"various type of administrative systeam of

differenr country- 1".

1.Androcracy
Androcracy or andrarchy is a form of government
in which the government rulers are men. This
term derives from the Greek root words andros,
or "man", and kratos (as in democratic), or
"ruled".
2.Anarchy
वववववववव वववव ववववव।
3.Aristocracy
Aristocracy (Greek
ἀριστοκρατία aristokratía, from
ἄριστος aristos"excellent," and
κράτος kratos "power"), is a form of
government in which a few of the most
famous citizens rule. The term was derived
from the Greek aristokratia, meaning "rule
of the best".[1] See Aristocracy (class) for
the historical roots of the term.

4.Communist state
A communist state is a state with a form of
government characterized by single-party rule or
dominant-party rule of a communist party and a
professed allegiance to a communist ideology as
the guiding principle of the state.
Communist states may have several legal
political parties, but the communist party is
usually granted a special or dominant role in
government,[1] often by statute or under the
constitution. Consequently, the institutions of the
state and of the communist party become
intimately entwined, such as in the development
of parallel institutions.

5.Confederation
A confederation is an association of
sovereign member states that, by treaty,
have delegated certain of their
competences (or powers) to common
institutions, in order to coordinate their
policies in a number of areas, without
constituting a new state on top of the
member states. Under international law a
confederation respects the sovereignty of
its members and its constituting treaty can
only be changed by unanimous agreement.
A confederation in modern political terms is
a permanent union of sovereign states for
common action in relation to other states.
[1] Usually created by treaty but often later
adopting a common constitution,
confederations tend to be established for
dealing with critical issues such as defense,
foreign affairs or a common currency, with
the central government being required to
provide support for all members.

6.Corporatocracy

Corporatocracy, in social theories that focus on

conflicts and opposing interests within society,
denotes a system of government that serves the
interest of, and may be run by, corporations and
involves ties between government and business.
Where corporations, conglomerates, and/or
government entities with private components,
control the direction and governance of a
country, including carrying out economic
planning notwithstanding the 'free market' label.
[1]

7.Demarchy
Demarchy (or lottocracy) is a form of
hypothetical government in which the state is
governed by randomly selected decision makers
who have been selected by sortition (lot) from a
broadly inclusive pool of eligible citizens. These
groups, sometimes termed "policy juries",
"citizens' juries", or "consensus conferences",
deliberately make decisions about public policies
in much the same way that juries decide criminal
cases.
Demarchy, in theory, would overcome some of
the functional problems of conventional
representative democracy, which is widely
subject to manipulation by special interests and a
division between professional policymakers
(politicians and lobbyists) vs. a largely passive,
uninvolved and often uninformed electorate.
According to Australian philosopher John
Burnheim, random selection of policymakers
would make it easier for everyday citizens to
meaningfully participate, and harder for special
interests to corrupt the process.
8.Democracy
Democracy is a form of political
organization in which all people, through
consensus (consensus democracy), direct
referendum (direct democracy), or elected
representatives (representative democracy)
exercise equal control over the matters
which affect their interests.[1]

9.Consociationalism
Consociationalism (pronounced /kənˌsoʊʃi
ˈeɪʃənəlɪzəm/, kən-SOH-shee-AY-shən-ə-lizm) is a
form of government involving guaranteed group
representation, and is often suggested for
managing conflict in deeply divided societies. It is
often viewed as synonymous with power-sharing,
although it is technically only one form of power-
sharing.[1]
Consociationalism is often seen as having close
affinities with corporatism; some consider it to be
a form of corporatism while others claim that
economic corporatism was designed to regulate
class conflict, while consociationalism developed
on the basis of reconciling societal fragmentation
along ethnic and religious lines.[2]
10.Futarchy
Futarchy is a form of government proposed by
economist Robin Hanson, in which elected
officials define measures of national welfare and
prediction markets are used to determine which
policies will have the most positive effect.[1]
Economist Tyler Cowen said
"I would bet against the future of futarchy, or its
likelihood of succeeding were it in place. Robin
says 'vote on values, bet on beliefs', but I don't
think values and beliefs can be so easily
separated."[3]
11.Industrial democracy
Industrial democracy is an arrangement
which involves workers making decisions,
sharing responsibility and authority in the
workplace. In company law, the term
generally used is co-determination,
following the German word Mitbestimmung.
In Germany half of the supervisory board of
directors (which elects management) is
elected by the shareholders, and the other
half by the workers.

