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= kP (1)
dt
P(t) = P0 ekt
dx
− dt = kx, k > 0 (2)
dA/A
= k (3)
dt
A k
t.
k > 0,
k < 0.
F(x, y´, ⋯ , y n ) = 0
d2 y dy
+ = x − 1, o y´´ + y´ = x − 1.
dx 2 dx
xy´´´ + 2x 2 y´ = xy (4)
y´ = x 2 (5)
d3 y d2 y dy
+ x − = x 3 (7)
dx 3 dx 2 dx
𝐹
𝑦(𝑥)
𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑦´, ⋯ , 𝑦 𝑛 ) = 0 𝐹
𝑛
𝑦, 𝑦´, ⋯ , 𝑦 𝑛
𝑥𝑦´´´ + 2𝑥 2 𝑦´ = 𝑥𝑦
𝑥
𝑦
𝑦´ = 𝑥 2
𝑥
𝑦
(𝑦´´)3 − 4𝑥𝑦´ = 𝑥 2
𝑑3 𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 − = 𝑥3
𝑑𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
− 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑘𝑥, 𝑘 > 0
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
+ 3 𝜕𝑦 = 4 𝜕𝑥 − 𝑢
𝜕𝑡
𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
+ 𝜕𝑦 2 + 𝜕𝑧 2 = 0
𝜕𝑥 2
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑛
(𝑎, 𝑏) 𝑦´, 𝑦´´, ⋯ , 𝑦
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑑𝑥 = 0 (14) + 2𝑥𝑦 2 = 0 (15)
𝑑𝑥
(0, ∞)
(−1,1)
𝑦 = 𝑘1 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝑘2 𝑒 7𝑥 (17) 𝑘1 , 𝑘2
𝑘1 , 𝑘2 , ⋯ , 𝑘𝑛 ,
𝐻(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑘1 , 𝑘2 , ⋯ 𝑘𝑛 ) = 0 (18)
𝑛 − 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑚é𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎
𝑘1 = 3, 𝑘2 = 2
−2𝑥 7𝑥
𝑦 = 3𝑒 + 2𝑒
𝑑𝑦
(𝑑𝑥 )2 + 1 = 0
𝑑𝑦
(𝑑𝑥 )2 + 𝑦 2 = 0 𝑦 = 0.
𝑦 = 𝑒 −2𝑥 (19) , 𝑦 = 𝑒 7𝑥 (20)
𝑦 = 𝑘1 𝑒 −2𝑥 + k 2 𝑒 7𝑥 (22)
𝑘1 𝑘2
𝑦, 𝑦´, 𝑦´´
𝑦´´ − 5𝑦´ − 14𝑦 = 4𝑒 −2𝑥 − 5(−2𝑒 −2𝑥 ) − 14(𝑒 −2𝑥 ) = 4𝑒 2𝑥 + 10𝑒 2𝑥 − 14𝑒 2𝑥 = 0
𝑦 = 𝑒 7𝑥 , 𝑦´ = 7𝑒 7𝑥 , 𝑦´´ = 49𝑒 7𝑥
𝑦, 𝑦´, 𝑦´´
𝑦, 𝑦´, 𝑦´´
𝑦´´ − 5𝑦´ − 14𝑦 = (4𝑘1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 49𝑘2 𝑒 7𝑥 ) − 5(−2𝑘1 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 7𝑘2 𝑒 7𝑥 ) − 14(𝑘1 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝑘2 𝑒 7𝑥 ) =
𝑥 3 𝑦 4 = 1 + 𝑥𝑦 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 (23)
𝑦´ 𝑦 𝑦
𝑦4
𝑦 4 (𝑥 3 − 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) = 1
𝑦4
𝑦
𝑦4
𝑦
−3𝑥 2 +𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑦´ = .
4(𝑥 3 −𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)
4𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑥 3 𝑦 2 = 5 (25)
4𝑦 + 12𝑥 2 y 2
𝑦´ = − (26).
4𝑥 + 4𝑥 3 𝑦
4𝑦 + 12𝑥 2 𝑦 2
𝑦´ = − .
