STUDY OF PALM EMPTY FRUIT BUNCHES PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY

AS SACCHARIDE SOURCE FOR FRIENDLY ENVIRONMENT

SURFACTANT

Joni Karman
Assessment Institute for Agricultural Technology in South Sumatera
Jl. Kol. H. Barlian Km 6, Palembang, 30153 Sumatera Selatan
Phone. (0711) 410155 Facs. (0711) 7411845
e-mail: bptp-sumsel@litbang.deptan.go.id / jkarman3@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Palm Empty Fruit Bunches (EFB) is the fibre source with abundance availability. Palm
EFB could be hydrolized become carbohydrate compounds, then become carbohydrate
based surfactant that having high market opportunity. The aim of this research is to get
the optimum condition of synthesis of surfactant from carbohydrate compounds as the
result of palm EFB hydrolisys and coconut oil methyl esther. Research executed in
Elementary Chemical Laboratory of Kopertis Wilayah X Padang from february till June
2008. The treatment consisted of two factor that are the time of transestherification (2,
4, and 6 hours) and the reaction temperature (80oC, 90oC and 100oC). Research
compiled factorially by using Complete Random Device, each treatment repeated three
times. Result of this research indicate that the mean yield of two stage hydrolisys
reaction of palm EFB is 56.33% monosaccharide without reduction sugar.
Transestherification palm EFB hidrolysate and coconut methyl esther till temperature
100oC and reaction time 6 hours react 61.76% monosaccharide in palm EFB. The
characteristic of surfactant without purification are surface tension 43.38 dyne/cm,
interfacial tension 12.30 dyne/cm, and emulsion stability 55.60%.
[Keywords: palm EFB, surfactant, carbohydrate, transestherification]

INTRODUCTION

Palm oil is one of the leading commodity of agricultural industry in Indonesia. In the

beginning, oil palm plantations only sought by large estates. Now it is sought by

smallholders, large country estates, and private estates. The products of palm oil

industry in Indonesia still dominated by Crude Palm Oil (CPO) and cooking oil. The

number off palm oil mill in Indonesia around 205 which about 86 percent of the mills

are out side off Java island. The production of fresh fruit bunches in 2004 is estimated

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to reach 53.8 million tons, and organic solid waste in the form of Empty Fruit Bunches

(EFB) amoounted to 12.4 million tons (Goenadi 2006).

EFB is a agricultural by product, usually used as fertilizer and mulch for plants

in palm oil plantation. Various studies have been done to increase the added value of

EFB, which is as raw material for pulp and paper (Guritno, et.al. 1995). The pulp from

EFB also has been studied to be made into celluloce acetate (Amin 2000). EFB can also

be fermented to produce acetone-buthanol-ethanol (Handago, et.al., 2000).

Mangunwidjaya, et.al. (1995) have been conducting research to design a mechanically

stirer bioreaktor for the fermentation of acetone-buthanol-ethanol from EFB

hydrolyzate, and determine the optimum conditions and kinetic parameters of the

conversion process into acetone-buthanl-ethanol. Sulhatun (2005) has conducted

research for utilizing EFB as a source of lignin. EFB is a lignocelluloce material that

can be used as a source of lignin, celluloce, or hemicelluloce, and can generate many

useful derivatives for the industry. Becouse of the avalaibility of sufficient abudance of

EFB every day, so that EFB has significant potential to overcome the shortage

lignocelluloce material that had been obtained from wood.

One of the innovation of technology that can be used for lignocelluloce material

is to turn it into saccharide and their derivatives. One of derivative that can be obtained

from saccharide is surfactant. The excess of carbohydrate based surfactant is its totally

biodegradable in a short time, do not threaten aquatic organisms, and can be produced

from renewable natural resources, such as glucose and vegetable oils. Carbohydrate

based surfactant is non irritating surfactant and has a broad used spectrum (Dubik 2006

and Estrine 2004). The world production of carbohydrate based surfactant only 200

thousand tons a year. While the market opportunities available to reach 5 million tons a

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year. The price of carbohydrate based surfactant that higher than ethylen oxide based

surfactant cause the low production of carbohydrate based surfactant (Estrine 2004).

