principles and Rake Receiver

Multipath Environment
Transmitted
signal
Strength of the
received signal
Time

Fading
Transmitted data
Received data
0
-5
-10
-15
dB
-20
-25
-30
-35
-40

Fading
Rx power (dBm)
-20 Fast fading

Slow fading
-40
-60
Distance (m)
10 20 30

Frequency-Selective Fading
P(f) P(f)
Fading
Narrowband
Narrowband
System
System
f f
Transmit Signal Received Signal
P(f) P(f)
Fading
Broadband
Broadband
System
System f f
Transmit Signal Received Signal

Classification of Typical Radio Mobile Channels
Static channel
Pedestrian channel in typical urban areas (TU3)
Vehicle mounted channel in typical urban areas (TU30)
Vehicle mounted channel in rural areas (RA50)
Vehicle mounted channel on the highway (HT120)

Overview of CDMA Principles

Duplex Technology

Duplex Technology (Distinguish UL and DL for one User) –
FDD
Frequency division duplex (FDD) : Distinguish the uplink and

downlink according to the frequencies.
Adopted by the WCDMA, CDMA2000 and GSM
Advantage: It can be easily implemented.
Disadvantage: The spectrum utilization is low when the uplink and
downlink services (mainly the data services) are asymmetrical.

Duplex Technology (Distinguish UL and DL for one User) –
TDD
Time Division Duplex (TDD) : Distinguish the uplink and downlink
according to the timeslots.
Adopted by the TD-SCDMA
Advantage: The uplink and downlink can be allocated with different numbers
of timeslots when the uplink and downlink services are asymmetrical.
Therefore, the spectrum utilization is high.
Disadvantage:
− It cannot be easily implemented and needs precise synchronization. In the CDMA
system, GPS synchronization is needed.
− When it is used with the CDMA technology, it is difficult to control interference
between the uplink and the downlink.

Multiple Access Technology - Distinguish
Different Users
CDMA
Traffic channels: different
users are assigned unique
code and transmitted over
Power
the same frequency band,
for example, WCDMA and
Time nc y
Freque CDMA2000
TDMA
Power
Traffic channels: different time slots
cy are allocated to different users, for
en
Tim qu example, DAMPS and GSM
FDMA e Fre
Us
e
Us ser r
U
Power Us er
Us er Traffic channels: different frequency bands
er cy are allocated to different users,for example,
n
T im que
e Fr
e AMPS and TACS

Characteristics of CDMA System
High Spectral Efficiency
Frequency multiplex coefficient is 1.
Soft capacity
Quality
Coverage
Interference
Self-interference system
A UE transmission power is interference for another UE.
Wideband system

Overview of WCDMA Principles

Duplex Technology

Questions
Why does the WCDMA system have enhanced anti-

interference performance?
Why is the WCDMA system more secure?
Why are the WCDMA handsets more environment protective?

Common Terms
Bit, symbol and chip
Bit (bps): the data that is obtained upon source coding and contains
information.
Symbol (sps): the data obtained upon channel coding and interleaving.
Chip (cps): the data obtained upon final spreading.
− The spreading rate of WCDMA is: 3.84 Mcps
Processing gain
It refers to the ratio of the final spreading rate to the bit rate (cps/bps).
In the WCDMA system, the processing gain depends on the specific
service.

Spreading Factor and Service Rate
Chip rate = symbol rate × spreading factor
For WCDMA, if the chip rate is 3.84 MHz and the spreading factor is 4, the
symbol rate is 960 Kbps.
For CDMA2000-1x, if the chip rate is 1.2288 MHz and the spreading factor is
64, the symbol rate is 19.2 Kbps.
Symbol rate = (service rate + check code) × channel code

×repetition or punching rate
For WCDMA, if the service rate is 384 Kbps and the channel code is 1/3
Turbo, the symbol rate is 960 Kbps.
For CDMA2000-1x, if the service rate is 9.6 Kbps and the channel code is
1/3 convolutional code, the symbol rate is 19.2 Kbps.

