SWM in Sabah

Environmental Conservation Department,
Sabah
Solid waste disposal in Sabah
Survey Report
August 2002
Environmental Conservation Department,
Sabah
Solid waste disposal in Sabah
Survey Report
August 2002
Report no. 01
Issue no. 02
Date of issue August 2002
Prepared Lim Peng Siong/Mohd Iskandar Mohd Ali/C. H. Laugesen

Checked C. H. Laugesen
Approved ECD
Solid waste disposal in Sabah 1
Table of Contents
1 Introduction 3
2 Solid waste management in Sabah 4
3 Description of survey 7
4 General results and recommendations 8

4.1 General results 8
4.2 Recommendations 16
5 Survey results district by district 20

5.1 Beaufort 20
5.2 Beluran 25
5.3 Keningau 28
5.4 Kota Belud 33
5.5 Kota Kinabalu 37
5.6 Kota Kinabatangan 41
5.7 Kota Marudu 45
5.8 Kuala Penyu 50
5.9 Kudat 54
5.10 Kunak 58
5.11 Lahad Datu 62
5.12 Nabawan 67
5.13 Papar 71
5.14 Pitas 75
5.15 Ranau 78
5.16 Sandakan 84
5.17 Semporna 88
5.18 Sipitang 92
5.19 Tambunan 96
5.20 Tawau 101
5.21 Tenom 108
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5.22 Tuaran 113
ANNEX A – Sample of questionnaire

1 Introduction
Disposal of wastes to land is an inevitable component of every solid waste
management system. No waste can be removed from its point of generation
without there being a place for it to be disposed off. Providing adequate dis-
posal facilities is a challenge faced by waste managers. Disposal of solid waste
in inadequate or poorly designed disposal sites may cause:
• Environmental damage due to contamination of soil, groundwater, surface

water. Adverse impacts result from improper siting, inadequate design
and/or poor operation
• Adverse public health impacts due to spread of vector- and air-borne dis-
eases
• Aesthetic impact which can result in loss of property value and diminished
civic pride
• Deterioration in air quality due to dust, odour and smoke (where bur ning is
practised).
Due to the environmental problems of solid waste disposal, a survey on the

waste disposal has been undertaken as one of the project outputs under the
State’s Environmental Conservation Department - Capacity Building project
(ECD-CAB). As a part of the overall project, this survey was conducted in or-
der to map out the status of waste disposal in Sabah. This will be useful for
planning and managing future disposal systems.
The survey reveals a need for improved planning, management and regulation
of operation and maintenance of waste disposal systems. The information con-
tained in this report will form the basis for proposed Rules on disposal activities
undertaken by the Local Authorities in Sabah.
The Capacity Building project of the ECD is supported by the Danish -

operation for Development (DANIDA), and is a collaboration effort between
the Malaysian and Danish governments.

2 Solid waste management in Sabah

At present, there are 23 solid waste disposal sites in the State under the jurisdic-
tion of the respective City/Municipal/District Councils. The locations of these
sites are shown in Figure 2.1.
The City/Municipal/District Councils are, based on the Local Government Or-

dinance 1961, responsible for the collection, treatment and disposal of solid
waste in their respective rated areas, ni cluding the operation of the disposal
sites. The relevant sections of the Ordinance are:
• ‘Execute works of such general advantage to the health, convenience or

comfort of the inhabitants as to the Authority with such sanction as afore-
said seem desirable (s.38 4(e))’
• ‘Keep clean the streets, bridges, squares, playing grounds and other open
or closed public places in the area (s.49(39))’.
Responsibility for waste collection, removal and disposal, as stated under the
respective Anti-Litter By-laws and Conservancy and Hygiene By-laws, lies with
the individual City, Municipal or District Councils.
Collection of waste is confined to the rating area of each

City/Municipal/District Council, and residents in non-rated areas and in infor-
mal settlements are not covered by formal waste collection services. However,
the Public Health Ordinance 1960 can be utilised to deal with waste problems
in areas not covered by waste collection service. Under this Ordinance, Local
Authorities are responsible for removing wastes, defined as including “surface
water” and “all kinds of refuse and effluent.” This could be read to extend to
the disposal of the waste removed.
There are presently no state policies on solid waste disposal or on solid waste
disposal sites, and there are there are no official guidelines available for local
councils to follow on the establishment, management and operation of solid
waste disposal sites under the ir jurisdiction. There is furthermore no regulation
on the sorting or recycling of waste.
The Government can formulate rules for waste disposal as contained in Section
22 of the State Conservation of Enactment 1996:

• ‘The Yang Di-Pertua Negeri may make rules generally for the provisions
of this Enactment and in particular, such rules may provide for: ‘(w) pro-
hibiting or regulating any activity which may have significant environ-
mental impact in the atmosphere or soils or in the inland waters of the
State’.
So far, this provision has not been utilised by the State Environmental Conser-
vation Department. The State Conservation of Environmental Enactment is
presently being reviewed, which might lead to increased focus on waste collec-
tion and disposal.
Federal re sponsibilities
Municipal solid waste treatment and disposal is a prescribed activity under the
Environmental Quality (Prescribed Activities) (Environment Impact Assess-
ment) Order 1987 of the Environmental Quality Act, 1974. It falls under 18 (b)
of the prescribed activity list which covers:
• ‘(b)Municipal Solid Waste, (i) Construction of incineration plant, (ii) Con-

struction of composting plant, (iii) Construction of recovery/recycling
plant, (iv) Construction of municipal solid waste landfill facility’.
An EIA study is therefore mandatory for the construction of municipal solid

waste facility. To date, an EIA report had only been prepared for the Kayu Ma-
dang Sanitary Landfill at Telipok (Kota Kinabalu landfill); no EIA reports were
prepared for the remaining 21 solid waste disposal sites.
No specific Federal Regulations have been introduced to regulate the activity of

municipal waste: collection, treatment or disposal. There is also no national
policy addressing municipal solid waste management. The Local Government
Act, 1976 states that the responsibility for refuse collection, removal and dis-
posal services lies with the individual Municipal or District Councils. Subsidi-
ary by-laws include: Anti-Litter By-laws, 1983, and Refuse Collection, Re-
moval and Disposal By-laws, 1983.

Figure 2.1 Locations of Public Waste Disposal Sites in Sabah

3 Description of survey
Coverage
All the disposal sites under the jurisdiction of the Local Authorities were vis-
ited. A total of 23 dumpsites were visited during the survey; 22 existing sites
and one that was recently closed. The small dumpsite at Telupid was not vis-
ited.
Questionnaire form
A questionnaire was devised to capture most of the information required. It was
decided that it was better to bring along the questionnaire forms and fill in
when visiting the disposal sites and having discussions with the respective offi-
cers. In this way, it was secured that the questionnaire was returned.
Availability and reliability of information

Before the site visits, letters were sent in advance to the respective City Coun-
cil, Municipal Council and Local Councils informing them of the date and time
of visit. However, in several cases, the relevant officers were not available and
a junior officer or an officer not related to the disposal activity was instructed to
bring the Consultant to the site and also to have discussion with him. In these
cases, some of the information could not be obtained. Follow-up action was
taken, for example by telephoning, to obtain the information. Despite such ef-
forts, some information could not be obtained. The information gathered is
mainly based on on-site observations, and discussions/interviews held during
the site visits.
Additional information
Additional information was obtained from the Ministry of Local Government
and Housing, particularly En Abdul Rahim Zakaria, who is responsible for the
solid waste disposal activity under the Ministry, on the Government policy,
Ministry’s policy, funding and assistance to Local Authorities in solid waste
disposal and management. Not much information was available.
Reporting
This report describes the condition of the disposal sites visited, including a
sketch of each site. An assessment is made on the site suitability, operation and
maintenance of the disposal sites and the future plans of the local author ities.
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4 General results and recommendations
4.1 General results

At present, there are 23 solid waste disposal sites in the State under the jurisdic-
tion of the respective City/Municipal/District councils. The City/Municipal/
District councils are responsible for the collection, treatment and disposal of
solid waste in their respective rated areas, including the operation of the dis-
posal sites. However, in certain cases the services have been privatised, includ-
ing:
• Collection of waste in the Kota Kinabalu rated area by Pacific Garbage

Management System (PGMS)
• Operation of solid waste disposal sites at Sandakan and Lahad Datu by
Cemas Hasil
• Collection of waste in the Tawau rated area by Sharijadi Sdn Bhd
• Operation and ma intenance of the solid waste disposal site at Tawau by
Pemborong Semarak
• Operation and maintenance of the Keningau disposal site by the land
owner.
Below are summarised general results and findings of 22 waste disposal sites
visited. Details can be found in Table 4.1 and in chapter 5 that presents findings
per district.
4.1.1 Site ownership

Site ownership for the 22 disposal sites is as follows:
• 12 are located on land owned by the local authorities

• 2 are located on State Land
• 7 are located on private land
• 1 is located on land owned by the military author ities.

SITE OWNERSHIP
14
12
10
8
No.
6
4
2
0
LA (12) SL (2)-L.Datu, PL(7) -B'fort, K'gau, ML(1) -Kota Belud
Ranau KK, K.Penyu,Kunak,
N'bawan,S'porna
4.1.2 Size
The majority (46 %) of the sites are classified as medium (500-2000 t/mth), 41
% as small (< 500 t/mth), and 13 % as large (> 2,000 t/mth).
The size of the solid waste disposal site correlates with the density of popula-
tion and level of development in the main towns of each district. The largest
disposal site is at Kayu Madang followed by Sandakan, Keningau and Tawau.
The small sites are located in the rural areas and small towns; Tuaran is an ex-
ception as most of the waste is disposed off at Kayu Madang.
SIZE IN TERMS OF VOLUME OF WASTE RECEIVED
Large (3/13%)-KK,
S'kan,Twu
Small -(9/41%)Beluran,
K.Penyu,K'nak,
Nabawan, Papar,Pitas, Medium (10/46%)-B'fort,
T'bunan, S'porna, K'batangan, KB,
Kg.Tajau K.Marudu, Kudat,
L.Datu,Ranau, Sipitang,
Tawau, Tenom

4.1.3 Waste acceptance

Waste acceptance, as informed by the local authorities, at the different sites is
as follows:
• 13 sites accept all types of waste (60 % of all sites)

• 4 sites do not accept clinical waste
• 2 sites do not accept tyres
• 1 site does not accept sche duled and hazardous waste (Kayu Madang)
• 1 site does not accept rubber waste (Tawau)
• 1 site does not accept toxic chemicals (Lahad Datu).
Residents in non-rated areas and in informal settlements are not covered by

formal waste collection services and resort to waste burning, dumping of waste
on nearby open land and disposal of waste in the rivers and sea.
In general it was noted, that at most dumpsites were all types of wastes ac-
cepted. Waste from hospitals and clinics were observed, also at sites reportedly
not receiving such waste.
TYPES OF WASTE ACCEPTED
Do not accept toxic chemcials -L.Datu 1
Do not accept rubber waste -Tawau 1
Do not accept scheduled waste - 1

K.Madang
Do not accept tyres -K.Belud, L.Datu 2
Do not accept clinical waste -K.Belud, 4

K.Marudu, S'kan, T'bunan
Accept all wastes (60%) 13
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
No.