4𝑥 + 4𝑥 3 𝑦
𝑥3 − 𝑦2
+ 𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 𝑘 (27)
2
3
(2 𝑥 2 + 1)𝑑𝑥 − (2𝑦 − 4)𝑑𝑦
𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑓´(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑥3 − 𝑦2 1
𝑑( + 𝑥 + 4𝑦) = 𝑑(𝑘) ⟹ (3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑦𝑑𝑦) + 𝑑𝑥 + 4𝑑𝑦 = 0 ⟹
2 2
3
(2 𝑥 2 + 1)𝑑𝑥 − (2𝑦 − 4)𝑑𝑦
𝑦(𝑥)
𝑥
𝑦
𝑑𝑛 𝑦
𝑛
= 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑦´, … , 𝑦 (𝑛−1) ),
𝑑𝑥
𝑦0 , 𝑦1 , 𝑦𝑛−1
𝑦(𝑥) 𝑛−1 𝑥0 , 𝑦(𝑥0 ) = 𝑦0 , 𝑦´(𝑥0 ) =
(𝑛−1)
𝑦1 , … , 𝑦 (𝑥0 ) = 𝑦𝑛−1
𝑛 − é𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑜
𝐼 𝑥0
(𝑥0 , 𝑦0 )
𝑑2 𝑦
= 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑦´),
𝑑𝑥 2
𝐼 𝑥0
(𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ),
𝑦1 .
y´ + y =
0 ; y(−1) = 2,
y(x) = c1 e−x , c1
𝑦1 (𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 ∶
𝑦1 (𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝑦´´ + 4𝑦 = 0 . 𝑦1 (𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 ⟹
𝑦´1 (𝑥) = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 ⟹ 𝑦´´1 (𝑥) = −4𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 ⟹ 𝑦´´ + 4𝑦 = 0 ⟹ −4𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 + 4(𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥) = 0,
𝑦(0) = 0 ,
1
𝑦2 (𝑥) = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 ∶
1
𝑦2 (𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 ⟹ 𝑦´2 (𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 , 𝑦´´2 (𝑥) = −2𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 , 𝑦´´ + 4𝑦 =
2
1
0 ⟹ −2𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 + 4 (2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥) = −2𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 = 0 , 𝑦2 (𝑥)
𝑦´´ + 4𝑦 = 0. 𝑦(0) = 0 ,
1 1
y2 (𝑥) = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 ⟹ 𝑦2 (0) = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2(0) = 0 , 𝑦´(0) = 1 ,
1
𝑦´2 (𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 ⟹ 𝑦´2 (0) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠2(0) = 1. 𝑦2 (𝑥) = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
𝑦´´ + 4𝑦 = 0 𝑦(0) =
1
0 , 𝑦´(0) = 1, 𝑦2 (𝑥) = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
𝑦3 (𝑥) = 𝑥 ∶
𝒅𝒚
= 𝒇(𝒙).
𝒅𝒙
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑓(𝑥) (28)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑦 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐 (29)
Ejemplo 7.
𝑑𝑦
− 𝑥 2 (4 − 𝑥 3 ) = 0 (30)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= 𝑥 2 (4 − 𝑥 3 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 = ∫ 𝑥 2 (4 − 𝑥 3 )𝑑𝑥 (31)
𝑑𝑢
𝑢 = (4 − 𝑥 3 ) 𝑑𝑢 = −3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 3𝑥 2
2
𝑑𝑢 1 1 𝑢2 𝑢2 (4−𝑥 3 )
−∫ 𝑢 3𝑥 2 = − 3 ∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑢 = − 3 ( 2 ) + 𝑐 = − ( 6 ) + 𝑐 = − +𝑐
6
(4 − 𝑥 3 )2
𝑦=− +𝑐
6
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑓(𝑥) ⟹ ∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥. ⟹ 𝑦 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑔(𝑥)ℎ(𝑦).