12.Open source governance

Open source governance is a political
philosophy which advocates the application
of the philosophies of the open source and
open content movements to democratic
principles in order to enable any interested
citizen to add to the creation of policy, as
with a wiki document. Legislation is
democratically opened to the general
citizenry in this way, allowing policy
development to benefit from the collected
wisdom of the people as a whole.
13. Participatory democracy
Participatory democracy is a process
emphasizing the broad participation of
constituents in the direction and operation of
political systems. Etymological roots of
democracy (Greek demos and kratos) imply that
the people are in power and thus that all
democracies are participatory. However,
traditional representative democracy tends to
limit citizen participation to voting, leaving actual
governance to politicians.[citation needed]
14. People's Republic
People's Republic (also Popular Republic,
especially in other languages) is a title that has
often been used by Marxist-Leninist governments
to describe their state. The motivation for using
this term lies in the claim that Marxist-Leninists
govern in accordance with the interests of the
vast majority of the people, and, as such, a
Marxist-Leninist republic is a people's republic.
Many of these countries also called themselves
socialist states in their constitutions; Albania, for
instance, used both terms, "socialist" and
"people's," in its official name from 1976 to 1991.
In the West, countries governed by Marxist-
Leninists are referred to as "Communist states,"
though they never actually used this name for
themselves and used the term countries of
people's democracy.
In the 1990s, many of the self-styled "People's
Republics" of Eastern Europe (Poland, Hungary,
and Bulgaria) and Mongolia dropped the term
and became known simply as "Republics" as they
adopted liberal democratic systems of
government — the term "People's Republic"
being associated with the former Communist
regimes.
15.Direct democracy
Direct democracy, classically termed pure
democracy,[1] is a form of democracy and a
theory of civics in which sovereignty is lodged in
the assembly of all citizens who choose to
participate. Depending on the particular system,
this assembly might pass executive motions,
make laws, elect or dismiss officials, and conduct
trials. Direct democracy stands in contrast to
representative democracy, where sovereignty is
exercised by a subset of the people, usually on
the basis of election. Deliberative democracy
incorporates elements of both direct democracy
and representative democracy.[2]
16.Despotism
Despotism is a form of government in which a
single entity, called the despot, rules with
absolute power. That entity may be an individual,
as in an autocracy, or it may be a group, as in an
oligarchy. The word despotism means to "rule in
the fashion of a despot" and should not be
confused with "despot", an individual.
Despot comes from the Greek despotes, which
roughly means "master" or "one with power", and
it has been used to translate a wide variety of
titles and positions. It was used to describe the
unlimited power and authority of the Pharaohs of
Egypt, employed in the Byzantine court as a title
of nobility, used by the rulers of Byzantine vassal
states, and adopted as a title of the Byzantine
Emperors. Thus, despot is found to have different
meanings and interpretations at various times in
history and can not be described by a single
definition. This is similar to the other Greek
titles basileus andautokrator, which, along
with despot, have been used at various times to
describe everything from a local chieftain to a
simple ruler, king or emperor.
Colloquially, despot has been applied pejoratively
to a person, particularity a head of state or
government, who abuses his power and authority
to oppress his people, subjects or subordinates.
In this sense, it is similar to the pejorative
connotations that have likewise arisen with the
term tyrant. Dictator has also developed nearly
similar pejorative connotations,
though despot and tyrant tend to stress cruelty
and even enjoyment therefrom,
while dictator tends to imply more harshness or
unfair implementation of law.