4.1.4 Site suitability

The site suitability has been assessed, and it was found that the majority of the
sites are not suitably located:
• 14 sites are considered not suitable for disposal (64 % of all sites), mainly
because they are situated in swamps (5 sites), valleys & side slopes (8
sites) or on raised terraces (2 sites) or because they are unsuitably located
due to proximity to development in the surrounding area
• 7 sites are considered fairly suitable located
• 1 site is considered suitably located.
SITE SUITABILITY
16
14
12
10
No. 8
6
4
2
0
Not suitably located Fairly suitably located- Suitably located-(1) K.
(14/64%) (7) Beluran, K'tangan, Madang
K.Belud,Kunak,
N'bawan, S'kan,
Sipitang
TERRAIN OF SITE
Intermontane Plain-
Sideslope-Tawau
Nabawan
5%
5%
Valley- B'fort, K'gau,
K. Madang, K. Penyu,
Alluvial Plain-K'tangan, Ranau, Sipitang,
K. Marudu, Kunak, T'bunan, Tenom
Pitas, S'kan, 35%
23%
Raised Terrace-KB,
Semporna Swamp- Beluran,
9% Kudat, L. Datu, Papar,
Kg. Tajau
23%

4.1.5 Design
The site design was assessed, and it was found that all sites, except one (Kayu
Madang), do in fact not qualify as a landfill site. The majority are best de-
scribed as dumpsites, where waste is dumped in valleys, swamps, pits, or side
slopes. The Kayu Madang is a Level IV Sanitary Landfill, and is the only
dumpsite with an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). In general it was
found that (see Table 4.1 and chapter 5 for details):
• 15 sites were poorly designed

• 4 sites were of fair design
• 3 sites were well designed.
Concerning the design of disposal sites the following was furthermore found:
• 20 sites are non-engineered with for example no bottom liner, leachate col-
lection or treatment system (91 % or all sites)
• 2 sites are engineered (Kayu Madang with a bottom liner, Tuaran with no
bottom liner)
• 1 site has a clay liner, but is non-engineered (Keningau)
• 2 sites use man-made pits (Kota Belud and Nabawan)
• 1 site has a leachate collection and treatment system is in place (Kayu Ma-
dang)
• No sites have a water runoff control and management system
• No sites have any groundwater monitoring systems
• Security measures, such as fencing, gates and guards are often lacking
• Most sites have no closure plan.
OVERALL DESIGN
Well design-K.
Madang, Kg. Tajau,
N'bawan
Fair design-K'gau,
K.Belud,L.Datu, Papar
Poor design
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
No.

4.1.6 Operation and maintenance

Operation and maintenance has been assessed, and it was found that:
• None of the sites are considered as being well operated and maintained
• 12 of the sites are considered as being fair operate d and maintained
• 10 of the sites are considered as being poor operated and maintained.
Daily covering is not being done in the majority of sites and compaction of fill
is done only at some sites. Safety and health measures are not in place in most
of the sites.
Most of the solid waste disposal sites are simple open-spaced dump sites lo-
cated on flat land, valley, and swamps - some with streams nearby. Leachate
was observed to seep into the surrounding land in a number of sites. The sites
are smelly with abundant flies and birds. No operation and maintenance manual
were encountered.
OPERATION & MAINTENANCE
Poor O & M
Fair O & M
9 10 11 12 13
No.
4.1.7 Environmental management and protection

Environmental management and protection has been assessed, and it was found
that:
• 21 sites have no environmental management and protection measures in

place
• 1 site has environmental management and protection measures in place
(Kayu Madang). However, the leachate pumps have broken down resulting
in limited environmental protection (leachate is being discharge directly to
a stream).
An impr operly sited and designed waste disposal site with poor operation and
maintenance procedures will have an impact on the environment. The survey
found that the waste disposal sites visited had several negative impacts on the
environment:

• Pollution of natural waterways. Puddles and streams of leachate were

found at several sites, particularly Tawau, Keningau and Kayu Madang.
Without a leachate collection and treatment system, the leachate will even-
tually find its way into the creeks and streams polluting the surface water
and put downstream users of the water at risk. A leachate collection system
which is not functioning will also pollute the natural waterways as the
leachate is allowed to flow direct into the waterways as noted at Kayu Ma-
dang. Waste is dumpe d at the upper part of valleys at several sites. During
periods of heavy rain, the waste will be moved down-valley polluting the
river system dow nstream and creating an ugly sight. This had happened
before at some sites, e.g. Tambunan Two which was recently closed
• Pollution of swamp environment. At several of the sites, waste is dumped

directly into the swamp or into areas adjacent to swamps causing pollution
of the swamp environment and affect the swamp ecology
• Pollution of groundwater. Several of the sites are sited on permeable mate-

rial, e.g. Semporna on raised coral and Kota Belud on raised terrace which
consists of sandy material. Leachate generated here will infiltrate into the
permeable underlying material and result in pollution of the groundwater
system
• Pollution of marine environment. Some sites are located close to the coast,
with the possibility of leachate finding its way into the marine environ-
ment. This is particularly so in areas where the underlying material is per-
meable, as is the case with the site at Semporna where leachate infiltrate
into the permeable raised coral and further into the underground river sys-
tem leading into the sea
• Air quality. Only few sites cover waste on a daily basis, while most of the
sites only cover waste very infrequently. This results in stench and odour
nuisances that affect the air qua lity in the surrounding area. Complaints on
foul odour were reported at several of the sites. Open burning at many sites
also leads to deterioration of air quality, which for example leads to decline
in land and property value in the area where the site is located
• Health. Animals and humans scavenging were seen at many of the sites.
This kind of uncontrolled scavenging often result in serious health prob-
lems, because humans are exposed to clinical waste, poisonous substances
and sharp objects and because both humans and animals can become dis-
ease vectors and spread diseases
• Landscape and aesthetics. A waste disposal site becomes a permanent fea-

ture of the landscape. Once it is closed and not properly rehabilitated, it
will become an eyesore. Most of the local authorities do not have any re-
habilitation or closure plan for the sites once they are closed. At most, the
sites will be covered with a layer of soil. Often, the soil cover is thin and
after a period of time the waste will be exposed leading to unpleasant
sights, as evidenced at the visited closed sites. The toes of waste dumped in

valleys cannot be covered and the waste can still be seen once the site is
closed. This leads to a decline in the aesthetic value of the area.
4.1.8 Future plans

Future plans for each district has been assessed, and it was found that:
• 15 of the sites are either full or unsuitably located due to complaints, de-
velopment in the surrounding area etc. and therefore are in urgent need for
a new site
• Some local authorities have identified new sites and are in the process of
applying and sourcing for funds to purchase the land and to conduct EIA
studies. Many of the proposed sites are, however, considered not suitable,
being located in swamps and/or valleys. A few of the proposed sites are
considered as suitably located, e.g. the new site for Keningau and Tenom.
Proper site selection is important to reduce the impact on the environment,
and sites should be selected so that facilities can be set up to meet the
minimal engineering and environmental requirements. It also appears that
many of these proposed new sites will not be engineered.
TERRAIN OF PROPOSED NEW SITES
Site not yet

identified-Pitas,
S'kan
Raised Terrace-
S'porna, Sipitang
Alluvial Plain-
K'tangan, K.
Marudu,
Footslope- K'gau,
Tenom
Swamp-B'fort, K. Valley-K. Belud,

Penyu Kudat, N'bawan,
Ranau, Tawau
0 1 2 3 4 5
No.
4.1.9 Problems faced by local authorities

All local authorities face problems in the operation, maintenance and manage-
ment of the waste disposal sites. Problems faced by the local authorities are re-
lated to funding, staffing and equipment. The local authorities are expected to
operate and maintain the waste disposal sites using their own funds. The major-

ity do not charge dumping fees and some have to collect and dispose waste
from outside their rating areas, e.g. from schools, individual houses and settle-
ments upon request. Financial assistance from the State Ministry of Local Gov-
ernment and Housing is limited.
Basic equipment for site operation and maintenance is in most cases inade-
quate. Equipment is normally not properly maintained due to financial con-
straints and low priority.
4.1.10 Policies and plans on state level

The Ministry of Local Government and Housing does not have any policies on
solid waste or on solid waste disposal sites, and relies on advice from the De-
partment of Medical and Health Services. Currently, there are no official guide-
lines available for local councils to follow on the establishment, management
and operation of solid waste disposal sites under their jurisdiction.
The State Ministry of Local Government and Housing provides support to the
local councils in the form of one officer who is in charge of matters related to
solid waste disposal under the jurisdiction of the local councils. This post is
currently held by En. Abdul Rahim Zakaria.
The Ministry of Local Government and Housing is partaking in one program

related to solid waste disposal; reducing or recycling wastes as part of the cur-
rent nation-wide recycling program launched (in stages) by the Federal Minis-
try of Local Government and Housing.
4.2 Recommendations
The following conclusions, based on the actual situation, concerning solid
waste disposal, administration, legislation, planning and finance, can be drawn
from the survey:
• The appropriate authority for operation and maintenance of solid waste sys-
tems is the local authorities, despite the fact that lack of funding and exper-
tise continue to hinder the local authorities in efficiently to operate and
maintain solid waste systems in Sabah
• There is a need for an authority on the State level to set general policies and
regulations for administration and control of environmental impact of solid
waste disposal
• There is a need for better and more detailed rules or common by-laws cov-
ering all districts. These rules shall be made for local councils to follow on
the establishment, management and operation of solid waste disposal sites
under their jurisdiction. The rules shall focus on site suitability, requirement
for engineered design, operation and maintenance, environmental manage-
ment, lechate collection and discharge location, inspection and enforcement,

failure to operate and maintain; all issues which presently are not given due
consideration
• There is a need to utilise existing budget more efficiently. The local author i-
ties have budgets for operation and maintenance of solid waste disposal
through the collection of the rate assessment. However, operation and main-
tenance of solid waste disposal is often given low priority, depriving opera-
tion and maintenance of the funds that could be utilised
• There is a need to consider the possibilities for inter-district cooperation

regarding solid waste disposal. For example by disposing waste from several
districts at a common site, by setting up transit points, sorting and recycling
at these transit points Inter-district solid waste cooperation has become in-
creasingly workable because of the improved road system linking the dis-
tricts.
• Waste reduction by composting or recycling should, where feasible, be in-

troduced. For example, the waste at the Tanah Merah site, Ranau, has a very
high percentage of vegetable waste which can be composted. Composting is
more applicable to sites in the rural areas where the waste is mostly domes-
tic waste. Recycling is still only practised at a few sites, e.g. at Kayu Ma-
dang
• 21 of the 22 dumping sites could be labelled open dumping, and it is rec-

ommended that existing landfills are upgraded to either controlled or engi-
neered landfills, while new landfills should be designed, sited, operated and
managed as engineered or sanitary landfills.
Figure 4.1. Landfill types and options

• It is finally recommended that old dumpsites are upgraded, and new land-
fills, are designed with the design criteria outlined in Figure 4.2 in mind.
Figure 4.2. Design of landfill