𝑑𝑥
𝑦 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
∫ = ∫ 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑘
ℎ(𝑦)
𝑑𝑦
= 5𝑥(𝑦 + 3)2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
∫ = ∫ 5𝑥𝑑𝑥
(𝑦+3)2
𝑑𝑦
∫ 𝑢 = 𝑦 + 3 ⟹ 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑢
(𝑦+3)2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢 𝑢−1 (𝑦+3)−1
∫ = ∫ = ∫ 𝑢−2 𝑑𝑢 = +𝑘 = + 𝑘.
(𝑦+3)2 𝑢2 −1 −1
5𝑥 2
∫ 5𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 5∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = + 𝑘.
2
(𝑦+3)−1 5𝑥 2 1 5𝑥 2 5𝑥 2 +2𝑘 5𝑥 2 +𝑘 1 5𝑥 2 +𝑘
+𝑘 = + 𝑘 ⟹ − (𝑦+3) = +𝑘 = = ⟹ − (𝑦+3) = .
−1 2 2 2 2 2
𝑦 𝑦
−1 ∙ 2 −2
= 𝑦 + 3 ⟹ 𝑦 = −3
(5𝑥 2 + 𝑘) (5𝑥 2 + 𝑘)
𝑘.
𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑦𝑑𝑦 𝑦(1) = 1
𝑦2 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 1 − 𝑒
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑦).
𝑑𝑥
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑐
(𝑥 2 𝑦 3 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥 3 𝑦 2 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 2 𝑦 3 +𝑦
= 𝑥 3 𝑦 2 −𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑔(𝑥)ℎ(𝑦)
𝑑𝑥
𝑧 = 𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑧
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 −𝑦
𝑧 = 𝑥y ⟹ 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑥𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑥 ⟹ =𝑥 +𝑦 ⟹𝑥 = −𝑦 ⟹ = 𝑑𝑥
.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑧
−𝑦 𝑦(𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 1) 𝑑𝑧 𝑦(𝑧 2 + 1) 𝑑𝑧 𝑦(𝑧 2 + 1) 𝑦𝑧 2 + 𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 2 − 𝑦
𝑑𝑥
= ⟹ − 𝑦 = ⟹ = + 𝑦 =
𝑥 𝑥(𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 1) 𝑑𝑥 (𝑧 2 − 1) 𝑑𝑥 (𝑧 2 − 1) (𝑧 2 − 1)
⟹
𝑧
𝑑𝑧 2𝑦𝑧 2 2(𝑥)𝑧 2 2𝑧 3 𝑑𝑧 2𝑧 3 (𝑧 2 − 1) 𝑑𝑥
= 2 = 2 = ⟹ = ⟹ ∫ 𝑑𝑧 = ∫ ⟹
𝑑𝑥 (𝑧 − 1) (𝑧 − 1) 2
𝑥(𝑧 − 1) 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥(𝑧 − 1) 2𝑧 3 𝑥
1 𝑧2 1 𝑑𝑧 1 𝑑𝑧 1 −3 1 𝑧 −2
∫ 3 𝑑𝑧 − ∫ 3 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑙𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐 ⟹ ∫ − ∫ 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑙𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐 ⟹ 𝑙𝑛𝑧 − ∙
2 𝑧 2 𝑧 2 𝑧 2 2 −2
= 𝑙𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐 ⟹
1 1 1 1
𝑙𝑛𝑧 + ∙ 2 = 𝑙𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐 ⟹ 𝑙𝑛𝑧 + 2 = 2𝑙𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐 ⟹ 𝑙𝑛𝑥𝑦 − 𝑙𝑛𝑥 2 + 𝑐 = − ⟹
4 𝑧 2𝑧 2(𝑥𝑦)2
𝑥𝑦 1 1 𝑦
𝑙𝑛(𝑥 2 ) + 𝑐 = − ⟹− = 𝑙𝑛(𝑥 ) + 𝑐
2𝑥 2 𝑦 2 2𝑥 2 𝑦 2
𝑥+𝑦
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦), 𝑢 =𝑥+𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 ⟹ 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 ⟹
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= 1 + 𝑑𝑥 ⟹ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 − 1.
