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':
I
APPLI
ED
VenTeChcur
Do/'dR.lrrlo'riment
LorryW.
Mqys
=t
-
it'nli
--=-5*-
-
a
il
CONTENT:
(
f
Preface
FartI HydrologicProcesses
1 Introduction
1.1 HydrologicCycle
1.2Systems
Concept
1.3HydrologicSystemModel
1.4HydrologicModelClassification
1.5 The Developmentof Hydrology
2 HydrologicProcesses
2.1ReynoldsTransportTheorem
2.2ContinuityE quations
2.3DiscreteTimeContinuity
2.4MomentumEquations
2.5OpenChannelFlow
2.6 ForousMediumFlow
2.7EnergyBalanc'e
2.8TiansportProcesses
3 AtmosphericWater
3.1 AtmosphericCirculation
3.2WaterVapor
3.3 Precipitation
3.4 Rainfall
3.5 Evaporation
3.6 Evapotranspiration
4SubsurfaceW ater
I
)t'
2l
.,
2t
2\
33(
4t.
1.
5-
5-
5(
6i
7i
8(
ol
99
CONTENTf
(
vi
ABourrHEAUTHoRS
B.S.(1970)andM.S.(|g7|)degreesfromtheUniversityofMissouriatRolla'
afterwhichheservedintheU.s.ArmystationedattheLawrenceLivermore
Laborator'vinCalifornia.Dr.Mayshas'beenveryactiveinresearchandteach.
ingu,,tt"UniversityofTexasintheareasofhydrology'
hydraulics'andwater
i"!ou.."systemsanalysis.
Inadditionhehasservedasa consultant
intheseareas
tovariousgo\rernmenr
ug"n"*,andindustriesincludingtheu.s.-Armycorpsof
Engineers,
theAttorney"G"n"tul''OfficeofTexas'theUnitedNations'NATO'
;#w;;
;;1,fiJiheGovernmentofTaiwan.Heisaregisteredengineer
insevenstatesandhasbeenactiveincommitteeswiththe
Americausocietyof
CivilEngineersandotherprofessional
organizations'
*
j1
â ¬
Part1
Preface
HydrologicProcesses
1 Introduction
1.1 HydrologicCycle
1.2 SystemsConcept
1.3HydrologicSystemModel
1.4HydrologicModelClassification
1.5 The DevelopmentofHydrology
2HydrologicProcesses
2.1 ReynoldsThansport
Theorem
2.2ContinuityEquations
2.3DiscreteTimeContinuity
2.4MomentumEquations
2.5OpenChannelFlow
2.6 ForousMediumFlow
2.7EnergyB alancb
2.8TfansportProcesses
3 AtmosphericWater
3.1AtmosphericCirculation
3.2WaterVapor
3.3 Precipitation
3.4Rainfall
3.5Evaporation
3.6 Evapotranspiration
4SubsurfaceWater
)t,
2l
z.
2r
L-
33(
41.
4.
5-
5-
5(
6r
7i
8(
9l
99
(
viii
APPLIED
HYDRoLoGY
4.3Green-AmPtMethod
4.4Fondingtime
5SurfaceWater
5.1SourcesofStreamflow
5.2StreamflowHYdrograPh
5.3ExcessRainfaliandDirectRunoff
5.4
Abstractionsusi4gInfiltrationEquations
5.5
SCSMethodfirAbstractions
5.6FlowDePthandVelocitY
5.'7TravelTime
5.8
StreamNetworks
6HydrologicMeasurement
6.1HydrologicMeasurementSequence
6.2
MeasurementofAtmosphericWater
6.3MeasurementofSurfaceWater
6.4MeasurementofSubsurfaceWater
6.5HydroiogicMeasurementSystems
6.6Measurementof PhysiographicCharacteristics
110
t1'7
127
127
135
140
147
155
164
r66
r75
L ' î l 6
t'l9
184
r92
192
198
hrt2HydrologicAnalYsis
7
7.1
7.2
t.J
'7.4
7.5
-1.6
7.7
'7.8
UnitHydrograph
GeneralHydrologicSYstemModel
ResponseFunctionsofLinearSystems
TheUnitHydrograPh
UnitHydrograPhDerivation
UnitHydrograPhAPPlication
UnitHydrographby MatrixCalculation
SyntheticUnitHYdrograPh
UnitHydrographsforDifferentRainfallDurations
201
202
204
213
2t6
2r8
221
LZ3
230
aAa
242
245
252
25'7
260
z ' î t 2
ztt
280
282
287
8LumpedFlowRouting
8.1 LumpedSYstemRouting
8.2LevelFrolRouting
8.3Runge-KuttaMethod
8.4HydrologicRiverRouting
8.5 LinearReservoirModel
9DistributedFlowRouting
9.I
Saint-VenantEquations
9.2
ClassificationofDistributedRoutingModels
9.3WaveMotion
g.4
AnalyticalSolutionoftheKinematicWave
/
\