TABLE 1. SUMMARY OF MAIN FEATURES OF WASTE DISPOSAL SITES
Site Name Site Vol. of Types of Terrain Site Overall Operation Disposal Closure Need for
Ownership Waste Waste of site Suitability Design & Method Plan new site
Received Rejected Maintenance (terrain)
1 Beaufort P M N V P P F Dumping in valley No Yes (S)
2 Beluran C S N S F P F Open dumping in swamp No No
3 Keningau P L N V P F F Dumping in valley No Yes (FS)
4 Kinabatangan C M N AP F P P Open dumping No Yes (AP)
5 Kota Belud M M C, G, T RT F F F Dumping in pit No Yes (V/FL)
6 Kayu Madang P L S, H V G G F Sanitary landfill Level IV Yes No
7 Kota Marudu C M C AP P P F Open dumping No Yes (AP)
8 Kuala Penyu P S N V P P P Dumping in valley No Yes (S)
9 Kudat C M N S; FS P P P Open dumping in swamp No Yes (V)
10 Kunak P S N AP F P P Open dumping No No
11 Lahad Datu S M TC, T S P F F Controlled open dumping No No
12 Nabawan P S N IP F G F Dumping in pit No Yes (V)
13 Langkawit C S S S P F F Open dumping in swamp No No
14 Pitas C S * IP P P P Dumping in pit No Yes (-)
15 Tanah Merah S M N V P P P Dumping in valley No Yes (V)
16 Sandakan C L C AP F P F Open dumping No Yes (-)
17 Semporna P S N RT P P P Open dumping No Yes (RT)
18 Merintaman C M N V F P F Dumping in valley No Yes (RT)
19 Tambunan C S C V P P F Dumping in valley No No
20 Tawau C M R SS P P P Open dumping No Yes (V)
21 Cinta Mata C M N V P P P Open dumping No Yes (FS)
22 Kg. Tajau C S N S P G P Dumping in cells No No
NOTE: Col. 3: C=City Hall/Municipality/Council; P=Private; S=State; M=Military
Col. 4: L= Large (> 2000 t/mth); M=Medium (500-2000t/mth); S=Small (<500 t/mth)
Col. 5: N=None; C=Clinical; R=Rubber; S=Scheduled waste; T=Tyres; G= Green; H=Hazardous; TC=Toxic chemicals; *=Accepts only household waste
Col. 6: V=Valley; S=Swamp; AP=Alluvial Plain; SS=Sideslope; FS=Footslope; IP=Inter-montane plain; RT=Raised Terrace;
Col 7-9: P=Poor; F=Fair; G=Good
Col. 12: V=Valley; FL=Flatland; FS=Footslope; S=Swamp; RT=Raised Terrace; AP=Alluvial Plain; (-): No exact site identified.

5 Survey results district by district

The results of the survey of the individual sites are described below with an
assessment made of each site. Location maps and sketches were prepared and
photographs taken; all included in the report.
5.1 Beaufort
Location (GPS 5 o 23' 00.0" N; 115o 44' 21.0" E)
The 10-acre site is located on land belonging to the Sabah Land Development
Board (SLDB) at Kg.Muhibbah, Jalan Lumat Lama off the Kota Kinabalu -
Beaufort Road, 6 km from Beaufort Town, See Figure 5.1. The factory of Vi-
king Packaging Sdn Bhd is located just west of the site.
History
The site has been used as a disposal site since pre 1992 and land filling activity
is expected to last until Year 2007. There is no closure plan for the site.
Waste collection coverage and amount of waste received

This site receives waste from the rating area of Beaufort and also the towns of
Weston and Membakut. A total of 1920 tonnes of waste per month are esti-
mated to be dumped here.
Site characteristics
The disposal site is located on a horse shoe-shaped north-south trending valley
surrounded by hills and ridge. The valley is underlain by alluvium. The low
hills and ridge to the east, south and north of the site are built up of sandstone-
shale of the Crocker Formation and are planted with rubber trees. Access to the
site is via Jalan Lumat Lama located along the western edge of the site. To the
west of the site is low swampy land where the factory of Viking Packaging Sdn
Bhd is located. The Kota Kinabalu-Beaufort Road is located about 400 m west
of the site. Kg. Muhibbah is located about 100 m north of the site; people ille-
gally built their houses there after land filling activity started. The drainage
from the site flows westerly into the swampy land and into roadside drain and
finally into Sungai Klias. There is no known use of groundwater in the immedi-
ate vicinity of the site. There is a gate and guardhouse.
Design
This is a non-engineered unlined disposal site. Waste is crudely dumped into a
natural gully that is not lined. The area is only partially fenced (only the side
D:\My Documents\Finals for Backups\Env_Background_Papers\N20_Landfill_Survey\Landfill survey 050802. doc

along access road is fenced), but there is a gate and a guardhouse. There is no
leachate collection and disposal system nor a runoff control and management
system. See Figure 5.2.
Operation and maintenance

Crude dumping is practised. The site receives all types of waste which is
dumped into the natural valley floor (no liner installed) and levelled. The valley
has been slowly filled up creating a pile of the dumped waste a few metres be-
low road level over the major portion of the valley. The present active fill area
is located at the northern end of the valley. Waste is dumped and pushed into
the valley. There is no compaction of the waste and no daily cover is applied.
Domestic waste is currently being dumped and pushed into the valley whereas
dry waste is dumped over the valley north of the northern ridge. Vehicles carry-
ing waste arriving at the site are recorded by the guard.
There is open burning and the waste is not regularly covered with soil leading
to foul odour and high risk of vector diseases due to the presence of birds, goats
and dogs. There is illegal dumping of waste along the access road. There is lim-
ited scavenging of waste, mainly by members of the guard.
The culvert at the access road is blocked with abandoned refrigerator etc.;
leachate from the disposal site flows west into the swampy land and also perco-
lates into the ground.
The guard is not paid but collects and keeps the charges (RM 10.00 per truck)
from the public dumping waste at the dumpsite.
Future plan
The site is expected to be closed by 2007. The Beaufort District Council does
not have a closure plan for the site. A new 10 acre site in the mangrove swamp
near Kg. Balibata has been proposed by the Assistant Collector of Land Reve-
nue for the new disposal site.
Assessment
The site would have been suitable if there had been a clay liner, the valley bun-
ded, a simple leachate treatment (oxidation) installed and the area fenced up. As
it is, the site poses a high environmental risk. Leachate generated from the
waste flows along the creek to swampy area west of site and finally into Sg.
Padas and also percolates into the ground polluting groundwater.
Other problems observed include clearing of drainage in valley (health aspects),

need for the instalment of an oxidation system, removal of illegal dumping on
roadside before dumpsite entrance, cover material to deter scavenging birds,
dogs and goats.
The present site is expected to be filled up in two years time and the Assistant
Collector of Land Revenue (ACLR) Beaufort has proposed a new site at Kg.
Balibata. The proposed site is located in mangrove forest.

Photo 5.1.1. Beaufort dumpsite at Kg. Muhibbah Baru. View from the main
road looking east
Photo 5.1.2. Beaufort dumpsite at Kg. Muhibbah Baru. Guard gatehouse

Photo 5.1.3. Beaufort dumpsite at Kg. Muhibbah Baru. View from entry point

Figure 5.1 Location and Layout of waste Disposal Site at Beaufort
Figure 5.2 Layout of Waste Disposal Site at Beaufort

5.2 Beluran
The site is located at Km 4 Jalan Kolapis, 6 km from Beluran Town, see Figure
5.3. The area allocated for disposal site is 20.2 hectares (50 acres) and belongs
to the Beluran District Council.
History
Disposal activity started here in 1997 and the site will be closed when full. The
Beluran District Council does not have any closure or restoration plan for the
site.

Waste collected from the Beluran rate area (391.7 hectares) and from residents
living outside the rated area are dumped here. This site receives all types of
waste, amounting to approximately 180 tonnes per month.
The site is located on swampy land with a low hill on the southern side. The
site is mainly underlain by alluvium with sandstone/shale underlying the low
hill to the south. Mangrove swampy occurs to the north and east while the area
to the south and west is covered with secondary forest. The nearest house is 50
m to the southwest.
Design
This is a non-engineered disposal site site with no liner. There is no runoff con-
trol and management system. There is also no leachate collection and treatment
system. The site does not have a security system. See Figure 5.4.

Open dumping of waste is practised. A gravel road leads to a low hill on the
southern part of the site where the waste is tipped over and pushed into the
swampy land below and compacted at irregular intervals when the waste
reaches a certain height. Dumping of the waste slowly progresses towards the
swamp on the northern part of the site. There is scavenging of waste and own-
ers of adjacent land had complained of waste spilling into their land.
Future plan
The Beluran District Council does not have any plan for a future site as it
deems this site to be sufficient to cater for the waste generated for many years.
The Council also does not have any restoration plan for the site when it is full.
Assessment
The site is usable due to the large area available and the surrounding area is un-
developed. Draining, proper bunding of the site, placement of clay liner and
simple leachate treatment will enhance the suitability of the site. Other prob-
lems observed include lack of maintenance of access road and no daily cover-
ing to reduce health impact.

Photo 5.2.1. Beluran Dumpsite. Edge of tipping area and burning of rubbish
Photo 5.2.2. Beluran Dumpsite. Edge of tipping area and mangrove edge

Figure5.3 Location and sketch of waste disposal site at Beluran
Figure 5.4 Layout of the Beluran waste disposal site

5.3 Keningau
Location (GPS 5 o 23' 12.4 " N; 116o 08' 52.5" E)
The waste disposal site for the Keningau District is located at Kg. Linsosod,
about 6 km north-northeast of Keningau Town, see Figure 5.5. The site is lo-
cated on 12.1 hectares (30 acres) of land belonging to an individual. The site is
rented and 4 hectares (10 acres) out of the 12.1 hectares is utilized for waste
disposal.
History
Dumping of waste at this site started in 1991 and is expected to end by year
2011.
Waste collection coverage and amount of waste receive d

Waste collected from the Keningau Town rated area (1619 hectares), the shop
lots outside the rated area, outer housing areas and Sook Town are dumped at
this site. An estimated 3180 tonnes of waste are disposed per month.
The disposal site is located on the upper part of a valley. An access road leads
to the site. The road cuts along the access road expose terrace deposit of sand
and clay. The area surrounding the site is covered with secondary jungle. The
landowner’s house is located near the entrance of the access road which has a
gate. A private house is located opposite the entrance of the access road. The
valley floor, which is covered with previous fill, is now covered with lush
grass. The water in the valley upstream of the site has been ponded by the con-
struction of the access road across the valley.
Design
This is a non-engineered disposal site. However, a compacted clay liner had
been placed at the bottom of the valley on which the waste is deposited. There
is no record of the thickness of the clay liner. There is no bunding at the lower
end of the site and no leachate collection and treatment system was installed.
Leachate flows directly down-valley. The area is not fenced but there is a gate.
There is no runoff control; the access road to the lower end of the valley has
dammed the water in the upper part of the valley. There is no drainage to re-
move this ponded water. No groundwater monitoring system has been installed.
See Figure 5.6.

