ICE 1332/0715 Mobile

Computing (Summer, 2008)

Mobile Communications
Prof. Chansu Yu

http://academic.csuohio.edu/yuc/
c.yu91@csuohio.edu

Simplified Reference Model

Mobile Terminals Base Station Conventional
Radio Server
Transceiver
Interworking Unit
P Application Application
r
o
t Transport Transport Mobile TCP
o
c Network Network Network Network Mobile IP
o
l
Data Link Data Link Data Link Data Link
S CDMA,…
t Physical Physical Physical Physical
a
c
k
Radio Link Fixed Link
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Signals

physical representation of data

function of time and location

classification

continuous time/discrete time

continuous values/discrete values

analog signal = continuous time and continuous values

digital signal = discrete time and discrete values

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Fourier representation of periodic

signals

∑ ∑
∞ ∞
1
g (t ) = c + an sin( 2πnft ) + bn cos( 2πnft )
2 n =1 n =1
1 1

0 0
t t
ideal periodic signal real composition
(based on harmonics)

• Digital signals (sequence of 0 & 1) need:

• infinite frequencies for perfect transmission
• modulation with a carrier signal for transmission
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Signal Propagation: Fading

Strength of the signal decreases with distance

between transmitter and receiver: path loss
 Usually assumed inversely proportional to distance
to the power of 2.5 to 5

Slow fading (shadowing) is caused by large
obstructions between transmitter and receiver

Fast fading is caused by scatterers in the
vicinity of the transmitter

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Signal Propagation: Fading

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Transmitting Radio Signals

Free space model
10m 100
20m 25

No matter exists between the sender
and the receiver

Signal power is attenuated as 1/d2
100m 1

Ground reflection model

Signal power is attenuated as 1/d4

In short distance, free space model
applies

Reference distance 200m 0.06

100 meters for outdoor low-gain

antennas 1.5 meters above the ground
place operating in 1-2GHZ band Longer radio range requires
much stronger power !!!
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Receiving Radio Signals
 The power level of a received packet is compared to two values
Regarded as a valid
packet and passed
up to the MAC layer
Receive
threshold
Regarded as packet
in error
Carrier
Sense
threshold Discarded as a noise

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“On Aggression” (1971)

In the woods,
Aggressive - A lion considers safer,
attack - In other words, the Escape
Critical
distance becomes shorter
Distance
Escape

Escape
Distance
Ignore

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“On Aggression” (1971)

In the woods,
Aggressive - A lion considers safer,
attack - In other words, the Escape
Critical
distance becomes shorter
Distance
Escape - A hunter approaches closer
Escape than possible
Distance - The lion all of a sudden finds
him within the Critical distance
- And it…
it…
Ignore

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Receive Threshold

A to S is successful because the
received signal is stronger than
the Rx threshold

A to F fails because the received
signal is weaker than the Rx
threshold
 PA→S > RxThreshold = -82 dBm
A  Receive distance (238m)
Signal Strength

F
S

Rx Threshold

distance
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 dB (relative measure)
$ 100B
dB = 10 log (times)
1011

10,000 times 10,000 * 1,000 times

= 10,000,000 times
40 dB
Net
worth
40 dB + 30 dB
= 70dB

107 $ 10M
1,000 times
30 dB
$ 10K
104
Bill Steve Grad
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Path loss in dB
10 W P1
dB = 10 log (----)
101 P2

Power

Path loss from source to d2 = 70dB

10-3 1 mW

10,000 times 1,000 times

40 dB 30 dB 1 µW
10-6
source d1 d2
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dBm ( absolute measure of power)
10 W = 40 dBm P1
dBm = 10 log (-------)
101 1mW

+ 10,000 times
Power

10-3 1 mW = 0 dBm

- 1,000 times
1 µW = -30 dBm
10-6
source d1 d2
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Let’s Do the Math

In the 915 MHz WaveLAN radio hardware

(free)

Transmit power (Pt) = 24.5 dBm = ??? Watts

Receive sensitivity = -64.5 dBm = ??? Watts

Receiving distance (Pr > Rth) = ??? m

Pr (d) = Pt*GtGrht2hr2/(4π)2Ld2

Gt=Gr=1, L=1, λ = 3x108/915x106 = 0.328

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Let’s Do the Math

 In the 915 MHz WaveLAN radio hardware (two-ray)

Transmit power (Pt) = 24.5 dBm = ??? Watts

Receive sensitivity (Rth) = -64.5 dBm = ??? Watts

Receiving distance (Pr > Rth) = ??? m

Pr (d) = Pt*GtGrλ2/Ld4

Gt=Gr=1, ht=hr=1.5, L=1

Carrier sense sensitivity (Cth)= -78dBm = ??? Watts

Carrier sense distance (Pr > Cth) = ??? m

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Signal Propagation: Others

 Receiving power additionally influenced by

shadowing reflection scattering diffraction

 Multipath propagation : Signal can take many different paths

between sender and receiver, which makes the correct comm. difficult

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Signal Propagation: Multipath
Tx