𝑑x
𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 + 𝑦)
𝑥
𝑢=𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢
𝑥 = 𝑢𝑦 ⟹ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑢, = 𝑢 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦
𝑥 2 𝑥 2 𝑥 2
( ) 2 ( ) ( )
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥𝑦𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑦2𝑒 𝑦 + 2𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑦
= 𝑥 2 𝑥 2
⟹ = 𝑥 2
⟹
𝑑𝑥 ( ) ( ) 𝑑𝑦 ( )
𝑦2 + 𝑦 2𝑒 𝑦 + 2𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑦 2𝑥𝑦𝑒 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑦 1 𝑦 𝑥 1 1 1 1 𝑥
= 𝑥 2
∙( )+ ∙( )+ = 𝑥 2
∙( 𝑥 )+ ∙( 𝑥 )+ .
𝑑𝑦 ( ) 𝑥 2 𝑥 𝑦 ( ) (𝑦) 2 ( ) 𝑦
2𝑒 𝑦 2𝑒 𝑦 𝑦
𝑥
𝑢=𝑦
𝑑𝑢 1 1 1 1 𝑑𝑢 1 1 1 1
𝑢+𝑦 = (𝑢)2 ∙ ( ) + ∙ ( ) + 𝑢 ⟹ 𝑦 = (𝑢)2 ∙ ( ) + ∙ ( ) ⟹
𝑑𝑦 2𝑒 (𝑢) 2 (𝑢) 𝑑𝑦 2𝑒 (𝑢) 2 (𝑢)
2 2
𝑑𝑢 1 + 𝑒 𝑢 𝑢𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = 2 ⟹ 2∫ 2 𝑑𝑢 = ∫
𝑑𝑦 2𝑢𝑒 𝑢 1+𝑒 𝑢 𝑦
𝑦´ = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑛
𝑥 𝑡𝑥 𝑦 𝑡𝑦,
𝑡𝑛
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
√𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 ,
𝑦
𝑧 =𝑥 ⟹𝑦 =𝑥∙𝑧
𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
=𝑧+𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑧
3𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑦3
𝑑𝑦 3𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑥3
𝑥3
(3𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑦 3 )𝑑𝑥 − (3𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑥 3 )𝑑𝑦 = 0 ⟹ = ⟹ = ⟹
𝑑𝑥 3𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 3𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑥 3
𝑥3 𝑥3
𝑦 𝑦
𝑑𝑦 3( )−( )3 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
= 𝑥
𝑦
𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑧 ∙ 𝑥 ⟹ 𝑧 = 𝑥 ⟹ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑧 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ⟹