The disposal operation has been contracted out to the landowner; there are 9
years to go before the agreement expires. The Keningau District Council pays
RM 9,500.00 per month for the rental of land and disposal operation.
The bottom of the valley floor had been lined with compacted clay. Waste was
supposed to be laid on this clay base, leveled, compacted and regularly covered.
An access road was constructed to enter the valley floor from the lower end.
The access road cuts across the valley at the upper end effectively ponding the
water upstream. The compactors were supposed to use the access road to dump

the waste at the valley floor. This was practiced for a while. However, waste is
now dumped at the side of the access road on the south and pushed over into
the valley. Waste dumping is now concentrated on the upper end of the site
where a stream of waste has been dumped across the valley floor. Lately, it is
understood that the disposal operator has not performed as per agreement and
the waste has not been regularly leve lled and covered. The waste is now ex-
posed creating foul odour. There have been complaints from the residents of the
house located opposite the entrance of the access road.
Leachate has been noted to collect at the lower end of the waste dump; flowing
downstream into the creek which winds its way to the golf course area and fi-
nally discharges into Sg. Pegalan east of Keningau Town.
Future plan
The Keningau District Council recognised that the site is unsuitable, and is not
satisfied with the disposal operation by the land owner. The Council has de-
cided to look for an alternative site. A site has been located along Jalan Kam-
pung Sendukot off Km 17 Keningau-Sook Road. The site is 30 acres in size and
belongs to the State Government. The Council has applied for funds from the
Ministry of Local Government and Housing for an EIA to be carried out.
Assessment
The site is not suitable, being located in a valley. Leachate flows dow nstream
polluting the river environment downstream, and eventually flows into the Sg.
Pegalan which joins the Sg. Padas. Disposal activity has not been properly car-
ried out leading to foul odour and health problems. There is some scavenging.
In rainy periods, the water from upstream may overflow into the site and bring
the uncompacted waste dow nstream.
Photo 5.3.1. Keningau dumpsite. View of bottom of pit

Photo 5.3.2. Keningau dumpsite. Scavenger on-site
Photo 5.3.3. Keningau dumpsite. View of north side

Photo 5.3.4. Keningau dumpsite. View of north side
Photo 5.3.5. Keningau dumpsite. View of proposed new site off Km 17 Sook
road

Figure 5.5 Location and sketch of waste disposal site at Keningau
Figure5.6 Layout of the Keningau waste disposal site

5.4 Kota Belud

The disposal site is located at Sorob, 7 km southeast of Kota Belud Town, see
Figure 5.7. The land formerly belonged to the Kota Belud Council but is now
alienated for military use (warfare training). The military authorities have con-
sented to the site being used for waste disposal; however, no waste can be
dumped when warfare training is taking place. The disposal site covers an area
of 2 hectares (5acres).
History
According to Kota Belud Council, waste has been dumped at this site since pre-
1992 and the last dumping was in May 2001 after which the waste was trans-
ported to the Kayu Madang Landfill for disposal. However, the on-site visit
showed that dumping of waste at the site is still going on.

Waste for 1,112 acres of the Kota Belud rated area were formerly dumped at
this site. It is estimated that the site received 720 tonnes of waste, except clini-
cal, green waste and tyres, per month.
The disposal site is located about 250 m from Sungai Wariu, on terrace fluvi-
atile alluvium (mainly sand and silt). The terrace is about 10 m above the river
level. The immediate area surrounding the site (on south and east side of river)
is covered with lallang and secondary forest (to the east). Some fruit trees,
mainly bananas, are also planted just west of the site. The area to the north and
west of Sg. Wariu is covered with secondary forest with clusters of primary
forest. The nearest house is located 600 m west of the site.
Design
This is a non-engineered, unlined disposal site with no security measures, and
no groundwater monitoring plan. Instead, unlined trenches are dug and the
waste dumped in these. See Figure 5.8.

Waste is dumped into trenches 8 feet long 3-4 feet deep and are covered with
soil when full. According to the Kota Belud Council, the site has reached its
capacity. The site is now covered with a series of trenches which have been
covered with soil and is now partially overgrown with grass and shrubs. A visit
to the site showed that it is still being used as waste disposal site. Garbage is
strewn at the entrance to the site and along the access road. Scavenging of
waste was observed.
Future plan
The Kota Belud Council recognise that the site is unsuitable since it is gazetted
for military use and disposal operation limited to non-military training periods.
The Council has therefore tried to locate areas for new disposal sites. Two areas
were located, one a 5-acre site belonging to the State Government at Kampung

Piasau (Ranau road by-pass) and the other a 35-acre site at Kampung Lingku-
don.
The Council does not have a closure or restoration plan for the site.
Assessment
The site is located far from human population. However, since it is located
within land gazetted for military use, its usage is limited. Furthermore, the
trenches are not lined and since the alluvium comprises mainly sand and silt,
any leachate generated will percolate into the ground polluting the groundwa-
ter. Due to its proximity to Sg. Wariu, it is likely that leachate find its way into
the river.
Photo 5.5.1. Kota Belu dumpsite, Kg. Sorob

Photo 5.5.2. Kota Belud. Rubbish dumped by private tippers at entrance
Photo 5.5.3. Kota Belud. Rubbish dumped by private tippers at entrance

Figure 5.7 Location and sketch of waste disposal site at Sorob, Kota Belud
Figure 5.8 Layout of the Sorob, Kota Belud waste disposal site

5.5 Kota Kinabalu

The site is located at Kg. Lapasan, Telipok within the Kota Kinabalu Industrial
Park, 18 km northeast of Kota Kinabalu City, see Figure 5.9. The waste dis-
posal site covers an area of 8.9 hectares (22 acres).
History
Disposal of waste at this site started in 1997 and is expected to last until 2015.
It has a capacity of 15,333 cubic metres.

This site receives all types of waste except scheduled and hazardous waste from
the rating areas of Kota Kinabalu City, Penampang, Tuaran and Kota Belud. It
receives an estimated total of 9,000 tonnes of waste per month.
The site is located in a gently sloping northeast-southwest trending valley with
sloping hills at the northeast and southwest. The valley floor is underlain by
alluvium while sandstone and sha le underlie the hills. The surface runoff at the
northwestern part of the valley flows northwest into the Salut Bay. The imme-
diate surrounding has not been developed and is covered with secondary forest.
Design
This is an engineered Level IV sanitary landfill. It has a bottom liner but it is
only in the middle part; the liner comprises clay (1 m), sand (2 inches) and ag-
gregate (5 inches). The area is fenced with a gate and guard. Leachate is col-
lected and pumped to the oxidation pond. Groundwater wells ha ve been ni -
stalled. There is also weigh bridge and wheel wash. See Figure 5.10.

The waste is dumped into the site, pushed, levelled and compacted in layers. A
daily cover is then placed on top of the compacted waste. All waste entering the
site has to be registered at the reception office located at the gate. Presently, the
active fill area is located at the south-western part of the area. There is con-
trolled scavenging of waste.
Future plan
There is plan to extend the landfill area to the southwest to extend the life of the
landfill. When closed, the area will revert back to the Kota Kinabalu Industrial
Park, which will develop the area.
In response to rapid population growth and urbanisation in the Kota Kinabalu

area, the Sustaina ble Urban Development Project, funded by DANCED, formu-
lated an Integrated Solid Waste Management Strategy, which provided guide-
lines for the improvement and future development of the waste system in the
region. The strategy contains guidelines for immediate improvements to be im-
plemented during 2000-2001, short-term development for 2002-2005 and long-
term development for 2006-2015.

Assessment
In general, the operation and maintenance of the landfill is fairly good. How-
ever, no proper cell methodology is used and the landfill is not being properly
utilised. But more importantly, the leachate pumps need urgent repairs or re-
placement. At present leachate is discharged directly to a small stream. The
wheel wash are not in service.
Photo 5.6.1. Kota Kinabalu (Kayu Madang). View from south corner
Photo 5.6.2. Kota Kinabalu (Kayu Madang). View from northeast corner

Photo 5.6.3. Kota Kinabalu (Kayu Madang). Pit dumpsite within dumpsite
(north east corner)
Photo 5.6.4. Kota Kinabal. (Kayu Madang). View of dumpsite and gatehouse in
the background

Figure 5.9 Location and layout of the Kayu Madang Landfill, Telipok
Figure 5.10 Layout of the Kayu Madang landfill

5.6 Kota Kinabatangan

The site is located within Kota Kinabatangan town approximately 3 km in from
the Kinabatangan-Lahad Datu Highway, see Figure 5.11. The area allocated for
the disposal site is 10 acres and belongs to the Kinabatangan District Council.
History
Land filling activity started in 1990 and is proposed to be closed in July 2002.

The dumpsite is used to dispose all types of waste from Kota Kinabatangan
Town and the Bukit Garam area. The estimated amount of waste received per
month is 720 tonnes.
The site is located on a floodplain and is mainly underlain by alluvium and
sandstone of the Tanjong Formation. A majority of the surrounding area is un-
developed and is covered with secondary forest. There is a housing develop-
ment under the LPPB scheme in the process of development less than half a
kilometre to the southwest.
Design
This is a non-engineered disposal site with no liner, no leachate collection and
treatment system and no runoff management system. The site is also not fenced
and there is no gate. See Figure 5.12.

Open dumping of waste is practiced. A dirt road leads to the southern part of
the site where the waste is tipped over and left in a series of mounds. Compac-
tion of the fill is done at irregular intervals. Dumping of the waste slowly pro-
gresses towards the south of the site due to a fear of tire punctures and the lack
of heavy machinery to push the wastes further inwards to the north. This site
receives all types of waste except clinical wastes, amounting to approximately
720 tons per month. There is scavenging of waste taking place by the families
of the labourers employed at the housing development to the south.
Future plan
The Kinabatangan District Council has no closure plan for the site. The Council
plans to dump waste at a new 50 acre site at Kampung Sungai Rotan; this site is
part of reforestation area and belongs to the Council. It is awaiting funds to
construct access road to the site.
Assessment
Although it was reported that clinical wastes is not accepted at this site, clinical
wastes was found at the site. It is hard to determine the operation and mainte-
nance for this site as the plans are in place by the council to move all the rub-
bish to a new proposed site due to the town master plan to develop the area into
a residential zone.

Photo 5.4.1. Kinabatangan dumpsite. View from southwest corner
Photo 5.4.2. Kinabatangan dumpsite. Refuse dumped along the road site with
waiting scavengers

Photo 5.4.3. Kinabatangan dumpsite. View from southwest corner
Photo 5.4.4. Kinabatangan dumpsite. Rubbish dumped before arrival at site

Figure 5.11 Location and sketch of waste disposal site at Kota Kinabatangan
Figure 5.12 Layout of the Kinabatangan waste disposal site

5.7 Kota Marudu

The site is located half a km in from the Kota Marudu main road within the old
town area, see Figure 5.13. The area allocated for the dumpsite is 7 acres, how-
ever, currently only 4 acres are used. This site belongs to the Kota Marudu Dis-
trict Council.
History
Land filling activity at the site started in the early 1960’s. The site will be
closed as soon as the new site at Kampung Talas is approved.

This site receives all types of waste, except clinical waste, amounting to 600
tonnes per month, from the Kota Marudu and Tandik areas (750 sq. miles).
The site is located on swampy land. The site is mainly underlain by alluvium
with a clayey texture. The area to the north is undeveloped and is covered with
secondary forest. There are residential areas all around and the nearest house is
50 m to the north.
Design
This is a non-engineered disposal site with no liner and no envir onmental
protection measures. The site, however, is fenced with a gate. See Figure 5.14.

Open dumping of waste is practiced. There is a sealed road all the way to the
gate of the dumpsite and the internal road is graveled. The waste is dumped in-
discriminately in a circular drive pattern, of which the center was supposed to
be the dumping pit. Compaction of the fill is done at irregular intervals. Dump-
ing of the waste slowly progresses towards the eastern part of the site.
There is scavenging of waste and complaints from owners of adjacent land of

waste spilling into the drains and of open burning at the dumpsite.
Future plan
The site is full and a new 25-acre site at Kampung Talas has been approved and
land title issued to the Council which is applying for an additional 50 acres.
There is no closure and site restoration plans for the existing site when it is clo-
sed.
Assessment
The site is no longer feasible as a dumpsite due to the high population in the
area from schools to government housing. Draining, proper bunding of the site,
cleaning of the drain and a simple leachate treatment system will be necessary
for the remediation and closure of the site. Wastes should be pushed to the east
and maintained placing cover material to help reduce the impact on the health
of the surrounding population.