Basic Diagram of the WCDMA System
Channel RF
Source
coding and Spreading Scrambling Modulation transmission
coding
interleaving
Radio link
Channel
Source deinterleaving RF
decoding and De-spreading De-scrambling Demodulation
decoding reception
de-interleaving

Source Coding in WCDMA
The WCDMA system adopts the adaptive multi-rate (AMR) speech coding.
A total of eight coding modes are available. The coding rate ranges from 12.2
Kbps to 4.75 Kbps.
Multiple voice rates are compatible with the coding modes used by current
mainstream mobile communication systems. This facilitates the design of multi-
mode terminals.
The system automatically adjusts the voice rate according to the distance
between the user and the NodeB, thus reducing the number of handovers and
call drop.
The system automatically decreases the voice rate of some users according to
the cell load, thus saving power and containing more users.
Channel
Source RF
Interleaving
coding and Spreading Scrambling Modulation
coding transmission
interleaving

Channel Coding in WCDMA
Channel coding can enhance symbol correlation to recover
signals in the case of interference.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Code type
Voice service: Convolutional code (1/2 and 1/3).
Data service: Turbo code (1/3).
Channel
Source RF
Interleaving
coding Spreading Scrambling Modulation
coding transmission
interleaving

Interleaving
Interleaving is used to damage symbol correlation and reduce the impact
caused by fast fading and interference of the channel.
11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 ...
... ...
... 452
452 453
453 454
454 ……
……
Ist interleaving B0 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
. . . . . . . .
.... . . . . . . . .
....
. . . . . . . .
449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456
2nd interleaving
{A4,B0}
{A4,B0} {A5,B1}
{A5,B1} {A6,B2}
{A6,B2} {A7,B3}
{A7,B3} {B4,C0}
{B4,C0} {B5,C1}
{B5,C1} {B6,C2}
{B6,C2} {B7,C3}
{B7,C3}

Spreading Principle
Users who need to send information: UE1, UE2 and UE3

UE1 uses c1 for spreading: UE1 x c1
c1, c2 and c3 are orthogonal to each other
Information sent: UE1 x c1 + UE2 x c2 + UE3 x c3
Channel RF
Source Interleaving Scrambling
coding and Spreading Modulation transmission
coding
interleaving

De-spreading Principle
UE1 uses c1 for de-spreading.

(UE1 x c1 + UE2 x c2 + UE3 x c3) x c1
= UE1 x (c1 x c1) + UE2 x (c2 x c1) + UE3 x (c3 x c1)
= UE1 x 1 + UE2 x 0 + UE3 x 0
= UE1
In the same way, UE2 uses c2 for de-spreading and UE3

uses c3 for de-spreading to get their own signals.

Spreading Principle
____________
UE1: +1 -1 1
_____________
UE2: -1 +1
c1: +1 -1 +1 -1 +1 -1 +1 -1
c2: +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1
UE1xc1: +1 -1 +1 -1 -1 +1 -1 +1
UE2xc2: -1 -1 -1 -1 +1 +1 +1 +1
＋ UE2xc2:
UE1xc1＋ 0 -2 0 -2 0 +2 0 +2

De-spreading Principle
×c1＋
UE1× ＋ UE2×
×c2：
： 0 -2 0 -2 0 +2 0 +2
UE1 de-spreading with c1: +1 -1 +1 -1 +1 -1 +1 -1
De-spreading result: 0 +2 0 +2 0 -2 0 -2
Integral: +4 -4
Decision: +4/4 = +1 -4/4 = -1
UE2 de-spreading with c2: +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1

De-spreading result: 0 -2 0 -2 0 +2 0 +2
Integral: -4 +4
Decision : -4/4 = -1 +4/4 = +1
Question: How to generate those orthogonal codes like c1 and c2?

OVSF & Walsh
Cch,4,0 =(1,1,1,1)
Cch,2,0 = (1,1)
Cch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1)
Cch,1,0 = (1)
Cch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1)
Cch,2,1 = (1,-1)
Cch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1)
SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4
OVSF codes (Walsh) are completely orthogonal

and their mutual correlation is zero.