d𝑥 3( )2 −1
𝑥
𝑑𝑧 3𝑧 − 𝑧 3 𝑑𝑧 3𝑧 − 𝑧 3 3𝑧 − 𝑧 3 − 3𝑧 3 + 𝑧 4𝑧 − 4𝑧 3
𝑧+𝑥 = 2 ⟹𝑥 = 2 −𝑧 = = ⟹
𝑑𝑥 3𝑧 − 1 𝑑𝑥 3𝑧 − 1 3𝑧 2 − 1 3𝑧 2 − 1
3𝑧 2 − 1 1 3𝑧 2 − 1 𝑑𝑥
∫ 3
𝑑𝑧 = − ∫ 3 𝑑𝑧 = ∫
4(𝑧 − 𝑧 ) 4 (𝑧 − 𝑧) 𝑥
(𝑧 3 − 𝑧) (3𝑧 2 − 1) ⟹
1 3𝑧 2 −1 1
−4 ∫ (𝑧 3 −𝑧)
𝑑𝑧 = − 4 𝑙𝑛(𝑧 3 − 𝑧) ⟹
1
− 𝑙𝑛(𝑧 3 − 𝑧) + 𝑐1 = 𝑙𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐2 ⟹ −𝑙𝑛(𝑧 3 − 𝑧) = 4𝑙𝑛𝑥 + 4𝑐3 ⟹
4
𝑦 𝑦 𝑦3 − 𝑥2𝑦
𝑙𝑛𝑥 4 + 𝑙𝑛(𝑧 3 − 𝑧) = 𝑐4 ⟹ 𝑙𝑛𝑥 4 + 𝑙𝑛 (( )3 − ( )) = 𝑐4 ⟹ 𝑙𝑛 (𝑥 4 ∙ ) = 𝑐4 ⟹
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥3
3 −𝑥 3 𝑦)
𝑒 𝑙𝑛(𝑥𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑐4 ⟹ 𝑥𝑦 3 − 𝑥 3 𝑦 = 𝑐
𝑥𝑦 3 − 𝑥 3 𝑦 = 𝑐
𝑦2
𝑑𝑦 𝑦2 𝑦2 1
= 𝑥𝑦−𝑥 2 = 𝑥𝑦−𝑥2
=𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 −( )2
𝑦2 𝑦 𝑦
𝑦
𝑧=𝑥 𝑦2
𝑦 𝑥
𝑦 𝑧=𝑥 𝑧=𝑦
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧
𝑧 = 𝑦 ⟹ 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑧 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦
=𝑥 𝑥 ⟹ 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑦 − (𝑦)2 ⟹ 𝑧 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑧 − 𝑧 2 ⟹ =−
𝑑𝑥 −( )2 𝑧2 𝑦
𝑦 𝑦
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑦
∫ 2
= −∫ ⟹ ∫ 𝑧 −2 𝑑𝑧 = −𝑙𝑛𝑦 + 𝑐1 ⟹ − = −𝑙𝑛𝑦 + 𝑐1 ⟹⟹ = 𝑙𝑛𝑦 + 𝑐1 ⟹
𝑧 𝑦 𝑧 𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑦 + 𝑐𝑥
𝑦2 𝑥𝑦 2𝑥 2 𝑦2 𝑥𝑦 2𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 (𝑦 2 − 3𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑥 2 ) 𝑥 2 − 3 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑥 2 − 3 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 2 )
= = 𝑥2
= 𝑥2
⟹
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦) ( − )
𝑥𝑦
( − )
𝑥𝑦
𝑥2 𝑥2 𝑥2 𝑥2
𝑑𝑧 𝑧 2 − 3𝑧 − 2
𝑧+𝑥 = ⟹
𝑑𝑥 1−𝑧
𝑑𝑧 𝑧 2 − 3𝑧 − 2 𝑧 2 − 3𝑧 − 2 − 𝑧 + 𝑧 2 2𝑧 2 − 4𝑧 − 2 2(𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 − 1)
𝑥 = −𝑧 = = = ⟹
𝑑𝑥 1−𝑧 1−𝑧 1−𝑧 1−𝑧
1−𝑧 𝑑𝑥 1