Photo 5.7.1. Kota Marudu dumpsite. View of access road from south
Photo 5.7.2. Kota Marudu dumpsite. West end looking south

Photo 5.7.3. Kota Marudu dumpsite. North side of loop road (internal)
Photo 5.7.4. Kota Marudu dumpsite. Perimeter drain along west end

Photo 5.7.5. Kota Marudu dumpsite. Scavengers along internal access road

Figure 5.13 The Pekan Lama landfill sites, Kota Marudu
Figure 5.14 Layout of the Kota Marudu waste disposal sites

5.8 Kuala Penyu

The present waste disposal site is located at Kg. Kapuran 6 km southwest of
Kuala Penyu Town, see Figure 5.15. It covers an area of less than 1 acre and
the site is on rented land. According to Kuala Penyu District Council, it is diffi-
cult to find suitable land and the Council has therefore resorted to renting small
parcels of land (5-6 acres) for use as disposal site.
History
The site has been in operation since 1998, and is the only site in Kuala Penyu
District. It is expected to close soon. There used to be one at Menumbok, but it
is now closed. The old disposal site at Kuala Penyu is located at Kg. Ta mbalik.

The site receives all types of waste from a 2-km radius area of Kuala Penyu
Town and also from the Menumbok Town. The amount of waste received per
month amounted to estimated 240 tonnes.
The site is located on the side slopes of two converging valleys, one trending
east-west, the other north-south beside the Kg. Mali Kiambir road. Waste is
dumped onto the side slope, pushed and levelled. The southern part of the site
has now been levelled for the vehicles to turn and tip their loads onto the side
slope (25 degrees) of the east-west trending valley. The cut slope south of the
site exposes massive red shale and weathered sandstone of the Belait formation.
The site is surrounded by rubber trees and the nearest residence is 400 m to the
northeast over a hill.
Design
This is a non-engineered disposal site with open dumping of waste down the
side slope of the valley. No control of drainage means pollution down valley
and into the ground. The area is located beside the road and is not fenced. See
Figure 5.16.

Crude dumping is practiced. The waste is dumped and pushed into the side
slope of the valley. The waste is oly covered with soil when it reaches the final
height. During the site visit, it was noted that pigs and dogs were scavenging on
the waste and there was burning of the waste.
A visit to the old waste disposal site at Kg. Tambalik showed that waste has not
been properly covered with soil. Only the top flat part of the site is covered
with a thin layer of soil; the sloping edge of the waste site is not covered with
soil and the waste can still be seen.

Future plan
The Council is proposing a new waste disposal site located next to the man-
grove swamp near the outlet of Lake Sitompok. The Council has not conveyed
the proposal to the Ministry.
Assessment
The site is not suitable as any leachate generated will flow down the valley pol-
luting the river water. It is understood that there is a well 400 m downstream of
the site from where people draw water in times of drought. The groundwater
will be polluted as there is no liner at the base of the disposal site.
Photo 5.8.1. Kuala Penyu dumpsite. View of slope from roadside
Photo 5.8.2. Kuala Penyu dumpsite. Private owned pigs on site feeding

Photo xx Kuala Penyu dumpsite. View from entry point
Photo xx Kuala Penyu dumpsite. View from across the road (south side)

Figure 5.15 Location and sketch of waste disposal site at Kuala Penyu
Figure 5.16 Layout of the Kuala Penyu waste disposal site

5.9 Kudat
The site is located along Old Sikuati Road off Km 69.5 Kota Marudu-Kudat
Road, see Figure 5.17. The area allocated for disposal site is about 2 hectares (5
acres) and belongs to Kudat Town Board.
History
Land filling activity started here in 1980 and the site will be closed when full.

This site receives all types of waste, amounting to estimated 1,400 tonnes per
month from the rating area within Kudat Town, Sikuati and Matunggung (3,000
acres).
The site is located on swampy land with a low hill on the south-eastern side.
The site is mainly underlain by alluvium with sandstone/shale which underlies
the low hill to the south. Mangrove swamps occur to the north, northwest, west
and southwest, while the area to the east and northeast is undeveloped and cov-
ered with secondary forest. The nearest house is 300 m to the west.
Design
This is a non-engineered disposal site with no liner. No environmental protec-
tion measures such as leachate collection and treatment, runoff control etc. are
in place. Figure 5.18.

Open dumping of waste is practiced. A gravel road leads to the southern part of
the site where the waste is tipped over and pushed into the swampy land to the
north. Compaction of the fill is done at irregular intervals. Dumping of the
waste slowly progresses towards the swamp on the northern part of the site.

flies and burning.
Future plan
The Kudat Town Board is proposing to purchase a land in the Sin San area. The
exact size and location is still being negotiated.
Assessment
The present site is now full and unsuitable as it is adjacent to a swamp area.
The site is not bunded and a liner not placed at the base. Placement of a daily
cover material would have helped alleviate the fly problem and a simple
leachate treatment enhanced the suitability of the site. The site is not secured
from indiscriminate dumpers. The access road is poorly maintained.

Photo 5.9.1. Kudat dumpsite. View from northern edge looking west. Kudat-
Kota Marudu road in background
Photo 5.9.2. Kudat dumpsite. Garbage at northern end

Photo 5.9.3. Kudat dumpsite. Council truck tipping and scavengers waiting
Photo 5.9.4. Kudat dumpsite. Looking west at cover material

Figure 5.17 The old Sikuati Road waste disposal site, Off Km. 69.5 Kota Ma-
rudu-Kudat Road
Figure 5.18 Layout of the waste disposal site at Km. 69, Kota Marudu-Kudat
Road

5.10 Kunak
The site is located at Kampung Pangkalan Madai, see Figure 5.19. The area al-
located for dumping is less than 2 acres and belongs to a private owner.
History
Land filling started in 2001 and the site will be closed only when full.

All types of waste from the Kunak rating area are collected and brought to this
site for disposal. A total of estimated360 tonnes of waste are received by this
site per month.
The site is located on a foot slope with a low hill rising to the northern side.
The site is mainly underlain by alluvium with spilitic rocks forming the low
hill. Mangrove swampy occurs to the south. The area to the north (at site en-
trance) is cultivated with coconuts. The nearest house is 100 m to the west.
Design
This is a simple dumpsite with no liner and no environmental protection meas-
ures. There is an unmanned gate at the entrance to the site. See Figure 5.20.

Open dumping of waste is practiced. A gravel road leads down the hill to the
southern part of the site where the waste is tipped over in mounds. No compac-
tion is done and no daily cover is placed. The waste will be burned when the
smell becomes putrid.
The council claims that there is no scavenging of waste due to its remote loca-
tion; scavengers are found at the town dumpsters.
Future plan
No information could be obtained as to the Council’s plan for a new site in the
future.
Assessment
The site is usable due to its remote location and the surrounding area is unde-
veloped. Proper bunding of the site, placement of clay liner and simple leachate
treatment would, however, enhance the suitability of the site. The access road is
not maintained. Placing of daily cover to educe the impact on health does not
take place.

Photo 5.10.1. Kunak dumpsite. Garbage facing east border
Photo 5.10.2. Kunak dumpsite. Garbage facing east border

Photo 5.10.3. Kunak dumpsite. Access road leading to site

Figure 5.19 Location and sketch of waste disposal site at Kunak
Figure 5.20 Sketch of the Kunak waste disposal sites

5.11 Lahad Datu

The site is located at Km 32 Jalan Lahad Datu-Tawau, see Figure 5.21. The
area allocated for disposal site is 30 acres and belongs to the State of Sabah.
History
Land filling started around 1994 and the site will be closed when full.

This site receives all types of waste, amounting to estimated 1,024 tons per
month from the Lahad Datu rating area.
The site is located on swampy land with a side slope to the southern side. The
site is mainly underlain by alluvium with sandstone/shale. Mangrove swamp
occurs to the north, northeast and northwest while the area to the west is a resi-
dential area. The nearest house is 1 km to the west. A forest reserve is located
to the south.
Design
This is a non-engineered, unlined disposal site. However, dumping is controlled
in that domestic, commercial (industrial) and palm dust is dumped separately in
different compartments within the disposal site. The site is fenced up and has a
gate with a guard. There is no leachate collection and treatment system nor is
there a drainage system to control and manage runoff. See Figure 5.22.

Controlled tipping of waste is practised with cover material. A gravel road
leads to the top of the slope on the southern part of the site where the waste is
tipped over and pushed into the swampy land below. Compaction of the fill is
done at irregular intervals. Dumping of the waste slowly progresses towards the
swamp on the northern part of the site.
There is scavenging of waste and private tippers are charged RM 4.50 per met-
ric ton, which is approximated.
Future plan
The Council has no closure or restoration plans for the site when it is closed. It
also does not have any plan for a future site even though the Department of En-
vironment has stated that the site is unsuitable.
Assessment
Although unsuitable as it is located on swamp, the usability is improved by
controlled tipping and the undeveloped surroundings. Draining, proper bunding
of the site, placement of clay liner and simple leachate treatment would en-
hance the suitability of the site. The access road is main tained and the daily
covering reduces the impact on health. The tree line between the site and the
Lahad Datu -Tawau road functions as an aesthetics- and windbreaker.

Photo 5.11.1. Lahad Datu dumpsite. Northern edge
Photo 5.11.2. Lahad Datu dumpsite. Palm dust in north south corner

Photo 5.11.3. Lahad Datu dumpsite. Squatters/scavengers along hillside to the

south
Photo 5.11.4. Lahad Datu dumpsite. Rubbish filling up mangrove area

Photo 5.11.5. Lahad Datu dumpsite. Northern edge
Photo 5.11.6. Lahad Datu dumpsite. Scavengers at dumpsite

Figure 5.21 Location and layout of waste disposal site at Lahad Datu
Figure 5.22 Layout of the Lahad Datu waste disposal site

5.12 Nabawan
The existing waste disposal site is located just to the east of the Nabawan-
Sapulut Road at Km 2, see Figure 5.23. The disposal site is sited on land be-
longing to a Settlement Scheme; it covers an area of 2.7 hectares (7 acres).
History
This site has been used since 1980. It is expected to operate for 1-2 years more.

Although the Nabawan District covers 1,600 sq. km, only wastes (all types)
from around Nabawan Town are collected and disposed here. The monthly
amount of wastes received is estimated to be 192 tonnes.
The site is undulating and underlain by interbedded red and grey shale and
sandstone of the Sapulut Formation. The area surrounding the site is covered
with secondary forest. There are no houses nearby but the road to the settlement
scheme passes by the side of the site. The settlement scheme itself is further in.
To the south of the existing fill area is the previous fill area which has been
covered with soil and overgrown with grass.
Design
This is a non-engineered site. The system of disposal is to dig trenches and pits
and fill them with waste. The wastes are laid directly on the bedrock of steeply
dipping interbedded shale and sandstone; no liner is placed on top of the bed-
rock. A pit measuring about 40x20 m and 2 m deep and trenches 30-40 m long,
5-8 m wide and 2-3 m high are excavated into the bedrock. There is an outlet to
allow surface water to flow into a culvert and into the creek on the northern
side of the road. The site is not fenced and has no gate. See Figure 5.24.

The disposal method is pitting and trenching. Waste is dumped into the pits and
trenches excavated into bedrock. The waste is covered once the trench or pit is
full. The waste consists mainly of domestic waste. Currently, waste is being
dumped at the southern end of the south trench.
Future plan
The Council realises the site is unsuitable and is seeking to find a new site. A
site has been located, in the valley a few kilometres to the west of the site, but
no formal request for the land has been made.
Assessment
The site is not suitable as it is too close to the main road and there is no liner at
the bottom. Leachate produced infiltrate into the sandstone beds contaminating
the groundwater. The site is along the way to the settlement and produces of-
fensive odour to passers-by. Compacting and daily covering of the waste would
reduce this impact.