Why CDMA system is a self interference system?
Since all the users use orthogonal code, where does the self
interference come from?
Comes from the code error during the transfer.
If there are some code error on one user’s information, it
misses some orthogonal to others. Then interference comes.

Sample of code error
：
UE1xc1 + UE2xc2： 0 -2 0 -2 0 +2 0 +2
： 2 -2 0 -2
UE1xc1 + UE2xc2 error： 1 +2 0 +2
c1: +1 -1 +1 +1 +1 -1 +1 -1
Result: 2 +2 0 +2 0 -2 0 -2
Integral: +6 -4
Decision: +6/4 = 1.5 -4/4=-1
C2 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1
Result: 2 -2 0 -2 0 +2 0 +2
Integral: -2 +4
Decision: -2/4=-0.5 +4/4=1

Scrambling in the WCDMA System
Downlink: Different cells have different downlink scrambling codes.
Each cell is configured with a unique downlink scramble. The UE
identifies a cell based on the scramble.
The OVSF code is used to distinguish different users in a cell.
Uplink: Scrambles are used to distinguish different users.

In one cell, each user is configured with a unique uplink scrambling
code.
The OVSF code is used to distinguish the services of a user.
Channel
Source RF
Interleaving
coding and Spreading Scrambling Modulation
coding transmission
interleaving

Spreading and Scrambling
Chips after
spreading
Symbols 3.84Mcps and
xx sps 3.84M
scrambling
OVSF code Scrambling

code
3.84Mcps

Code Generation Technologies in CDMA
Random sequence (Bernoulli sequence)
It consists of 0’s and 1’s only, with the number of 0’s equal to that of 1’s.
The probability of continuous 1 or 0 is as follows: 1/2 for one continuous 0 or 1, 1/4
for two continuous 0 or 1, 1/8 for three continuous 0 or 1….
One half of the shift sequence is the same as the original sequence and the other
half is different.
m sequence - scrambling code used in the CDMA2000 system

It is generated by the shift register.
As the longest linear shift register sequence, its period is 2n-1, where “n” stands for
the length of the shift register.
When the delay is 0, the self-correlation function has a maximum value. In other
cases, the function value is always -1.
It meets the Bernoulli sequence.
Its disadvantages are: Only one sequence is available and different users are
distinguished by different phases. So it has a high requirement for synchronization.

Gold Sequence — Scrambling Code in the
WCDMA System
Gold sequence
It consists of two preferred m sequences on the Exclusive-OR
basis.
Its self-correlation function has multiple values, which is worse

than the m sequence.
It exceeds the m sequence in quantity.
The Gold sequence is used to distinguish the cells and users

in the WCDMA system owing to its good self correlation.
Good self correlation determines the Gold sequences can be
used to distinguish users, thus the multiple access function is
realized.

Advantages and Disadvantages of the
Gold Sequence
Advantages: The Gold sequence needs no GPS synchronization

and features high system flexibility and security.
The NodeB can work in asynchronous mode.
It is easy to realize indoor coverage.
Disadvantages: The Gold sequence has greater inter-code

interference than the m sequence.

Spreading/De-spreading Principle — Explanations
for Frequency Domain
Eb / No = Ec / Io × gain
Power spectrum
a2Tbit = Ebit
Demodulation
Allowed maximum interference threshold
level of the system
Gain Power that all the

users can share
Interference
signals from other
users
Echip

Spectrum Change in CDMA
Spreading code P(f)

P(f)
f
Broadband signal P (f)
f
Narrowband signal
f
Noise
Separation of
signals and noise
P (f)
Signal
combination Noise + broadband signal
P (f)
f
Spreading code f
The CDMA broadband spreading technology

effectively avoids frequency-selective fading of radio channels.