To produce carbohydrate based surfactant with a lower price, then the

carbohydrate which is used as material for the surfactant can be produced from

agricultural by product. Estrine (2004) has conducted studies of carbohydrate based

surfactant syntesis by utilizing hemicellulose as a substitute for glucose. The

hemicellulose obtained fromrice straw and wheat bran by hydrolysis. These products

have the equal quality with the commercial surfactants that synthesized from glucose.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Research was conducted at the Laboratory of Basic Chemistry Kopertis Region

X Padang. Characterization of surfactant conducted at the Laboratory of Physical

Chemistry Faculty of Science ITB, Bandung during February until June 2008. Research

was conducted to determine the optimum conditions of transestherification, a 3 x 3

factorial in completely randomized design. The firs factor is the time of

transestherification reaction and the second is the temperature of the reaction. All the

treatments were repeated 3 times, so there were 27 units of the experiment. Reaction

time factor consist of 3 levels; 2 hour, 4 hour, and 6 hour. Temperature factor consist of

3 levels; 80oC, 90oC, and 100oC. The data were analyzed statistically by using analysis

of variance (F test) at 5% significance level. The value of 5% DMRT was applied in

this rank order.

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 Fig 1. Experiment Diagram

The EFB was taken from CPO mill PT. Lembu (Sinar Mas Group) at Banyuasin

Regency, South Sumatera. The EFB on this research was torn up as a chip on day-3

after being processed in CPO mill. All parts of EFB chopped and mix until well

blended, then fed into an oven at 80oC - 95oC for 12-14 hours. Further samples mashed

with porcelain grinder and sifted. Samples that pass from 5 mesh sieve (shaped fibers)

used as a sample for further treatment.

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 The fibrous EFB then wer washed with hexane to eliminate or reduce the

amount of oil that contained in EFB. The fibrous EFB were stirered with hexane at

1000 rpm for 10 minutes. The washing process were done for 3 times, then the hexane

was evaporated. After that, the fibrous EFB were hydrolyzed by H 2SO4, refer to

Arkenol process (U.S. Department of Energy 2006), Balaban (2003) and Cyuichi, et.al.

(2005). The hydolizing process were done in two stage, prehydrolysis and hydrolysis

stage. At prehydrolysis stage, the fibrous EFB was impegnated by 77% H 2SO4 in ratio

of 77% H2SO4 and holocellulose that obtained in EFB is 1.25 : 1 (w/w). The amount of

holocellulose in EFB according to Hadi, et.al. (2001) is 79.805%. The EFB moisture at

the time in this process was 5.23% and the amout of oil was 1.96%. Further the fibrous

EFB and 77% H2SO4 placed in a reaction tube and be heated in an oven at 45 oC – 50oC

for 40 minutes.

After that, the mixture consist of fibrous EFB and 77% H2SO4 was added with

aquadest untill the consentration of H2SO4 was about 15%, and then be refluxed for 120

minutes (second stage of hydrolysis). The mixture then was filtered and washed many

times. The water that used for washing was placed in the same cup with hydrolizate.

The hydrolizate then be neutralyzed by Ba(OH)2 at temperature around 80oC untill the

pH of hydrolizate reached 7. The hydolizate and the sediment consist of BaSO4 then be

separated. The water that obtained in the hydrolyzate was decreased by rotary vacuum

evaporator at bath temperature about 90oC – 100oC.

The transestherification reaction between EF hydrolyzate and methyl ester was

conducted directly (Weuthen 1999). Methyl ester was obtained from coconut oil are

made just like the process of making biodiesel from coconut oil. A number of EFB

hydrolyzate and methyl ester were put in the Erlenmeyer at the molar ratio between

5
EFB hydrolyzate and methyl ester were 1 : 3 to 1: 6. Further about 0.005 moles H2SO4

(as catalyst) of the number of EFB hydrolizate moles were added. Then the mixture

was stirered and heated in a water bath with heating temperature variations were 80oC,

90oC, and 100oC, and variations heating time were 2, 4, and 6 hours. After the

variations of temperature and time are reached, the mixture was neutralyzed by 0.005

Ba(OH)2.8H2O.