17.Dictatorship
A dictatorship is defined as an autocratic form of
government in which the government is ruled by
an individual, the dictator
18.Empire
An empire is a state with politico-military
dominion of populations who are culturally
and ethnically distinct from the imperial
(ruling) ethnic group and its culture[3] —
unlike a federation, an extensive state
voluntarily composed of autonomous states
and peoples.
The term empire derives from the
Latin imperium (power, authority). Politically, an
empire is a geographically extensive group of
states and peoples (ethnic groups) united and
ruled either by a monarch (emperor, empress) or
an oligarchy. Geopolitically, the term empire has
denoted very different, territorially-extreme
states — at the strong end, the extensive
Spanish Empire (16th c.) and the British Empire
(19th c.), at the weak end, the Holy Roman
Empire (8th c.–19th c.), in its Medieval and early-
modern forms.
An imperial political structure is established and
maintained two ways: (i) as a territorial empire of
direct conquest and control with force (direct,
physical action to compel the emperor’s goals),
and (ii) as a coercive, hegemonic empire of
indirect conquest and control with power (the
perception that the emperor can physically
enforce his desired goals).

19.Ethnocracy
Ethnocracy is a form of government where
representatives of a particular ethnic group hold
a number of government posts disproportionately
large to the percentage of the total population
that the particular ethnic group(s) represents and
use them to advance the position of their
particular ethnic group(s) to the detriment of
others.[citation needed]
The minority ethnic groups are systematically
discriminated against by the state and may face
repressions or violations of human rights at the
hands of state organs. Ethnocracy can also be a
political regime which is instituted on the basis of
qualified rights to citizenship, and with ethnic
affiliation (defined in terms of race, descent,
religion, or language) as the distinguishing
principle.[citation needed]
Generally, the raison d'être of an ethnographic
government is to secure the most important
instruments of state power in the hands of a
specific ethnic collectivity. All other
considerations concerning the distribution of
power are ultimately subordinated to this basic
intention. Ethnocracies are generally considered
to be non-democratic in nature.°
20.Ethnic democracy
Ethnic democracy is a political system that
combines a structured ethnic dominance with
democratic, political and civil rights for all. Both
the dominant ethnic group and the minority
ethnic groups have citizenship and are able to
fully participate in the political process. Ethnic
democracy differs from ethnocracy in being more
truly democratic. It provides the non-core groups
with more political participation, influence and
improvement of status
than ethnocracy supposedly does. Nor is an
ethnic democracy a Herrenvolk democracy which
is by definition a democracy officially limited to
the core ethnic nation only.[1]
21.Fascism
Fascism (pronounced /ˈfæʃɪzəm/) is a radical,
authoritarian nationalist political ideology.[1][2]
[3][4] Fascists seek to organize a nation
according to corporatist perspectives, values,
and systems, including the political system and
the economy.[5][6] Fascism was originally
founded by Italian national syndicalists in World
War I who combined left-wing and right-wing
political views, but it gravitated to the right in the
early 1920s.[7][8] Scholars generally consider
fascism to be on the far right.[9][10][11][12][13]
Confusion over whether fascism is of the left or
right is due to the inability to fit the economic
policies into a clear-cut category, because while
fascism is considered on the right politically,
fascist economic controls were left-wing, though
ended up benefiting social groups considered to
be supportive of right-wing parties.[14]
Fascists believe that a nation is an organic
community that requires strong leadership,
singular collective identity, and the will and
ability to commit violence and wage war in order
to keep the nation strong.[15] They claim that
culture is created by the collective national
society and its state, that cultural ideas are what
give individuals identity, and thus they reject
individualism.[15] Viewing the nation as an
integrated collective community, they see
pluralism as a dysfunctional aspect of society,
and justify a totalitarian state as a means to
represent the nation in its entirety.[16][17]
Fascists advocate the creation of a single-party
state.[18] Fascist governments forbid and
suppress opposition to the fascist state and the
fascist movement.[19]
Idolization and exaltation of violence, war, and
militarism are central components of fascism,
which fascists see as providing positive
transformation in society, in providing spiritual
renovation, education, instilling of a will to
dominate in people's character, and creating
national comradeship through the military
service.[20] Fascists view violence and war as
actions that create national regeneration, spirit
and vitality.[21]
Fascism rejects the concepts of egalitarianism,
materialism, and rationalism in favour of action,
discipline, hierarchy, spirit, and will.[22] Fascists
oppose liberalism (as a bourgeois movement)
and Marxism (as a proletarian movement) for
being exclusive economic class-based
movements.[23] Fascists present their ideology
as that of an economically trans-class movement
that promotes ending economic class conflict to
secure national solidarity.[24] They believe that
economic classes are not capable of properly
governing a nation, and that a merit-based elite
of experienced military persons must rule
through regimenting a nation's forces of
production and securing the nation's
independence.[25] Fascism perceives
conservatism as partly valuable for its support of
order in society but disagrees with its typical
opposition to change and modernization.[26]
Fascism presents itself as a solution to the
perceived benefits and disadvantages of
conservatism by advocating state-controlled
modernization that promotes orderly change
while resisting the dangers to order in society of
pluralism and independent initiative.[26]
22.Federation
A federation (Latin: foedus, foederis, 'covenant'),
also known as a federal state, is a type of
sovereign state characterized by a union of
partially self-governing states or regions united
by a central (federal) government. In a
federation, the self-governing status of the
component states is typically constitutionally
entrenched and may not be altered by a
unilateral decision of the central government.
The form of government or constitutional
structure found in a federation is known as
federalism (see also federalism as a political
philosophy). It can be considered the opposite of
another system, the unitary state. The
government of Germany with sixteen
federated Länder is an example of a federation,
whereas neighboring Austria and
its Bundesländer was a unitary state with
administrative divisions that became federated,
and neighboring France by contrast has always
been unitary.
Federations may be multi-ethnic, or cover a large
area of territory, although neither is necessarily
the case. Federations are most often founded on
an original agreement between a number of
sovereign states based on mutual concerns or
interests. The initial agreements create a stability
that encourages other common interests, brings
the disparate territories closer, and gives them
all even more common ground. At some time this
is recognized and a movement is organized to
merge more closely. Other times, especially
when common cultural factors are at play such
as ethnicity and language, some of these steps in
this pattern are expedited and compressed.
23.Gerontocracy
A gerontocracy is a form of oligarchical rule
in which an entity is ruled by leaders who
are significantly older than most of the
adult population. Often the political
structure is such that political power within
the ruling class accumulates with age, so
that the oldest hold the most power. Those
holding the most power may not be in
formal leadership positions, but often
dominate those who are.