∫ 𝑑𝑧 = 2∫ ⟹ − 𝑙𝑛(𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 − 1) + 𝑐1 = 2𝑙𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐2 ⟹
(𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 − 1) 𝑥 2
⟹ ⟹ ⟹
(𝑦 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 2 )
−𝑙𝑛(𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 − 1) = 4𝑙𝑛𝑥 + 4𝑐2 ⟹ 𝑙𝑛[(𝑥 4 ) ∙ ] = 𝑐3
𝑥2
⟹ 𝑙𝑛[𝑥 2 (𝑦 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 2 )] = 𝑐3 ⟹
2 (𝑦 2 −2𝑥𝑦−𝑥 2 )]
𝑒 𝑙𝑛[𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑐3 ⟹ 𝑥 2 (𝑦 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 2 ) = 𝑐
𝑑𝑦 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐
= 𝐹( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒𝑦 + 𝑓
𝑥 = 𝑢 + ℎ ⟹ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢, 𝑦 = 𝑣 + 𝑘 ⟹ 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑣,
ℎ, 𝑘
𝑥 = 𝑢 + ℎ ⟹ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢, 𝑦 = 𝑣 + 𝑘 ⟹ 𝑑𝑦 =
𝑑𝑣, ℎ, 𝑘
𝑑𝑦 (2𝑥+3𝑦+1)
(2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 1)𝑑𝑥 + (2𝑦 − 3𝑥 + 5)𝑑𝑦 = 0 = (2𝑦−3𝑥+5)
d𝑥
𝑑𝑣 2(𝑢 + ℎ) + 3(𝑣 + 𝑘) + 1 2𝑢 + 2ℎ + 3𝑣 + 3𝑘 + 1
= = =
𝑑𝑢 3(𝑢 + ℎ) − 2(𝑣 + 𝑘) − 5 3𝑢 + 3ℎ − 2𝑣 − 2𝑘 − 5
2𝑢 + 3𝑣 + 2ℎ + 3𝑘 + 1
3𝑢 − 2𝑣 + 3ℎ − 2𝑘 − 5
2ℎ + 3𝑘 = −1 3ℎ − 2𝑘 = 5 ⟹ ℎ = 1 𝑘 = −1 ⟹
𝑑𝑣 2𝑢+3𝑣+2(1)+3(−1)+1 2𝑢+3𝑣 𝑑𝑣 2𝑢+3𝑣
= 3𝑢−2𝑣+3(1)−2(−1)−5 = 3𝑢−2𝑣 ⟹ 𝑑𝑢 =
𝑑𝑢 3𝑢−2𝑣
2𝑢 3𝑣 𝑣
𝑑𝑣 2𝑢 + 3𝑣 + 𝑢 𝑑𝑣 2 + 3 𝑢 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑤
𝑢
= = 3𝑢 2𝑣 ⟹ = 𝑣 ⟹𝑤 = ⟹ =𝑤+𝑢 ⟹
𝑑u 3𝑢 − 2𝑣 − 𝑑𝑢 3 − 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑢 𝑢 𝑢
𝑑𝑤 2 + 3𝑤 𝑑𝑤 2 + 3𝑤 2 + 3𝑤 − 3𝑤 + 2𝑤 2 2 + 2𝑤 2
𝑤+𝑢 = ⟹𝑢 = −𝑤 = = ⟹
𝑑𝑢 3 − 2𝑤 𝑑𝑢 3 − 2𝑤 3 − 2𝑤 3 − 2𝑤
(3 − 2𝑤) 𝑑𝑢 1 𝑑𝑤 2𝑤 𝑑𝑢
⟹ 𝑑𝑤 = ⟹ [ 3∫ − ∫ 𝑑𝑤] = ∫ ⟹
2(1 + 𝑤 2 ) 𝑢 2 1 + 𝑤2 1 + 𝑤2 𝑢
𝑑𝑤
3∫ 2
= 3𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑤.
1+𝑤
2𝑤 𝑑𝑡
∫ 2
𝑑𝑤 ⟹ 𝑡 = 1 + 𝑤 2 ⟹ 𝑑𝑡 = 2𝑤𝑑𝑤 ⟹ 𝑑𝑤 = ⟹
1+𝑤 2𝑤
2𝑤 2𝑤 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
∫ 2
𝑑𝑤 = ∫ =∫ = 𝑙𝑛𝑡 = 𝑙𝑛(1 + 𝑤 2 )