The fewest remainder carbohydrate that obtained in the mixture showed the

optimum condition of the reaction is reached. Carbohydrate obtained in the mixture

was measurement by Dubois, et.al. method. Transestherification between carbohydrate

and methyl ester produced surfactant that was determined the surface tension, interfacial

tension, and emulsion stability for characterization.

Carbohydrate that produced by EFB hydrolysis could be more than one

saccharide, such as glucose, xylose, or others, refer to hemicellulose obtained in the

EFB beside cellulose. Transestherification of glucose and methyl ester were conducted

to compare the transestherification of carbohydrate that produced by EFB hydrolysis.

This reaction was conducted using the optimum condition of transestherification

carbohydrate that produced by EFB hydrolysis and methyl ester. The surfactant

produced compare with the commercial surfactant and other research.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

1. Total Solid, Moisture, and Oil Content

Palm EFB that used in this research was taken from CPO mill. When the EFB

was boiled in the mill, a number of oil out of the bunches with steam. Oil that comes

out is partly attached to the surface or inside of the EFB fiber.

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Table 1. Total solid, moisture, and oil content of palm EFB

No Observation Content (%)

1 Total solid 92.81
2 Moisture 5.23
3 Oil before washing by hexane 6.87
4 Oil after washing by hexane 1.96

2. Monosaccharide Content After Hydrolysis

The hydrolysis process of the EFB refers to hydrolysis process method using

concentrated sulphuric acid which refers to Arkenol process method (U.S. Department

of Energy 2006), Balaban (2003) and Cyuichi, et.al. (2005). The average results of

hydrolysis of 1 gram sample of EFB are presented in Table 2.

Table 2. Average results of hydrolysis of 1 gram EFB

No Observation Content (%)

1 Holocellulose (before hydrolysis) 74.07
2 Monosaccharide (shown as glucosa) 56.33
3 Non reducing sugar Not detected

Hydrolysis using concentrated sulphuric acid was performed in two stage. The

first stage called prehydrolysis, the acid impregnation into the EFB fiber. Prehydrolysis

was performed to dissolve and separate one or more of four main constituent of EFB as

biomass; cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and extractive. So that solid material

available on the EFB is more easily accessible for the chemicals in the process for

further hydrolysis.

Prehydrolysis using high concentrated acid was effective at above 65% of the

acid concentration. In this condition, the form of cellulose fiber changed from

crystalline into a gel (Xiang, et.al. 2003). According Cyuichi, et.al. (2005),

prehydrolysis cellulose with 65 – 85% sulphuric acid at temperature 30oC – 70oC will

7
cause decrystallisation of cellulose molecules, that making it easier for subsequent

hydrolysis process.

The hydrolysis process was conducted after the prehydrolysis done. The process

was conducted by refluxing the sample by 15% sulphuric acid for 120 minutes. The

results of monosaccharide in this process did not vary much with the results of second

stage hydrolysis process that conducted in Arkenol, Balaban (2003) and Cyuichi, et.al.

(2005). Comparison of the results of hydrolysis are presented in Table 3.

Table 3. Monosaccharide content produced in several hydrolysis method

No Hydrolysis Method Monosaccharide content (%)

1 Research product 56.33
2 Arkenol Process 56.00
3 Balaban (2003) 70.10 – 77.30 (depending on the type of wood)
4 Cyuichi, et.al. (2005) 60.10 – 65.40

Hydrolysis of EFB will produced monosaccaharide in the form of hexose and

pentose. EFB containing 45.80% α-cellulose and 25.90% hemicellulose (Purwito

2005). Hydrolysis of cellulose will produce glucose and hydrolysis of hemicellulose

will produce hexose and pentose.

3. Monosaccharide Content After Transestherification

The yield of the transestherification reaction between carbohydrate and methyl

ester were shown by the remaining monosaccharide (Estrin 2004 dan Quan 2004). By

the phenol method, carbohydrates were identified as glucose. Based on the analysis of

variance, the interaction between time and temperature of transestherification were

significantly different against the remaining glucose. The effect of the interaction

between time and temperature of transestherification against remaining glucose

presented in Table 4.