Photo 5.12.1. Nabawan dumpsite. Looking east on new pit
Photo 5.12.2. Nabawan dumpsite. Looking at northwest corner of new pit


Figure 5.23 Location and sketch of the Nabawan waste disposal site
Figure 5.24 Sketch showing layout of Nabawan waste disposal site

5.13 Papar
The existing site is located on a 4.281 hectares (10.3 acres) land belonging to
the Papar District Council at Kg. Langkawit, 7 km south of Papar Town, see
Figure 5.25.
History
Dumping of waste at this site started in 1992 and is expected to last until 2012.

All types of waste from the Papar rating area, Kinarut and Bongawan areas are
sent here for disposal. The site receives about 300 tonnes of waste a month.
The site is flat and underlain by alluvium. It is surrounded by flat land, in parts
swampy. The disposal site is elongated east-west. The site is not fenced. A
newly gravelled road lead to the east end of the site. There is a gate at the en-
trance of this access road. Erection of fences along this access road is still going
on. To the south of the site is Kampung Langkawit Timber Reserve. There are
no houses in the immediate surrounding of the site.
Design
This is a non-engineered, unlined disposal site with no leachate collection and
treatment system. There is also no runoff control and management syste m and
no monitoring of groundwater. There is a gate at the entrance to the site. See
Figure 5.26.

The present active area is the eastern end of the site. Open dumping is prac-
tised. The waste is dumped and accumulated at the site before it is being le v-
elled and compacted. There is no liner at the base of the disposal site. Occa-
sionally, soil is placed on top of the levelled waste. The odour from the waste is
very strong. There is scavenging for materials which can be recycled. There are
many birds feeding on the waste.
Future plan
A new site at Bongawan Estate (SLDB) covering 20 acres has been pr oposed,
but so far no further action has been taken as the site has limitations.
Assessment
The site is located away from human population and there is no development in
the surrounding area. Padi is grown further to the west of the site. It is, how-
ever, located on flat swampy land and is surrounded by swampy land. Without
a liner, the leachate will migrate into the swamp polluting the environment.
Proper drainage of the site, bunding and lining are necessary.

Photo 5.13.1. Papar dumpsite. View west from entrance
Photo 5.13.2. Papar dumpsite. View from entrance

Photo 5.13.3. Papar dumpsite. View of south east edge

Figure 5.25 Location and layout the Kg. Langkawit waste disposal site, Papar
Figure 5.26 Layout of the Langkawit waste disposal site, Papar

5.14 Pitas
Location (GPS 6 o 42' 32.3 " N; 117 o 02' 05.2 " E)
The site is located within the new township area directly behind the Tamu
ground, see Figure 5.27. The area allocated for dumping is a mere 15 x 40 foot
site and belongs to the Kota Marudu / Pitas District Council.
History
Dumping at this site began in June 2001 and will cease once a new site has
been located and approved. Dumping of waste here started after the old dump-
site across the old town was taken back by the Basel Church of Kota Marudu.

Dumping here is only for the Tamu wastes and waste from individual dumpers
as the entire township burns their own rubbish.
The site is a man-made pit on sandy alluvial soil. With the exception of the
Tamu grounds to the north, the entire surrounding area is undeveloped.
Design
This is a crude disposal site where a pit is dug in the ground and waste from the
Tamu is dumped in this pit. See Figure 5.28.

Due to the minute nature of this dumping pit, there is no compaction or cover
material used, as the pit is only used once a week for the Tamu wastes. Indi-
viduals dispose of their wastes into the pit which is not fenced.
No scavenging takes place at this site.
Future plan
No information.
Assessment
A single site that could cater for the combined wastes from Kota Marudu and
Pitas, due to the low levels of volume from Pitas, should be considered. It is
necessary to collect from Pitas to deter open burning by the entire population of
the area. The old Basel Church site is left to fallow and needs remediation be-
fore handing back to the Church. Pitas do not have any collection vehicles.

Photo 5.14.1. Pitas dumpsite. Open pit south of tamu grounds
Photo 5.14.2. Pitas dumpsite. Indiscriminate dumping next to pit

Figure 5.27 Layout and sketch of the Pitas waste disposal site
Figure 5.28 Sketch of the existing and old waste disposal sites at Pitas

5.15 Ranau
The disposal site is at Tanah Merah, 5 km northeast of Ranau Town, see Figure
5.29. The site is located on the north slope of a mountain. A partially gravelled
(only first section) road leads from Km 6 Ranau-Sandakan Road to the site. The
dumpsite covers 8 hectares (20 acres).
History
Disposal of waste at this site started pre-1982 and has continued till now.

The site receives waste from the Ranau rating area and the Kundasang Town
area; a major portion of the waste comprises vegetable waste. The amount re-
ceived per month is 720 tonnes.
The site is located on the northern side slopes of a mountain,, that is built up of
ultrabasic rocks. The cut slopes at the side reveals reddish clayey soil derived
from weathering of the ultrabasic rocks. The mountain is covered with secon-
dary vegetation (mainly grass and shrubs). The spur immediately to the north of
the site is used as a burial ground. Waste is pushed over into the side slopes of
the valleys which trend north and extends up to the Ranau-Sandakan Road; the
drainage finally flows into Sg. Lohan. The valleys at the site slope about 20
degrees but are steeper further down.
Design
This is a non-engineered site with no liner. Waste is supposed to be dumped
onto the road and pushed down the side slope. However, it appears that the
waste has not been pushed and has accumulated into a mound on the access
road. The access road is not gravelled and becomes slippery during rainy days,
passable only to 4 WD vehicles, hampering disposal operation. See Figure 5.30.

Waste is transported to the site, dumped and pushed over into the side slopes of
the valleys, thus creating a flat area. The waste is now dumped and piled up on
the upper end of the access road and also along the access road. There is burn-
ing and scavenging of the dumped waste. There is no fencing or gate. The site
is smelly with abundant flies.
Future plan
The Ranau District Council is seeking a new site for waste disposal. A new 30
acre site on a va lley at Kg. Kinaundusan, near Kundasang has been proposed.
Assessment
The site is not suitable. The waste is not covered (it is impossible to cover the
down slope edge of the waste pile) and during the rainy season the waste will
be brought down the valleys polluting the river. Any leachate generated will be
brought downstream polluting the river.

Photo 5.15.1. Ranau dumpsite. Council compactor disposing of contents along

road before the actual site
Photo 5.15.2. Ranau dumpsite. View from south access road

Photo 5.15.3. Ranau dumpsite. View from southwest hill slope
Photo 5.15.4. Ranau dumpsite. Flies in abundance

Photo 5.15.5. Ranau dumpsite. View of human activity to the west of dumpsite
Photo 5.15.6. Ranau dumpsite. Garbage dumped along road and pushed down
valley

Photo 5.15.7. Ranau dumpsite. Top most dumping area. View from incoming
access road
Photo 5.15.8. Ranau dumpsite. Top most dumping area. View from incoming
access road with perspective

Figure 5.29 Location and sketch of the Tanah Merah dump site at Ranau
Figure 5.30 Sketch of the Tanah Merah waste disposal site, Ranau

5.16 Sandakan
The site, 250 acres, is located along Fook Kim road off KM 13 (Mile 8) of La-
buk Road, see Figure 5.31. The area belongs to the Sandakan District Council.
History
Land filling started in 1982 and the site will be closed in the 2010.

All types of waste from the Sandakan Municpality rating area (77.7 sq. km) are
collected and dumped at this site. Each month, about 3,200 tonnes is receive d.
The site is located on slightly undulating terrain mainly underlain by alluvium.
Squatters reside in the neighbouring land in the southeast corner, approximately
50 meters away. There are commercial lots to the west and northwest. The
northeast area remains undeveloped. A major drain which links up to the road-
side drain along Jalan Labuk is located at the western edge of the site.
Design
This is a non-engineered, unlined disposal site with no environmental protec-
tion measures, such as leachate collection and treatment, control of runoff, etc.
The site is not fenced and has no gate. See Figure 5.32.

This, originally unlined non-engineered site, has deteriorated to an open dump-
ing site. The disposal operation is carried out by a private contractor, Cemas
Hasil, which is doing a good job. A gravel road leads to a low hill on the west-
ern part where the waste is tipped and pushed into the land below. Compaction
is done at daily intervals. Waste dumping slowly progresses towards the secon-
dary forest area on the southern part of the site. There is scavenging of waste
and complaints from owners of adjacent land of waste lining the access road to
the dumpsite.
Future plan
The Sandakan Municipality plans to restore the site once it is closed. It plans to
have two new sites to cater for the large amount of waste; the first to be located
around the Sandakan Town area to cater from the town to Mile 16, the second
site to be located between Mile 16 and Mile 20 to cater from Mile 16 onwards.
Applications for both sites have been sent to the Lands and Survey Department.
Assessment
The garbage in this site is more than 30 feet deep. The site is usable until the
new site is identified. Proper bunding of the site, especially along the storm
drain to the west of the site, and proper leachate treatment system would en-
hance the workability of the site. The access road is poorly maintained, and
lack of fencing contributes to scavenging due to close proximity of squatter
residents.

Photo 5.16.1. Sandakan dumpsite. Looking to northeast corner
Photo 5.16.2. Sandakan dumpsite. Looking south of disposal site

Photo 5.16.3. Sandakan dumpsite. View of scavengers
Photo 5.16.4. Sandakan dumpsite. Looking south east at scavenger huts

Figure 5.31 Location and sketch of waste disposal site at Sandkan
Figure 5.32 Layout of the Sandakan waste disposal site

5.17 Semporna
The site is located within Kampung Simunul across from the SK Pekan 2
school, see Figure 5.33. The area allocated for dumping is around 3 to 4 acres
and belongs to a private owner.
History
Land filling started here in 1970 and the site will be closed when full.

This site receives all types of waste from the Semporna rating area. The amount
of waste received per month estimated 480 tonnes.
The site is located on raised coral reef and is mainly underlain by sandy car-
bonate soil. There are some residents to the east and west of the site and a cou-
ple of schools are located to the north and east. The nearest resident is less than
100 m to the west. To the east the sea is about 300 m away.
Design
This is a non-engineered waste disposal site with no liner. See Figure 5.34.

Open dumping of waste is practised. A sealed road leads to the western part of
the site where the waste is tipped over and left to decay. There is no compac-
tion of waste. Dumping of the waste slowly progresses around the site, depend-
ing on which area is accessible to the refuse compactors.

smoke from the burning as well as flies and odour.
Future plan
The Council intends to close this site and dispose waste at a new 50 acre site at
Kg. Tampi-Tampi. The Council plans to apply for this new area, which is lo-
cated on State Land.
Assessment
The site is not usable due to the neighbouring lands being occupied by houses
and schools. The underlying soil derived from raised corals is porous and
leachate will percolate underground polluting the groundwater and eventually
the sea as there are underground cavities which lead to the sea. Proper fencing
and maintenance of the site, placement of daily cover material and a simple
leachate treatment would enhance the suitability of the site. The access road is
poorly maintained.