Rake Receiver
Correlator 1
The
Correlator 2 Combiner combined
signal
Receive set
Correlator 3
Searcher correlator Calculate the

time delay and
signal strength
s(t) s(t)
t t
RAKE receiver help to overcome on the multi-path fading and enhance the receive
performance of the system

Summary - Advantages of CDMA
RAKE receiver is adopted
The time diversity effect generated by channel
coherence time is efficiently used.
Frequency diversity
Wideband frequency spectrum
Higher interference tolerance and security performance
Low signal transmission power
Great flexibility in carrying multiple services with largely
different bit rate and QoS requirement.
Different spreading factors for different services with
different data rates
High spectral efficiency
All users can share the same frequency spectrum
simultaneously.
Supporting soft handover and softer handover.

Contents
Chapter 1 WCDMA Principle
Chapter 2 Technical Features of WCDMA

FDD

Characteristics of WCDMA FDD
Channel bandwidth: 5MHz
Chip rate: 3.84Mcps
Frame length: 10ms
Voice coding: AMR (Adaptive Multi-Rate)
Uplink and downlink modulation: QPSK/QPSK
Coherence demodulation aided with pilot
Fast closed loop power control: 1500Hz
Handover: soft/hard handover
Support synchronous and asynchronous NodeB

operation

Characteristics of WCDMA FDD
Satisfy the minimum performance requirement of IMT2000
Compatible with GSM-MAP core network
Comparatively steady version R99 has been released
Support open loop and closed loop transmit diversity mode
Support Common Packet Channel(CPCH) and Downlink
Share Channel, adapt to Internet data access mode
Support different fast power control algorithms and open
loop, out loop power control
Fully support UE locating services

Differences Between the WCDMA and GSM on
the Air Interface
WCDMA GSM
Carrier spacing 5 MHz 200 KHz
Frequency reuse coefficient 1 1-18
Power control frequency 1500 Hz 2 Hz or lower
Through network planning

QoS control Through the RRM algorithm
(frequency planning)
The 3.84 MHz bandwidth enables
Frequency diversity the air interface to use the rake Frequency hopping
receiver for multipath diversity.
Timeslot-based scheduling
Packet data Load-based packet scheduling
in GPRS
Supported by the protocol to Not supported by the
Downlink transmit diversity
improve downlink capacity standard but can be applied.

Conclusion
This course describes the WCDMA system.
This course first describes some key technologies. Then,
describes the basic principles of CDMA and the WCDMA
FDD mode.
After studying this course, we can have a preliminary
understanding of WCDMA, thus laying a good foundation for
subsequent study.

Thank You !
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HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential

Now, the most popular term in the mobile

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 2

After studying this course, you should be able to:

Know the basic knowledge of the CDMA system.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 3

Chapter 1 WCDMA Principle

Chapter 2 Technical Features of WCDMA

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 4

Radio Propagation Environment

Multiple Access Technology and

CDMA Principles and Rake Receiver

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-20 Fast fading

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Pedestrian channel in typical urban areas (TU3)

Vehicle mounted channel in typical urban areas (TU30)

Vehicle mounted channel in rural areas (RA50)

Vehicle mounted channel on the highway (HT120)

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Radio Propagation Environment

Multiple Access Technology and

CDMA Principles and Rake Receiver

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Frequency division duplex (FDD) : Distinguish the uplink and

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Radio Propagation Environment

Multiple Access Technology and

CDMA Principles and Rake Receiver

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Why does the WCDMA system have enhanced anti-

Why is the WCDMA system more secure?

Why are the WCDMA handsets more environment protective?

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Symbol rate = (service rate + check code) × channel code

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Users who need to send information: UE1, UE2 and UE3

Information sent: UE1 x c1 + UE2 x c2 + UE3 x c3

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UE1 uses c1 for de-spreading.

In the same way, UE2 uses c2 for de-spreading and UE3

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UE2 de-spreading with c2: +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1

Question: How to generate those orthogonal codes like c1 and c2?

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OVSF codes (Walsh) are completely orthogonal

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Uplink: Scrambles are used to distinguish different users.