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Table 4. The effect of interaction between time and temperature of transestherification
agains average of remaining glucose (ppm)

Temperature of Initial Glucose content based on the time of

transesterifikasi glucose transestherification
(oC) content 2 hours 4 hours 6 hours
80 15,292 9,122 A 6,599 B 8,744 A
a b a
90 15,292 7,736 A 6,464 B 6,986 AB
a b ab
100 15,292 8,836 A 10,286 A 5,847 B
a A b
The numbers on the same line that folllowed by the same lowercase letters on the same column
followed by the same uppercase laetters do not differ significantly according to DNMRT 5%

Transestherification reaction is a reversible reaction. The result of the raction

can be changed back into reacting when time and temperature of the reaction were

treated (Quan 2004). To increase the yield of the reaction, it can be done by increasing

the number of reagents or decrease the number of the result, so that the reaction rate

tends to run to the right (Pine, et.al. 1988). Reaction between monosaccharide and

methyl ester in this study will produce acyl glucoside, possibly acyl polyglucoside and

methanol.

The methanol that produced in this study was mixed with the obtained water in

hydrolysate, so the boiling point of water – methanol solution changed. It caused

methanol not easily evaporate. The acyl glucoside which has been formed can be react

with methanol and produce glucose and methyl ester again. This is thought to explain

the trend that occured on heating treatment at 80oC and 90oC and time of reaction 6

hours. In these conditions, the content of glucose increased, so the value not

significantly differ with the heating treatment at 80oC and 90oC and time of reaction 2

hours. This fact shown the reversible reaction, between methanol that has not

evaporated and acyl glucoside.

9
Fig 2. The pattern of transestherification of glucose with methyl ester as associate with
percentage of glucoce that reacts.

The glucose that has been reacted with methyl ester in this study is not optimal

yet compared with similar previous studies. Althought in previous studies there are

different reactants used to produce alkyl glucoside. Research conducted by Estrin

(2004) using pentose, glucose, and fatty alcohol as reactants. Weuthen (1999) using

glucose and fatty alcohol as reactants, maximum temperature 110oC, reaction time 6

hours, and the reaction was carried out at a vacuum pressure 20 mbar. After 6 hours, all

of the pentose have been reacting and the remaining glucose was below 9%. In this

study, the remaining glucose at reation temperature 100oC and reaction time 6 hours

was 38.24%.

The percentage of glucose that reacted most numerous at reaction temperature

100oC and reaction time 6 hours. The remaining glucose has still a high number at the

end of the treatment thought caused by the slow evaporation of methanol produced,

resulting the reaction between acyl glucoside and methanol that produced glucose again.

10
In the study conducted by Estrin (2004) and Weuthen (1999), the raction carried out at a

low pressure, so the water that produced by the reaction of glucose and fatty alcohol can

be evaporated quickly, in case avoiding backlash.

To accelerate the evaporation of methanol, the reaction should be performed in

low pressure. So the boiling point of methanol or the solution of water – methanol will

be lower, and become more volatile. Consequently blacklash could be inhibited, and he

yield expected to be higher. No occurance of blacklash is expected to cause the reaction

done shortly or the reaction temperature could be lower than 100oC.

The prediction of pencentage of the transestherification result in this study based

on the treatment conditions that caused the most percentage of the reacted glucose, that

is temperature reaction 100oC and reaction time 6 hours. The prediction at that

condition following the equation Y = 4.815X2 – 33.63X + 90.23

Y = the percentage of reacted glucose

X = reaction time at 100oC

4. Surface Tension

Table 5. Surface tension several surfactants

Surface tension
No Type of surfactant
(dyne/cm)
1 Research product (from EFB) 43.38
2 Transestherification of glucose 42.92
3 APG produced by Cognis (commercial) 27.9 – 29.1
4 MES researched by MAKSI 28.26 – 32.3
5 Commercial MES 39.0 - 40.2
APG : Alkyl Poly Glucoside
MES : Methyl Ester Sulfonate

The surfactant which was produced in this study has the surface tension 43.38

dyne/cm, reduce the surface tension of water from 73.00 dyne/cm to 43.38 dyne/cm. It

is close to the character of commercial MES, but not with the surfactant produced by

11
Cognis and MAKSI research. The transesherification of monosaccharide (produced

from EFB) and methyl ester produced surfactant that have a hydrophobic (ester) and

hydrophilic (monosaccharide) part. These are reducing the surface tension of water.