1+𝑤 𝑡 2𝑤 𝑡
1 𝑑𝑤 2𝑤 𝑑𝑢
[ 3∫ 2
−∫ 2
𝑑𝑤] = ∫ ⟹ 3𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑤 − 𝑙𝑛(1 + 𝑤 2 ) = 2𝑙𝑛𝑢 + 𝑐 ⟹
2 1+𝑤 1+𝑤 𝑢
𝑣 𝑣
3𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑢 − 𝑙𝑛 (1 + (𝑢)2 ) = 2𝑙𝑛𝑢 + 𝑐
𝑥 = 𝑢 + ℎ, 𝑦 = 𝑣 + 𝑘 ⟹ 𝑢 = 𝑥 − ℎ, 𝑣 = 𝑦 − 𝑘. ℎ = 1, 𝑘 = −1 ⟹
𝑢 = 𝑥 − 1, 𝑣 = 𝑦 + 1 ⟹
−1
𝑣 𝑣 2 −1
𝑦+1 𝑦+1 2
3𝑡𝑎𝑛 − 𝑙𝑛 (1 + ( ) ) = 2𝑙𝑛𝑢 + 𝑐 ⟹ 3𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( ) − 𝑙𝑛 (1 + ( ) )
𝑢 𝑢 𝑥−1 𝑥−1
= 2𝑙𝑛(𝑥 − 1) + 𝑐 ⟹
⟹ ⟹ ⟹ ⟹ ⟹
−1
𝑦+1 𝑦+1 2
3𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( ) = 𝑙𝑛 (1 + ( ) ) + 𝑙𝑛(𝑥 − 1)2 + 𝑐
𝑥−1 𝑥−1
2
(𝑥 − 1)2 + (𝑦 + 1)2
= 𝑙𝑛[(𝑥 − 1) ]+𝑐 ⟹
(𝑥 − 1)2
𝑦+1
3𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑥−1) = 𝑙𝑛(𝑥 − 1)2 (𝑦 + 1)2 + 𝑐
𝑑𝑦 𝑥+2𝑦+2
=
𝑑𝑥 −2𝑥+𝑦
𝑥 = 𝑢 + ℎ ⟹ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢, 𝑦 = 𝑣 + 𝑘 ⟹ 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑣, ℎ, 𝑘
𝑑𝑣 𝑢 + ℎ + 2𝑣 + 2𝑘 + 2 𝑢 + 2𝑣 + (ℎ + 2𝑘) + 2
= = ⟹
𝑑𝑢 −2𝑢 − 2ℎ + 𝑣 + 𝑘 −2𝑢 + 𝑣 + (−2ℎ + 𝑘)
−2 −4
ℎ + 2𝑘 = −2, −2ℎ + 𝑘 = 0 ⟹ ℎ = ,𝑘 = ⟹
5 5
𝑑𝑣 𝑢 + 2𝑣 + (−2) + 2 𝑑𝑣 𝑢 + 2𝑣 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑤
= ⟹ =− ⟹𝑤= ⟹ =𝑤+𝑢 ⟹
𝑑𝑢 −2𝑢 + 𝑣 + (0) 𝑑𝑢 2𝑢 − 𝑣 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑u
𝑢+2𝑣
𝑢 2𝑢−𝑣
𝑑𝑤 1 + 2𝑤 𝑑𝑤 1 + 2𝑤 −1 − 2𝑤 − 2𝑤 + 𝑤 2 −1 − 4𝑤 + 𝑤 2
𝑤+𝑢 =− ⟹𝑢 =− −𝑤 = =
𝑑𝑢 2−𝑤 𝑑𝑢 2−𝑤 2−𝑤 2−𝑤
⟹
(2 − 𝑤) 𝑑𝑢
∫ 𝑑𝑤 = ∫
(𝑤 2− 4𝑤 − 1) 𝑢
1
− 𝑙𝑛[(𝑤 − 2)2 − 5] = 𝑙𝑛𝑢 + 𝑐 ⟹ 𝑙𝑛𝑢2 + 𝑙𝑛[(𝑤 − 2)2 − 5] = 𝑐 ⟹
2
⟹ ⟹ ⟹ ⟹ ⟹
⟹ ⟹ ⟹
2 −5)∙(𝑢2 )]
𝑙𝑛[((𝑤 − 2)2 − 5) ∙ (𝑢2 )] = 𝑐 ⟹ 𝑒 𝑙𝑛[((𝑤−2) = 𝑒 𝑐 ⟹ ((𝑤 − 2)2 − 5)(u2 ) = 𝑐
𝑣 (𝑣 − 2𝑢)2 − 5𝑢2 2
⟹ (( − 2)2 − 5)(𝑢2 ) = 𝑐 ⟹ ( )(𝑢 ) = 𝑐 ⟹ 𝑣 2 − 4𝑢𝑣 − 𝑢2 = 𝑐 ⟹
𝑢 𝑢2
4 2 4 2 2 2
(𝑦 + ) − 4 (𝑦 + ) (𝑥 + ) − (𝑥 + ) = 𝑐
5 5 5 5
5𝑦 + 4 2 5𝑦 + 4 5𝑥 + 2 5𝑥 + 2 2
⟹( ) − 4( )( )−( ) =𝑐
5 5 5 5
⟹ (5𝑦 + 4)2 − 4(5𝑦 + 4)(5𝑥 + 2) − (5𝑥 + 2)2 = 25𝑐
𝑑𝑇
𝑇𝑚 𝑇 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑇
= −𝑘(𝑇 − 𝑇𝑚 )
𝑑𝑡
𝑘
𝑑𝑇
𝑑𝑡
𝑇 𝑇𝑚
𝑇 𝑇𝑚 .