Rx

Effects of multipath
• Fading
• Varying doppler shifts on different multipath signals
• Time dispersion (causing inter symbol interference)

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Physical Impairments: Noise

 Unwanted signals added to the message signal

 May be due to signals generated by natural
phenomena such as lightning or man-made sources,
including transmitting and receiving equipment as
well as spark plugs in passing cars, wiring in
thermostats, etc.
 Sometimes modeled in the aggregate as a random
signal in which power is distributed uniformly across
all frequencies (white noise)
 Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) often used as a metric in
the assessment of channel quality
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Physical Impairments:
Interference

Signals generated by communications devices

operating at roughly the same frequencies
may interfere with one another

Example: IEEE 802.11b and Bluetooth devices,
microwave ovens, some cordless phones

CDMA systems (many of today’s mobile wireless
systems) are typically interference-constrained

Signal to interference and noise ratio (SINR)
is another metric used in assessment of
channel quality
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Capture/Carrier Sense Threshold

A to S is successful only when its
I neighbors do not cause
interference.

When I hears something, I waits
until the current communication
is completed.

A

Carrier sense threshold is used
for this purpose
Signal Strength

Rx Threshold

distance
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Capture/Carrier Sense Threshold

When A transmits, node I is not
I able to decode the packet but it
will sense the carrier and thus
will not make any interference.

A
Signal Strength

Rx Threshold
CS Threshold

distance
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Receiving Radio Signals

 The power level of a received packet is compared to two values
Regarded as a valid
packet and passed
up to the MAC layer
Receive
threshold
Regarded as packet
in error
Carrier
Sense
threshold Discarded as a noise

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 Determining Carrier Sense Threshold
J
A to S is strong enough to
I tolerate J s transmission (SIR)
’

A to S is NOT strong enough to

tolerate I s transmission
’

Node I needs to be covered in the

CS range but J needs not.
A

The corresponding SIR
requirement is called capture
Signal Strength

S threshold (10 dB)

Rx Threshold
CS Threshold

distance
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Determining Carrier Sense Threshold

J
A to S is strong enough to tolerate
I J s transmission (SIR)
’

(PA→S/PJ→S<10dB)

A to S is NOT strong enough to
tolerate I s tx (PA→S/PI→S>10dB)
’

Node I needs to be covered in the

CS range but J needs not.
A

The corresponding SIR
Signal Strength

S requirement is called capture

threshold (10 dB)
Rx Threshold
CS Threshold

distance
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 “signal
Receiving Radio Signals capturing”

 The power level of a received packet is compared to two values

Regarded as a valid
packet and passed If the receiver receives one signal
up to the MAC layer while receiving another (conflict),
Receive
threshold
- P(old)/P(new)>10dB,
P(old)/P(new)>10dB, can still
Regarded as packet receive the old one (new packet is
in error dropped)
Carrier
Sense
- Otherwise, it is a “collision”
collision” and
threshold Discarded as a noise both packets are dropped

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IEEE 802.11/a/b
Physical layer

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Direct Sequence Spread
Spectrum (DSSS)
11010111010100100001101010010011111010100100111

Spreading code
Information after spreading
11010111010100100001101010010011111010100100111
User data 00101000101011011110010101101100000101011011000
101
11010111010100100001101010010011111010100100111

Data signal is multiplied by a spreading code,

and resulting signal occupies a much higher
frequency band

Spreading code is a pseudo-random sequence
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DSSS Example

User Information
Data

Spreading
code

Spreaded
information

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Why Spread Spectrum?

 Spread spectrum signals are distributed over a wide

range of frequencies and then collected back at the
receiver

These wideband signals are noise-like and hence difficult to
detect or interfere with

 Initially adopted in military applications, for its

resistance to jamming and difficulty of interception

 More recently, adopted in commercial wireless

communications
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Spread Spectrum
 Problem of radio transmission: frequency dependent fading can
wipe out narrow band signals for duration of the interference
 Solution: spread the narrow band signal into a broad band signal
using a special code

power interference spread power signal

signal
spread
detection at interference
receiver

f f
protection against narrowband interference
 Side effects:

coexistence of several signals without dynamic coordination

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Cf. Unlicensed Radio Spectrum

λ 33cm 12cm 5cm

26 Mhz 83.5 Mhz 125 Mhz

902 Mhz 2.4 Ghz 5.725 Ghz

928 Mhz 2.4835 Ghz 5.785 Ghz

cordless phones 802.11 unused

baby monitors Bluetooth
Wireless LANs Microwave oven

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