Photo 5.17.1. Semporna dumpsite. Facing west. School in the background
Photo 5.17.2. Semporna dumpsite. Burning at dumpsite

Photo 5.17.3. Semporna dumpsite. Indiscriminate dumping along road side
Photo 5.17.4. Semporna dumpsite. Burning at dumpsite

Figure 5.33 Location and sketch of dump site at Semporna
Figure 5.34 Sketch of the Semporna waste disposal site

5.18 Sipitang
The disposal site is located along Jalan Meritaman, 5 km southwest from Sipi-
tang Town (see Figure 5.3), covers 0.6 hectares (1.5 acres) and is located within
a 121.5 hectares (300 acres) land belonging to Sipitang District Council (for-
merly a State Park). A gravel road leads from Meritaman Road to the site.
History
Land filling started in the early 1970s and will stop once a new site is approved.

The site receives all types of waste from the Sipitang Town rating area, Sin-
dumin, Mesapol and the SFI township. Receives estimated 1,200 T each month.
The site is located at the top of valleys beside Jalan Meritaman. These va lleys
trend north to northwest towards the coastal area to the northwest. The areas to
the north, west and south are covered with forest, the area being a former park.
To the east is Sg. Meritaman, which flows north and discharges into Brunei
Bay. The hill backing the southern part of the site is underlain by sandstone and
shale of the Meligan Formation. Similar rock types are exposed at the road cut
along Jalan Meritaman. Newly built Government quarters are located over the
hill to the southwest of the site about 700 metres away. Further up Jalan Meri-
taman towards the beach is a Muslim burial ground.
Design
This is a non-engineered, unlined site whereby the waste is dumped into a val-
ley. There is no fencing and no gate. See Figure 5.36.

Crude dumping is practised. Compactors tip waste which is pushed into the
head of the valley, levelled, compacted and periodically covered with soil ob-
tained from a hill immediately to south of the site. There is dumping of waste
along the road, which washed into Sg. Meritaman during heavy rain. There is
burning and limited scavenging. Monkeys had been noted to come to the site.
Future plan
The Council plan to close the site and dump waste at a new site. A 45 acre site,
which belongs to the State Government, and located behind SFI, has been iden-
tified. There is no plan to restore the existing site once it is closed.
Assessment
The site is not suitable as it is difficult to properly compact and cover the waste
which is subjected to movement down valley during the wet season. These va l-
leys extend to the coastal area and the beaches will be polluted. The sandstone
of the Meligan Formation underlying the valley is porous and leachate pro-
duced will inevitably pollute the groundwater. Sensitive sites are located
nearby, such as the Mus lim Cemetery and the Government Quarters.

Photo 5.18.1. Sipitang dumpsite. View from top of slope. South side
Photo 5.18.2. Sipitang dumpsite. View of road and illegal tipping down oppo-
site side of dumpsite

Photo 5.18.3. Sipitang dumpsite. View from top of slope. South side

Figure 5.35 The Merintaman waste disposal site at Sipitang
Figure 5.36 Layout of the Merintaman waste disposal site, Sipitang

5.19 Tambunan
The site allocated for disposal site covers 16 hectares (40 acres) and belongs to
the Tambunan District Council. It is located just west of Km 10 Tambunan-
Keningau Road, see Figure 5.37. However, disposal activity is confined to two
areas. The area on the northern side is the new site (Tambunan One) whereas
the one in the southern part (Tambunan Two) has recently been closed. A
gravel road leads from the Tambunan-Keningau Road to both disposal site ar-
eas.
History
Disposal activity at the new site started in January 2002 when the old site
(Tambunan Two) was closed. This site is expected to be able to contain waste
until 2007. The old site was used since the 1970s and was closed in early 2002.

This site receives waste from the Tambunan Tow n rating area (152 hectares or
375 acres), schools outside the rating area, e.g. at Sinsuron, and from other
residents upon request. This site is planned to also cater for future waste from
the Sinsuron area. The site receives estimated 360 tonnes of waste a month.
The area is hilly with a T-shaped ridge in the middle; the highest point is 2060
feet. The land slopes moderately steeply from all sides of the ridge; narrow
steep valleys are common. Both the new and old disposal areas are located at
the upper part of valleys. The area is mainly covered with secondary forest,
with some primary forest north of the site. Two cemeteries are located within
the site. The land to the west of the site is also allocated for use as burial
ground. A newly constructed slaughter house is located at the southeast corner
of the site. The new disposal site is located at the upper part of a va lley which
trends northwest while the old is located at the upper part of three va lleys
which trend south and extend up to the Tambunan-Keningau Road. The nearest
drainage system is Sg. Tikolod, 1 km to the west.
Design
Both sites are non-engineered, unlined sites where waste is dumped and pushed
into the valley. See Figure 5.38.

Crude dumping of waste is practised. At both areas, waste is dumped onto the
side of the access road, levelled and pushed into the valley. Soil is occasionally
placed over the levelled waste. There is some burning of waste and limited
scavenging. Cover material is obtaine d from the cut slopes. It is, however, im-
possible to completely cover the waste when it is dumped into a valley. Waste
has not been properly covered at the closed old site, where evidence of contin-
ued dumping if found. Burning of waste is evident.

Future plan
The Council realises the site is unsuitable. The Council finds it difficult to find
suitable flat land far from residents, and also to find resources to fund to pur-
chase of land. The Council is looking for suitable site, and looking for possibili-
ties to share disposal sites with other councils.
Assessment
The site is not suitable. Due to the steep slopes and valleys, the waste move
down slope during the rainy season. This has been experienced at the old site.
Any leachate generated will flow down the valley polluting the river. The sur-
face flow from the new area will eventually flow to and pollute Sg. Tikolod.
Photo 5.19.1. Tambunan dumpsite (new site). Side slope on northern side of hill

Photo 5.19.2. Tambunan dumpsite (new site). Dumping of waste along access
road to site
Photo 5.19.3. Tambunan dumpsite (old site). New garbage at old site

Photo 5.19.4. Tambunan dumpsite (old site). Entire old site
Photo 5.19.5. Tambunan dumpsite (old site). South side of hill

Figure 5.37 Location and layout of waste disposal sites Off Km 10, Tambunan-
Keningau Road
Figure 5.38 Layout of the waste disposal sites at Tambunan

5.20 Tawau
The site is located at Km 8 in Kampung Bukit Gemok, within the Golden Hope
Plantation, see Figure 5.39. The area allocated for disposal is 3.3 hectares (8.22
acres) and belongs to the Tawau Town Council
History
Land filling activity started here in 1983 and the site will be closed in June of
this year (2002) or as soon as new site is ready.
Waste Collection Coverage and Amount of Waste Received

This site receives all types of waste, except rubber waste, from within 8 km ra-
dius of Tawau Town. Each month, it receives 1,800 tonnes of waste.
Site Characteristics
The site is located in side slope valleys underlain by dacitic pyroclastics. The
valleys trend southwest and extend into the sea. Surrounding the site is oil palm
plantation. The nearest house is 3 km to the north.
Design
This is a non-engineered, unlined site whereby waste is dumped onto the side
slopes of valleys. See Figure 5.40.
Operation and Maintenance

Open dumping of waste is practiced. A gravel road leads to the western part of
the site where the waste is tipped over and pushed up against the existing 3-
storey hill of garbage. Compaction of the fill is done at irregular intervals.
Dumping of the waste slowly progresses towards the northern part of the site.
There is organized scavenging of waste and complaints from the Golden Hope
Plantation management of waste spilling into their land.
Future Plan
A 10 acre site along the roadside of KM 8 Sin On Road has been selected. The
Council is awaiting funds for EIA study. The Council has no plans to restore
the existing site.
Assessment
The site is usable only if the remaining area to the west is utilized due to the
large area available and the surrounding area is undeveloped. Draining and
proper bunding of the site is critical as leachate was discovered throughout the
perimeter of the rubbish hill. The access road will have to be maintained. Pla c-
ing a daily cover will reduce the impact on health.

Photo 5.20.1. Tawau dumpsite.Edge of garbage to south side
Photo 5.20.2. Tawau dumpsite.Garbage spilling into neighbouring land

Photo 5.20.3. Tawau dumpsite.Scavengers with fresh garbage
Photo 5.20.4. Tawau dumpsite.Edge of garbage to north side

Photo 5.20.5. Tawau dumpsite.Scavengers waiting for collectible items from

compactor
Photo 5.20.6. Tawau dumpsite.View of access road

Photo 5.20.7. Tawau dumpsite. Golden hope plantation.
Photo 5.20.8. Tawau dumpsite.Dead palm trees surrounded by garbage

Photo 5.20.9. Tawau dumpsite.Bulldozer pushing garbage on access road
Photo5.20.10. Tawau dumpsite.Leachate stream from south side of dumpsite

Figure 5.39 Location and sketch showing layout of waste disposal site at
Tawau
Figure 5.40 Sketch of the waste disposal site at Tawau

5.21 Tenom
The present disposal site is located at Kg. Cinta Mata 3 km south of Tenom
Town, see Figure 5.41. The land allocated for disposal is 4 hectares (10 acres)
and belongs to Tenom District Council. The Kg. Cinta Mata road traversed the
land in the middle and only the area (about 4 acres) north of the road is used for
waste disposal.
History
The site has been used since pre-1987 and is now full and is expected to be
closed once a new site has been approved.
Waste Collection Coverage and Amount of Waste Received

Waste from 80% of the Tenom Town rating area (510 hectares) and from sev-
eral places outside of the rating area is disposed off here. A total of 1,440 ton-
nes of waste are received per month.
Site Characteristics
The land is rhombohedral in shape and elongated north south. It is transacted
by Kg. Cinta Mata road. The site is about 650 feet ams l. Valleys on the south
half of the land slope down to a creek. There are settlements to the south of the
site and this is the reason why no dumping is done at the southern part of the
site. Waste is dumped at the northern half of the land for the last 10 years and it
is almost full resulting in a hummocky topography. Surrounding the site are
rubber estates; a cemetery and orchard are located on the land north of the site.
Design
The site is non-engineered and unlined. Waste is dumped into the upper part of
valley which is bunded by the Cinta Mata Road. See Figure 5.42.
Operation and Maintenance

The northern half of the road was formerly lower than the road. Waste is
dumped there, pushed and levelled; no liner was placed at the base. Occasion-
ally a cover of soil is placed on top, usually when the final height is reached.
The area is now full; the eastern half of the area is covered with waste creating
a grass-covered hummocky terrain. Dumping is now confined to the western
half. At the northern boundary, the compacted waste is about 3.5 m above the
adjacent land. There is burning of the waste, normally by scavengers. The area
is not fenced and there is no gate.
Future Plan
The Council is looking for a new site and has been negotiating with the owners
of Sapong Estate to purchase a 30 acre land from the Estate off KM 17 Jalan
Tomani.
Assessment
The site is small and is now almost full. An alternative site is being sought by
the Council.

Photo 5.21.1. Tenom dumpsite.Looking south towards access road
Photo 5.21.2. Tenom dumpsite.Western end of site

Photo 5.21.3. Tenom dumpsite.Edge of site at north west corner burning
Photo 5.21.4. Tenom dumpsite.Looking at north east corner

Photo 5.21.5. Tenom dumpsite. Proposed new area

Figure 5.41 The Cinta Mata waste disposal site, Tenom
Figure 5.42 Sketch of the Cinta Mata waste disposal site, Tenom

5.22 Tuaran
The site is located at the intersection of the new road to Kg. Serusop and the old
road to Mimipian Jadi at Kg. Tajau 5 km north of Tuaran town, see Figure 5.43.
History
Dumping at the Kg. Tajau site of waste from the Tuaran rating area started in
1990. However, according to Tuaran District Council, domestic waste is today
transported to Kayu Madang (Kota Kinabalu) and only waste from the Tamu is
disposed off at the Kg. Tajau site.