24.Green state
The green state is a proposed economic and
political state ideology whose primary
policy influence would be the health of the
environment.

25.The Garrison State

he Garrison State was a 1941 article in
the American Journal of Sociologyby
political scientist and sociologist Harold
Lasswell. It was a "developmental
construct" that outlined the possibility of a
political-military elite composed of
"specialists in violence" in a modern state.

26.Theocracy
Theocracy is a form of government in which a
state is understood as governed by immediate
divine guidance especially a state ruled by
clergy, or by officials who are regarded as
divinely guided.[1]
Theocracy should be distinguished from
other secular forms of government that
have a state religion, or are merely
influenced by theological or moral
concepts, and monarchies held "By the
Grace of God".
27. Isocracy
An isocracy is a form of government where all
citizens have equal political power. The term
derives from Greek "ἴσος" meaning "equal" and
"κρατεῖν" meaning "to have power", or "to rule".
An Isocracy expands from the legal right of
Isonomia to political and economic systems, from
equality of law, to equality in governance. To
achieve this, an isocracy both combines and
expands features of liberal rights and those in
democratic rule. According to the nascent
political movement of the same name [1] an
Isocracy embodies self ownership, by extension
Informed consent and natural resources as the
source of public income.
28. Interregnum
An interregnum (plural interregna or
interregnums) is a period of discontinuity or
"gap" in a government, organization, or social
order. Archetypally, it was the period of time
between the reign of one monarch and the next
(coming from Latin inter-, "between" + rēgnum,
"reign" [from rex, rēgis, "king"]), and the
concepts of interregnum and regency therefore
overlap.
Examples of interregna are periods between
monarchs, between popes, between emperors of
the Holy Roman Empire, between kings in an
elective monarchy, or between consuls of the
Roman Republic. The term can also refer to the
period between the pastorates of ministers in
some Protestant churches.
29. Kratocracy
Kratocracy, (from the Greek
κρατερός krateros, meaning "strong"), is
according to Montague,[1] government by
those who are strong enough to seize
power through force or cunning.
30. Kleptocracy
Kleptocracy,
alternatively cleptocracy or kleptarchy, fro
m Ancient Greek:κλέπτης (thief)
and κράτος (rule), is a term applied to a
government subject to control fraud that
takes advantage of governmental
corruption to extend the personal wealth
and political power of government officials
and the ruling class
(collectively, kleptocrats), via the
embezzlement of state funds at the
expense of the wider population,
sometimes without even the pretense of
honest service. The term means "rule by
thieves". Not an "official" form of
government (such as democracy, republic,
monarchy, theocracy) the term is a
pejorative for governments perceived to
have a particularly severe and systemic
problem with the selfish misappropriation
of public funds by those in power.
31. Kritarchy
Kritarchy refers to the rule of judges,
especially in a polycentric legal system.
"Kritarchy" is a compound of the Greek
words for "judge" and "rule". Some people
equate it with anarchocapitalism; others
with the Kingdom of God on Earth. Some
people use "kritarchy" disparagingly for
situations where they believe that the
judges of a court are out of control
(legislating from the bench

