DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

 What is Differential Equation ?

 Types of Differential Equation
 Order & Degree of a Differential Equation
 General & Particular Solutions of a
Differential Equation
 Formation of a Differential Equation (Whose
General Solution is given)
 Methods of solving First Order – First Degree
Differential Equations

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 What is Differential Equation?

 We are already familiar with the equations of

the following type –
x+y=7 ----------(i)
sin(x) + cos(x) = 0 ----------(ii)

Now, Let us consider the equation –

x. dy/dx + y = 0 ----------(iii)

Differential Equations 2
 What is Differential Equation ?

 We see that equations (i) and(ii) consist of

independent and/or dependent variables only
but equation (iii) consists of variables as well
as the derivative of dependent variable(y)
with respect to the independent variable(x).
Such type of equation is known as Differential
Equation.

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 Types of Differential Equations

 Ordinary Differential Equations –

A differential equation involving derivative(s)
of dependent variable with respect to only
one independent variable is known as an
Ordinary Differential Equation.

Ex: 2x^2(d^2y/dx^2) – 3dy/dx + y = 0

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 Types of Differential Equations

 Partial Differential Equation –

A differential equation involving derivative(s)
of dependent variable with respect to more
than one independent variable is known as
Partial Differentiation Equation.

Ex: y = f(x, y, z)
then δy/δx + δy/δy + δy/δz = 0

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 Order of a Differential Equation

 Order of a Differential Equation is defined as

the order of the highest order derivative in
the given Differential Equation.

Ex: (i) (d^2y/dx^2)^2 + cos(dy/dx) = 0

(ii) (d^3y/dx^3) + x(d^2y/dx^2)^3 = 0
Here the order of equations (i) & (ii) are 2 and
3 respectively.

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 Degree of a Differential Equation

 Degree of a Differential Equation is defined

as the highest power of the highest order
derivative in the given Differential Equation.
 While determining the degree of a
Differential Equation, the key point is that the
equation must be a polynomial in derivatives.

Ex: (i) (dy//dx)^2 + dy/dx + (siny)^2 = 0

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 Degree of a Differential Equation

(ii) xy (d^2y/dx^2) + x (dy/dx)^2 –y dy/dx = 0

(iii) dy/dx + sin(dy/dx) = 0

Here the degree in the equations (i) and (ii) is 2

and 1 respectively. While the degree of the
equation (iii) is not defined, Because It is not a
polynomial in terms of derivatives.

NOTE – Order and Degree(if defined) of a

differential equation are always positive
integers.

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General & Particular Solutions of a Differential Equation

 Consider a Differential Equation –

d^2y/dx^2 + y = 0
Let us say y = h(x) = a.sin(x+b) is the solution
curve(integral curve) of the given Differential
Equation. When this solution and its derivative are
put into the given Differential Equation, then it will
satisfy the given equation. This is known as the
General Solution of the Differential Equation.

Where a and b are arbitrary constants.

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General and Particular Solutions of a Differential Equation

 But if a and b are given some values say a=2

and b= π/6.
 Then y = 3sin(x+π/6), then this solution is
known as the particular solution of the
differential equation.

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 Formation of a Differential Equation

 When the General Solution of the Differential

Equation is given and we have to form a
Differential Equation.
 The key Idea is that we have to eliminate the
effective number of arbitrary constants by
differentiating the given general solution as
many times as the number of effective
arbitrary constants.

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 Formation of a Differential Equation

Ex: y = a.sin(x + b)
=> dy/dx = a.cos(x + b)
=> d^2y/dx^2 = -a.sin(x + b)
=> d^2y/dx^2 + y = 0

This is the desired Differential Equation

having Order 2.

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Formation of a Differential Equation

NOTE – The order of a differential equation

representing a family of curves is same as the
number of effective arbitrary constants
present in equation corresponding to family
of curves.

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Methods of Solving First Order- First Degree Differential Equations

 Differential Equations with Variable Separable

Suppose we are given Differential Equation of the form –
dy/dx = F(x , y)
If F(x , y) can be expressed as a product of g(x) .h(y), then
the differential equation is known as Variable Separable
type.

dy/dx = g(x).h(y)
=> ∫dy/h(y) = ∫g(x)dx + c
=> H(y) = G(x) + c
This gives us the solution of the differential equation.

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Methods of Solving First Order- First Degree Differential Equations

Ex: dy/dx = x+1/2-y

=> (2-y)dy = (x+1)dx
=> ∫(2-y)dy = ∫(x+1)dx + c
=> 2y – y^2/2 = x^2/2 + x + c
=> x^2 + y^2 +2x – 4y + k = 0 (k = arbitrary
constant)
This is the solution of the above differential
equation using variable separable method.

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Methods of Solving first Order- First Degree Differential Equations

 Homogeneous Differential Equations

A function F(x , y) is said to be homogeneous
function of degree of n , if
F(λx,λy) = λ^n F(x , y) for any non zero constant
λ.
Ex: F(x , y) = y^2 + x y
=> F(λx,λy) = (λy)^2 + (λx)(λy)
=> F(λx,λy) = λ^2 F(x , y)
Thus F(x , y) is a homogeneous function of
degree 2.
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Methods of Solving First Order – First Degree Differential Equations

Also , a function F(x , y) is a homogeneous

function of degree n if,
F(x , y) = x^n.g(y/x) or y^n.h(x/y)

NOTE – A differential equation of form dy/dx

= F(x , y) is said to be homogeneous if F(x , y)
is a homogeneous function of degree zero.

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Methods of Solving First Order- First Degree Differential Equations

To solve a Differential Equation of the type –

dy/dx = F(x , y) = g(y/x)
Now, we make the substitution y/x=v
dy/dx= v+ xdv/dx
Now putting the value of dy/dx in given equation -
v+ xdv/dx = g(v)
xdv/dx = g(v) – v
=> ∫dv/(g(v)-v)= ∫(1/x)dx + c
This gives us the solution of the differential
equation.

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Methods of Soving First Order- First Degree Differential Equations

Ex: (x-y) dy/dx = x+2y

 dy/dx = x+2y/x-y
dy/dx = 1+2(y/x)/1-(y/x)
let, y/x = v , =>dy/dx = v+xdv/dx
Now , putting the value of dy/dx in equation -
 v+ xdv/dx = 1+2v/1-v
xdv/dx = 1+v^2+v/1-v
∫(1-v/v^2+v+1) dv = ∫(1/x) dx + c
Now by solving this integration, we an get the
desired solution of the differential equation.

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Methods of Solving First Order- First Degree Differential Equations

 Linear Differential Equations-

A differential equation of the form
dy/dx + Py = Q (where P and Q are the
functions of x ) is known as the linear
differential equation of first order.

Solution of Linear Differential Equation –

y(I.F) = ∫(I.F.) Q dx + c (c = arbitrary constant)
Where I.F.(Integrating Factor) = e^∫P dx
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Methods of Solving First Order- First Degree Differential Equations

If linear Differential Equation is of the form –

dx/dy + px = Q (where P and Q are the
functions of y), then solution of the
differential equations is given by –

x(I.F) = ∫(I.F.)Q dy + c
where I.F.(Integrating Factor) = e^∫P dy

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Methods of Solving First Order- First Degree Differential Equations

Ex: x dy/dx + 2y = x^2

dy/dx + 2y/x = x

Since I.F. = e^∫2/x dx = x^2

Hence the Solution of the equation –

y(x^2) = ∫(x^2).x dx + c
=> yx^2 = x^4/4 + c (c= arbitrary constant)
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 Differential Equations

 Thank You !!!

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