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• Has the advantage that it can be raised from water which is available in
abundance it does not react much with the materials of the equipment of power
plant
• For a thermal power plant the range of pressure may vary from 10 kg/cm2 to
super critical pressures and the range of temperature may be from 250° to
650°C
• The average all India Plant load factor (P.L.F.) of thermal power plants in 1987-
88 has been worked out to be 56·4% which is the highest P.L.F. recorded by
thermal sector so far.
1.1 Steam Power Plant Equipment
• Heat produced due to burning of coal is utilized in converting water contained in boiler
2 drum into steam at suitable pressure and temperature
• The steam generated is passed through the superheater. Superheated steam then flows
3 through the turbine
• Steam leaving the turbine passes through the condenser which maintain the low pressure
5 of steam at the exhaust of turbine
• Steam pressure in the condenser depends upon flow rate and temperature of cooling water
•6 and on effectiveness of air removal equipment
• If sufficient quantity of water is not available the hot water coming out of the condenser
7 may be cooled in cooling towers and circulated again through the condenser.
• Bled steam taken from the turbine at suitable extraction
points is sent to low pressure and high pressure water
heaters.
8
Outdoor Weighing
Coal Covered In plant
delivery
Unloading Preparation Transfer
handling
& Furnace
Storage measuring
Storage
A. Coal Delivery:
The coal from supply points is delivered by ships , boats ,
trucks or railway to the power stations depending on the
geographical location
B. Unloading:
Unloading:
• If coal is delivered by trucks, the trucks may dump
the coal to the outdoor storage. Coal is easily
handled if the lift trucks with scoop are used
• In case the coal is brought by railway wagons, ships
or boats, the unloading may be done by car shakes,
rotary car dumpers, Cranes, grab buckets and coal
accelerators
• Rotary car dumpers although costly are quite
efficient for unloading closed wagons.
C. Preparation :
• When the coal delivered is in the form of big
lumps the preparation (sizing) of coal can be
achieved by crushers, breakers, sizers driers
and magnetic separators
D. Transfer:
• After preparation coal is transferred to the
dead storage by means of the following
1. Belt conveyors 2. Screw conveyors
3. Bucket elevators 4. Grab bucket elevators
5. Skip hoists 6. Flight conveyor
E. Storage of coal:
• It is desirable that sufficient quantity of coal should be stored
• Also when the prices are low, the coal can be purchased and stored
for future use
H. Dewatering of Coal:
• Excessive surface moisture of coal reduces the heating
value
• The coal should be dewatered to produce clean coal
• Cleaning of coal has the following advantages
(i) Improved heating value
(ii) Easier crushing and pulverizing
(iii) Improved boiler performance
(iv) Less ash to handle
(v) Easier handling
(vi) Reduced transportation cost
1.5 Smoke and Dust Removal
• In coal fed furnaces the products of combustion contain particles
of solid matter floating in suspension. This may be smoke or dust.
• Dust particles are mainly ash particles called fly ash intermixed
with some quantity of carbon ash material called cinders.
• Gas borne particles larger than 1µ in diameter are called dust and
when such particles become greater in size than 100 µ they are
called cinders.
• The removal of dust and cinders from the flue gas
is usually done by commercial dust collectors
which are installed between the boiler
• The air leaving the tips of backward curved blades possesses low
velocity
Inter deck
Over deck
Inter tube Inter bank
• Inter deck super-heaters are essentially convective
superheater
2. Thermal Treatment:
• It includes distillation and deaerative
heating of water
• By these processes dissolved gases of
water are removed
• A tray type deaerating heater is shown in fig.
• In this heater feed water after passing through
the vent condenser is sprayed upwards in the
spray pipe.
I. Water falls in the form of uniform showers over the heating trays and
air separating trays and finally gets collected in the storage space
II. Steam enters the heater through a nozzle fitted in the side of heater
shell
III. The entire space between the shell and tray compartment gets filled
with steam
IV. The steam makes its way downwards through the perforations in the
top plate of tray compartment
V. While flowing downward the steam comes in contact with the falling
water
VI. Most of the steam condenses in between the spray and· heating trays
VII. From the bottom of heating trays, the remaining steam and separated
gases such as oxygen etc. flow to the vent condenser
VIII. The steam used for heating may be the main turbine blade steam or
may be from other sources
IX. Storage tank with controls helps to add make up water when needed
to maintain the feed water flow
• Fig. shows a closed feed water heater in which steam
bled from steam turbine is used for heating the feed
water.
• This process is also called regenerative process and
increases the efficiency of the generation cycle.
3. Chemical Treatment
• It includes addition of some chemicals to cause
precipitation of impurities
• Classified in two categories, viz.
i. Internal Treatment
ii. External Treatment
Internal Treatment
• In this process the reagents are added to water present
in boiler