32. Matriarchy
A matriarchy is a society in which females,
especially mothers, have the central roles
of political leadership and moral authority.
It is also sometimes called a gynocratic or
gynocentric society.
33. Meritocracy
Meritocracy, in the first, most administrative
sense, is a system of government or other
administration (such as business administration)
wherein appointments are made and
responsibilities assigned to individuals based
upon their "merits", namely intelligence,
credentials and education,[1] determined
through evaluations or examinations.
Although meritocracy as a term is a relatively
recent invention, the concept originates from the
works of Han Feizi and Confucius, along with
other Legalist and Confucian philosophers. The
first meritocracy was implemented in the 2nd
century BC, by the Han Dynasty, which
introduced the world's first civil service exams
evaluating the "merit" of officials.[2]
34. Minarchism
Minarchism (sometimes called minimal statism,
[1] small government, or limited-government
libertarianism[2]) is a libertarian political ideology
which maintains that the state's only legitimate
function is the protection of individuals from
aggression, theft, breach of contract, and fraud.
[2][3] (Such states are sometimes called night
watchman states.) Minarchists defend the
existence of the state as a necessary evil.[1][4]
Minarchism is closely associated with
libertarianism, propertarianism, and classical
liberalism.
Samuel Edward Konkin III, an agorist, coined the
term in 1971 to describe libertarians who defend
some form of compulsory government. Konkin
invented the termminarchism because he initially
felt dismayed of using the cumbersome
phrase limited-government libertarianism.[2][5]
35. Monarchy
A monarchy is a form of government in which all
political power is passed down to an individual
(usually hereditary) known as a monarch ("single
ruler"), or king (male), queen (female).
As a political entity, the monarch is the [head of
state], generally until their death or abdication,
and "is wholly set apart from all other members
of the state."[1]
The word monarch (Latin: monarcha) comes from
the Greek μονάρχης (from μόνος, "one/singular,"
and ἄρχων, "leader/ruler/chief") which referred to
a single, at least nominally absolute ruler. With
time, the word has been succeeded in this
meaning by others, such as autocrat or dictator.
In modern use the word monarchy generally is
used when referring to a traditional system of
hereditary rule, with elective monarchies often
considered as exceptions.
There is no clear definition of monarchy. Holding
unlimited political power in the state is not the
defining characteristic, as many constitutional
monarchies such as the United Kingdom and
Thailand are considered monarchies, while other
states which concentrate political power in the
office of a single head of state are known as
Presidential republics.
Hereditary rule is often a common characteristic,
but elective monarchies are also considered
monarchies (the Pope, sovereign of the Vatican
City State and the head of the Catholic Church, is
elected by the College of Cardinals) and some
states have hereditary rulers, but are considered
republics (such as the stadtholder of the Dutch
Republic, or the Great Council of Chiefs in Fiji).[
36.Nation state
The nation-state is a state that self-
identifies as deriving its political legitimacy
from serving as a sovereign entity for a
country as a sovereign territorial unit.[1]
The state is a political and geopolitical
entity; the nation is a cultural and/or ethnic
entity. The term "nation-state" implies that
the two geographically coincide, and this
distinguishes the nation-state from the
other types of state, which historically
preceded it.
37.Nomocracy
A nomocracy is a government which is ruled by
law. That is, a government under the sovereignty
of rational laws and civic right as opposed to one
under theocratic systems of government [1]. In a
nomocracy, ultimate and final authority
(sovereignty) exists in the law.
Other commentators dispute this interpretation
of nomocracy. According to Seyyed Hossein Nasr
in The Heart of Islam (2002), "the Islamic ideal is
that of a nomocracy, that is, the rule of Divine
Law" (148).
38. Noocracy
Noocracy, or "aristocracy of the wise", as defined
by Plato, is a social and political system that is
"based on the priority of human mind", according
to Vladimir Vernadsky. It was also further
developed in the writings of Pierre Teilhard de
Chardin
One of the first attempts to implement such a