9.5 Finite-DifferenceApproximations
9.6Numerical Solution of theKinematic Wave
9.7 Muskingum-CungeMethod
10 Dynamic WaveRouting
10.1 DynamicStage-Discharge
Relationships
10.2 Implicit DynamicWaveModel
10.3Finite DifferenceEquations
10.4 FiniteDifferenceSolution
10.5DWOPERModel
10.6Flood Routingin MeanderingRivers
10.'l Dam-BreakFloodRoutine
11 HydrologicStatistics
1.I
ProbabilisticTleatmentof HydrologicData
LZ
Frequencyand Probability Functions
1.3 Statistical Parameters
1.4 Fitting aProbabilityDistribution
1.5 Probability Distributionsfor HydrologicVariables
CONTENTS
IX
290
294
302
310
311
I
3r4
i.i
316
f
320
325
326
330
FrequencyAnalysis
Return hriod
ExtremeValue Distributions
Frequency AnalysisUsing FrequencyFactors
Probability Plotting
Water ResourcesCouncil Method
Reliability ofAnalysis
hrt 3 HydrologicDesign
t2
12.l
t2.2
I z.+
12.5
12.6
350
350
354
359
363
371
380
380
385
389
394
398
405
L3 HydrologicDesign
13.l Hydrologic DesignScale
13.2Selection ofthe DesignLevel
13.3First Order Analysis of Uncertainty
13.4Composite RiskAnalysis
13.5Risk Analysis of SafetyMarginsand SafetyFactors
t4 DesignStorms
l4.l
Design PrecipitationDepth
14.2 Intensity-Duration-FrequencyRelationships
14.3 Design Hyetographsfrom StormEvent Analysis
14.4 Design PrecipitationHyetographsfromIDFRelationships
14.5 EstimatedLimiting Storms
14.6Calculation of ProbableMaximumkecipitation
4r6
416
420
4)1
433
436
414
444
454
459
465
470
475
APPLIEDHYDROLOGY
T
!i.f
CHAPTER
1
INTRODUCTION
Wateris themost abundantsubstanceonearth,theprincipalconstituentofall
livingthings,and a majorforceconstantlyshapingthesurfaceoftheearth.Itis
alsoa key factorin air-conditioningtheearthfor
humanexistenceandininfluenc- ingtheprogressof
civilization.Hydrology,which treatsallphasesof theearth's water,is a
subjectofgreatimportanceforpeopleandtheirenvironment'Practical
applicationsof hydrologyarefoundinsuchtasksas thedesignandoperationof
hydraulicstructures,watersupply,wastewatertreatmentanddisposal,irrigation,
drainage,hydropowergeneration,
floodcontrol,navigation,erosionandsediment
control,salinitycontrol,pollutionabatement,recreational
use ofwater'andfish
and wildlifeprotection. The roleof appliedhydrologyistohelpanalyzethe
problemsinvolved inthesetasksandtoprovideguidanceforthepianningand
management
ofwaterresources.
The hydrosciencesdealwith thewatersofthe earth:theirdistributionand
circulation,theirphysicalandchemicalproperties,andtheirinteractionwith
the environment,includinginteractionwith livingthingsand,
inparticular,human beings.Hydrologymaybe consideredto encompassall
thehydrosciences,
or
definedmorestrictly asthe studyofthe hydrologiccycle,thatis, theendless
circulationofwaterbetweenthe earthandits atmosphere.
Hydrologicknowledge
is applied tothe use andcontrolofwaterresourcesontheland areasofthe
earth;
oceanwaters are thedomain ofoceanengineeringandthemarineSciences.
Changesin thedistribution,circulation,ortemperatureoftheearth'swaters
can havefar-reachingeffects;the iceages,forinstance,were
amanifestationof sucheffects.Changesmaybe
causedbyhumanactivities.Feopletillthe soil'
irrigatecrops,fertilizeland,clearforests,pumpgroundwater,builddams,dump
wastesinto rivers andlakes.anddomanvotherconstructiveor destructivethings

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