˚𝐶
˚𝐶
˚𝐶
˚𝐶
𝑇
𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑇
= −𝑘(𝑇 − 𝑇𝑚 ) ⟹ = −𝑘𝑑𝑡 ⟹ ∫ = ∫ − 𝑘𝑑𝑡 ⟹ 𝑙𝑛𝑇 − 𝑇𝑚 = −𝑘𝑡 + 𝑐
𝑑𝑡 (𝑇 − 𝑇𝑚 ) (𝑇 − 𝑇𝑚 )
⟹ 𝑒 𝑙𝑛(𝑇−𝑇𝑚 ) = 𝑒 −𝑘𝑡+𝑐 ⟹ 𝑇 − 𝑇𝑚 = 𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 𝑒 𝑐 ⟹ 𝑇 − 𝑇𝑚 = 𝑐𝑒 −𝑘𝑡
𝑇 = 𝑇𝑚 + 𝑐𝑒 −𝑘𝑡
𝑇𝑚 = 1 ˚𝐶
𝑡=0 𝑇 = 90 ˚𝐶
𝑇 = 𝑇𝑚 + 𝑐𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 𝑐
𝑘
𝑐 𝑇𝑚 = 1 𝑡=0 𝑇 = 90 𝑇 = 𝑇m + 𝑐𝑒 −𝑘𝑡
90 = 18 + 𝑐𝑒 0 ⟹ 𝑐 = 72
𝑘 𝑐 = 72 𝑇 = 𝑇𝑚 + 𝑐𝑒 −𝑘𝑡
𝑇 = 18 + 72𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 𝑡 = 15 𝑇 = 40
22
𝑇 = 18 + 72𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 ⟹ 40 = 18 + 72𝑒 −𝑘(15) ⟹ = 𝑒 −15𝑘 ⟹
72
22
22 𝑙𝑛
−15𝑘
𝑙𝑛 72 = 𝑙𝑛𝑒 ⟹𝑘= 72
=
−15
𝑇 = 18 + 72𝑒 −0,0790𝑡
˚𝐶 𝑡 𝑇 = 20.
20 − 18
𝑇 = 18 + 72𝑒 −0,0790𝑡 ⟹ 20 = 18 + 72𝑒 −0,0790𝑡 ⟹ 𝑒 −0,0790𝑡 = ⟹
72
2 2 −3,5835
𝑙𝑛e−0,0790𝑡 = 𝑙𝑛 ⟹ −0,0790𝑡 = 𝑙𝑛 ⟹𝑡= = 45,3
72 72 −0,0790
˚𝐶
50,7 ˚𝐶
𝑃(𝑡)
𝑡
𝑃 𝑡 𝑃
𝑥.
𝑃 𝑃
𝑑𝑃
= 𝑘𝑃
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑃 𝑑𝑃
𝑃 = 𝑘𝑃 ⟹ = 𝑘𝑑𝑡 ⟹ 𝑙𝑛𝑃 = 𝑘𝑡 + 𝑐
𝑑𝑡 𝑃
𝑐
𝑃 = 𝑃0
𝑡=0
𝑃 = 𝑃0 𝑒 𝑘𝑡
𝑃 𝑡
𝑡
𝑘 = 0,0107.
𝑘𝑡
𝑃 = 𝑃0 𝑒
𝑃 = 𝑃0 𝑒 0,0107𝑡