The transestherification reaction in this study did not complete yet. Untill

temperature reaction 100oC and time reaction 6 hours, the percentage of reacted glucose

was 61.76% (Fig 2), so the remaining glucose in the solution was 38.24%. It means that

not all of the compound obtained in the solution of the result of the raction were

surfactant (acyl glucoside), about 38.24% were glucose. These condition caused the

perform of the surfactant produced did not optimum. Therefore the surface tension of

this surfactant produced about 43.38 dyne/cm compared to APG produced by Cognis

and MES researched by MAKSI.

5. Interfacial Tension

Table 6. Interfacial tension several surfactants

Interfacial tension
No Type of surfactant
(dyne/cm)
1 Research product (from EFB) 12.30
2 Transestherification of glucose 14.85
3 APG produced by Cognis (commercial) 0.8 – 2.9
4 MES researched by MAKSI 1.0 – 1.05
5 Commercial MES 8.4 – 9.7
APG : Alkyl Poly Glucoside
MES : Methyl Ester Sulfonate

The properties of surfactant are influenced by the presence of hydrophilic and

hydrophobic parts of the surfactant molecule. They cause the distribution of surfactant

tend to be at the interface between phases of different degrees of polarity and hydrogen

bonding such as oil/water or air/water. The Film that performed at this interface is

12
capable of lowering the interfacial energy and causes the typical properties of surfactant

molecules (Georgiou et al., 1992 cit Suryani and Hambali, 2005).

The ability of surfactant to reduce the interfacial tension is affected by the ability

of hydrophobis groups to be adsorbed on the surface (non polar layers). Wider the

hydrophobic groups that adsorbed on non-polar layer, the interfacial tension will be

smaller. To expand the adsorption of hydrophobic groups on non-polar layer, the

hydrophobic groups must be multiplied by making branched or improve its properties

by extending the hydrophobic chain (Takamura 2006 and Myers 1992). In this

research, only about 61.76% the reacted glucose produced. It means that only about

61.76% the glucose binding the hydrophobic group in the surfactant, that caused the

interfacial tension higher, compared with the other surfactant mentioned at Table 6.

6. Emulsion Stability

Tabel 7. The ability of several surfactants in stabilizing emulsion

No Type of surfactant Emulsion stability (%)

1 Research product (from EFB) 55.6
2 Transestherification of glucose 55.0
3 MES researched by Hidayati and Zuidar (2007) 79.5
4 Tween 80 (commercial) 82.5

The ability of surfactants to form emulsions is influenced by the formation of

aggregates (micelles) on the surface of the liquid phase. Micelles consist of a

hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail. The presence of micelles on the surface of the

water will cause the oil to be dispersed in water (Takamura 2006).

Micelles will be formed if the surface layer full coated with a hydrophobic

group. According to Takamura (2006) and Myers (1992), to expand the adsorption of

hydrophobic groups on non-polar layer, the hydrophobic groups must be multiplied by

13
making branched or improve properties by extending the hydrophobic chain.

Hydrophobic groups that much and branching will optimize the closure of the surface

layer, so that the formation of micelles will be optimum. As a result the ability of

surfactant to form and stabilize the emulsion is also optimum. It is shown by the

emulsion stability of Tween 80. Tween 80 (Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan mono-oleate)

is a surfactant with a long hydrophobic groups and branched, is the result of reaction of

ethylene oxide with hydroxyl groups contained in the sorbitan ester (Tadros 2005). The

yield of the reaction in this research was not optimum yet (61.76% the glucose binding

the hydrophobic group in the surfactant). It caused the hydrophobic groups were not

optimize the closure of the surface layer, so the emulsion stability value is lower

compared with MES research by Hidayati and Zuidar (2007) and Tween 80.

CONCLUSION

The added value of palm oil EFB can be increased as a source of saccharide.

Hydrolysis of EFB refer to Arkenol process, Balaban (2003) and Cyuichi, et.al. (2005)

produced 56.33% saccharide (shown as glucose). The optimum condition of

transestherification reaction between saccharide and methyl ester did not find yet. The

reaction produced 61.76% surfactant. Characteristics of surfactant produced is close to

the character of commercial MES, but still far to the character of MES researched by

Hidayati (2007), APG by Cognis, and Tween 80.

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