political system was perhaps Pythagoras' "city of
the wise" that he planned to build in Italy
together with his followers, the order of
"mathematikoi." In modern history, similar
concepts were introduced by Vladimir Vernadsky,
who did not use this term however, but the term
"Noosphere."
As defined by Plato, Noocracy is considered to be
the future political system for the entire human
race, replacing Democracy ("the authority of the
crowd") and other forms of government.
39. Oligarchy
The oligarchy (from Greek
ὀλιγαρχία, oligarkhía[1]) is a form of power
structure in which power effectively rests with a
small number of people. These people could be
distinguished by royalty, wealth, family ties,
corporate, or military control. The word oligarchy
is from the Greek words "ὀλίγος" (olígos), "a
few"[2] and the verb "ἄρχω" (archo), "to rule, to
govern, to command".[3] Such states are often
controlled by a few prominent families who pass
their influence from one generation to the next.
Since the collapse of the Soviet Union on 31
December 1991, privately owned Russia-based
multinational corporations, including producers of
petroleum, natural gas, and metal have become
oligarchs. Privatization allowed executives to
amass phenomenal wealth and power almost
overnight. In May 2004, the Russian edition of
Forbes identified 36 of these oligarchs as being
worth at least $1 billion.[4
Mexico, although the thirteenth largest economy
in the world and the largest in Latin America,
suffers from severe inequality in income and
wealth distribution. This leaves power in the
hands of the wealthy minority; large gaps remain
between the lower and upper classes, and as few
as 10% of the population are responsible for 40%
of the national income.
Arguably North Korea is an oligarchy because the
power descends from one family to another.
40. Parliamentary system
A parliamentary system is a system of
government in which the ministers of the
executive branch are drawn from the legislature
and are accountable to that body, such that the
executive and legislative branches are
intertwined. In such a system, the head of
government is both de facto chief executive and
chief legislator.[citation needed]
Parliamentary systems are characterized by "not
having" clear-cut separation of powers between
the executive and legislative branches, leading to
a different set of checks and balances compared
to those found in presidential systems.
Parliamentary systems usually have a clear
differentiation between the head of government
and the head of state, with the head of
government being the prime minister or premier,
and the head of state often being a figurehead,
usually either a president (elected either
popularly or by the parliament) or a hereditary
monarch (or representative thereof such as a
Governor-General), often seen in a constitutional
monarchy.[citation needed]
41.Patriarchy
Patriarchy is a social system in which the role of
the male as the primary authority figure is
central to social organization, and where fathers
hold authority over women, children, and
property. It implies the institutions of male rule
and privilege, and is dependent on female
subordination.
42. Plutocracy
Plutocracy is rule by the wealthy, or power
provided by wealth. The combination of both
plutocracy and oligarchy is called plutarchy.
The word plutocracy (Modern Greek:
πλουτοκρατία - ploutokratia) is derived from the
ancient Greek root ploutos, meaning wealth
and kratos, meaning to rule or to govern.
Before the equal voting rights movement
managed to end it in the early 20th century,
many countries used a system where rich
persons had more votes than poor. A factory
owner may for instance have had 2000 votes
while a worker had one, or if they were very poor
no right to vote at all. Even artificial persons such
as companies had voting rights.[citation nee
43. Saeculum obscurum
Saeculum obscurum (Latin: the dark age) is a
name given to a period in the history of the
Papacy during the first half of the 10th century,
beginning with the installation of Pope Sergius III
in 904 and lasting for sixty years until the death
of Pope John XII in 964.
44.police state
The term police state describes a state in which
the government exercises rigid and repressive
controls over the social, economic and political
life of the population. A police state typically
exhibits elements of totalitarianism and social
control, and there is usually little or no distinction
between the law and the exercise of political
power by the executive.