The Kg. Tajau site receives 60 tonnes of waste per month. Waste from private
tippers is rejected. It was noticed that, besides waste from the tamu, waste from
other sources were being dumped at the site.
The site is located on mangrove swamp which has been bunded and eight cells
constructed and arranged in pairs with an access road in the middle. To the east
and north are mangrove swamps, to the south Sg. Tajau and to the west the new
road to Kg. Serusop. The road winds round a hill which is covered with rubber
trees. The site is underlain by alluvium. There is a gate at the entrance to the
site. Only part of the western boundary is fenced. The nearest house is 600 m to
the southeast.
Design
This is an engineered disposal site but is unlined. Eight rectangular cells ar-
ranged northeast-southwest have been constructed in swamp land by bunding
with an access road in the middle. The cells are now partially overgrown with
grass. The site is partially fenced on the west and there is a gate at the south-
west; there is no guard. There is no leachate collection and treatment system
and no runoff control and management measures. See Figure 5.44.

The waste was supposed to be dumped and spread out in the cells, slowly fill-
ing it. However, it was observed this was not practised. The waste was simply
dumped along the access road in the middle and pushed into the cells. The
waste is not levelled, spread out in the cell, or compacted and covered.
There is problem of scavenging, the scavengers entering the site from the man-
grove swamp. There is also problem with odour from the exposed waste.
Future plan
There is no future closure plan for the site nor is there a plan for a new site
since most of the waste is sent to Kayu Madang for disposal.

Assessment
The site is unsuitable as it is directly next to the wetland. The site is not lined
and there are no proper operation and maintenance procedures. There is more
waste being dumped here than planned and leachate is polluting the swamp.
Placement of a clay liner and proper operation and maintenance would alleviate
the environmental hazard posed by the site.
Photo 5.22.1. Tuaran dumpsite. Kg. Tajau. Looking at entire site
Photo 5.22.2. Tuaran dumpsite. Kg. Tajau. View from south looking north

Photo 5.22.3. Tuaran dumpsite. Kg. Tajau. Looking at mid-area. Waste being
dumped on top of sides, not in designated constructed areas
Photo 5.22.4. Tuaran dumpsite. Kg. Tajau. Looking at north eastern tip from
raodside lang the north border

Figure 5.43 The Kg. Tajau, Tuaran waste disposal site
Figure 5.44 Layout of the Kg. Tajau waste disposal site, Tuaran

ANNEX A
Example Questionnaires
Please fill out one form for each disposal site. It is to be filled in together with the
official from the Municipal/Local District Council. A site visit is essential to com-
plete this form. Please tick one or more boxes where appropriate. Where appropr i-
ate, sketches should be drawn and photographs taken.
PART I
SITE INFORMATION
(Please attach a map with site location and limits of fill/waste disposal area.)
1.1 Name of disposal site : ………….......………….………………………...

1.2 Location: ………………………...………………………………………
1.3 GPS: Longitude ……………………………… Latitude ……..………
1.4 District: …………………………………..…..
1.5 Town: ……………
1.5 Disposal surface area, hectares: ………………
1.6 Ownership of land: …………..………….
1.7 Responsible operator: …………………………………………………...
1.8 Year operation began: ……………………….
1.9 Year operation expected to end: ………...
1.10 Operating Time: Mon-Fri: …….. Sat:………. Sun:…………………….
1.11 Collection areas covered: ………………………………………………….
PART II
SITE CHARACTERISTICS
2.1 Terrain on which disposal site is sited:

∼ Valley ∼ Natural depression ∼ Swamp ∼ Sideslope ∼ Hillcrest ∼ Man-
made Pit ∼ Man-made trench ∼ Footslope ∼ Floodplain ∼ Alluvial plain ∼
Other……………
2.2 Indicate type of Geologic material underlying and in the immediate vicin-
ity of site:
∼ Alluvium ∼ Colluvium ∼ Bedrock ∼ Fill material ∼ Gravel ∼ Sand ∼
Clay ∼ Soil.
If bedrock, state the type of rock material: ………………………………
If soil, indicate its texture: ∼ Sandy∼ Silty ∼ Clayey

2.3 Adjacent landuse. Check all that apply and indicate all landuse on a sketch
map.
∼ Agricultural ∼ N ∼ S ∼ E ∼ W ∼ NE ∼ NW ∼ SE ∼ SW
∼ Industrial ∼ N∼ S ∼ E ∼ W ∼ NE ∼ NW ∼ SE ∼ SW
∼ Recreational ∼ N ∼ S ∼ E ∼ W ∼ NE ∼ NW ∼ SE ∼ SW
∼ Residential ∼ N ∼ S ∼ E ∼ W ∼ NE ∼ NW ∼ SE ∼ SW
∼ Commercial ∼ N ∼ S ∼ E ∼ W ∼ NE ∼ NW ∼ SE ∼ SW
∼ Park ∼ N∼ S ∼ E ∼ W ∼ NE ∼ NW ∼ SE ∼ SW
∼ Swamp ∼ N∼ S ∼ E ∼ W ∼ NE ∼ NW ∼ SE ∼ SW
∼ Undeveloped ∼ N ∼ S ∼ E ∼ W ∼ NE ∼ NW ∼ SE ∼ SW
∼ Other ………∼ N ∼ S ∼ E ∼ W ∼ NE ∼ NW ∼ SE ∼ SW
2.4 Potential Groundwater/surface water Receptors. Estimate distance in me-
tres. Indicate all drainage, wells on the landuse sketch.
Distance to and direction of nearest well: ………m ……. Direction
Distance and direction to nearest residence: ……..m ……. Direction
∼ Creek ……m ∼ Drainage …….m ∼ Intermittent stream ……..m
∼ River …….m ∼ Lake …………m ∼ Wetland ……….m
PART III
DESIGN
3.1 Landfill type: ∼ Engineered ∼ Non-engineered ∼ Pit ∼ Trench ∼ Lined ∼

Unlined ∼ Other, Specify…………………
3.2 If the disposal site have a bottom liner, state:
Liner material:…………………………………………………………
Liner thic kness:……………………………………………………….
Additional description if necessary:…………………………………..
3.3 Capacity: ………………………………………………………………….
3.4 Brief description of layout (include a sketch):…………………………….
3.5 Does the disposal site have a closure plan? ∼ Yes ∼ No
3.6 Does the disposal site have a leachate collection & disposal system?∼ Yes
~ No
3.7 Is there a runoff control and management system? ∼ Yes ∼ No
3.8 Does the disposal site have a groundwater monitoring plan? ~ Yes ∼ No
3.9 Have groundwater wells being installed? ∼ Yes ∼ No

3.10 Is the disposal site equipped with a degassing system ? ∼ Yes ∼ No

3.11 Security measures installed at site? ∼ Yes ∼ No
If Yes, state type: ∼ Gate ∼ Fencing ∼ Gate with Security Guard ∼ Other
3.12 Does the disposal site site has an emergency response plan? ∼ Yes ~ No
PART IV
OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
4.1 Number of staff: ………..

4.2 Organisation structure: Attach a chart
4.3 Types of waste that can be accepted (tick all that apply)
∼ Household ∼ Construction ∼ Office & packaging waste ∼Clinical waste
∼ Petroleum products ∼ Pesticides ∼ Paint ∼Solvent ∼Trees/brush
∼ Carcasses ∼ Other
4.4 Type of waste that are rejected: ……………………………………………...
4.5 Registration & acceptance of waste at reception office? ∼ Yes ∼ No
4.6 Operating records available? ∼ Yes ∼ No
4.7 Any dumping fees? ∼ Yes ∼ No
If yes, attach schedule of dumping fees.
4.8 Compaction of fill? ∼ Yes ∼ No
4.9 Placement of daily cover?∼ Yes ∼ No
4.10 Daily cleaning of paved area & roads? ∼ Yes ∼ No
4.11 Occupational health & safety measures in place? ∼ Yes ∼ No
4.12 Any scavenging of waste? ∼ Yes ∼ No
4.13 Are the equipment being maintained on a regular basis? ∼ Yes ∼ No
4.14 Functioning Leachate collection & removal system? ∼ Yes ∼ No
4.15 Functioning & maintained runoff management system? ∼ Yes ∼ No
4.16 Functioning groundwater monitoring system? ∼ Yes ∼ No
4.17 Emergency response action in place? ∼ Yes ∼ No
PART V
FUTURE PLAN
5.1 Any future expansion plan for site? ∼ Yes ∼ No

5.2 Any restoration plan for the site once it is closed? ∼ Yes ∼ No

5.2 Any future site identified? ∼ Yes ∼ No

If Yes, state the location, ownership, size of land: ………………………….
PART VI
COMMENTS/ASSESSMENT
6.1 Name & designation of official from Municipal/Local Council: ……..…

6.2 Comments: ………………………………………………………………...
6.3 Name of Consultant: ……...………………………………………………
6.4 Assessment: ...……………………….……………………………………...
Note: The official can comment on the problems/shortcomings (e.g. fund, land
availability, shortage of staff, equipment etc.) faced and is encouraged to make
suggestions on how to improve the situation. The Consultant shall make an as-
sessment of the site (including site suitability, design, operation and maintenance
methodology, pollution aspects, actions to be taken to prevent/minimize environ-
mental impacts and potential threats to human health and welfare) based on data
gathered and site visit.


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Environmental Conservation Department,

Prepared Lim Peng Siong/Mohd Iskandar Mohd Ali/C. H. Laugesen

2 Solid waste management in Sabah 4

4 General results and recommendations 8

5 Survey results district by district 20

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5.22 Tuaran 113

ANNEX A – Sample of questionnaire

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• Environmental damage due to contamination of soil, groundwater, surface

Due to the environmental problems of solid waste disposal, a survey on the

The Capacity Building project of the ECD is supported by the Danish -

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2 Solid waste management in Sabah

The City/Municipal/District Councils are, based on the Local Government Or-

• ‘Execute works of such general advantage to the health, convenience or

Collection of waste is confined to the rating area of each

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• ‘(b)Municipal Solid Waste, (i) Construction of incineration plant, (ii) Con-

An EIA study is therefore mandatory for the construction of municipal solid

No specific Federal Regulations have been introduced to regulate the activity of

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Figure 2.1 Locations of Public Waste Disposal Sites in Sabah

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Availability and reliability of information

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4 General results and recommendations

4.1 General results

• Collection of waste in the Kota Kinabalu rated area by Pacific Garbage

4.1.1 Site ownership

• 12 are located on land owned by the local authorities

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SIZE IN TERMS OF VOLUME OF WASTE RECEIVED

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4.1.3 Waste acceptance

• 13 sites accept all types of waste (60 % of all sites)

Residents in non-rated areas and in informal settlements are not covered by

TYPES OF WASTE ACCEPTED

Do not accept toxic chemcials -L.Datu 1

Do not accept rubber waste -Tawau 1

Do not accept scheduled waste - 1

Do not accept tyres -K.Belud, L.Datu 2

Do not accept clinical waste -K.Belud, 4

Accept all wastes (60%) 13

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4.1.4 Site suitability

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• 15 sites were poorly designed

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4.1.6 Operation and maintenance

OPERATION & MAINTENANCE

4.1.7 Environmental management and protection

• 21 sites have no environmental management and protection measures in

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• Pollution of natural waterways. Puddles and streams of leachate were

• Pollution of swamp environment. At several of the sites, waste is dumped

• Pollution of groundwater. Several of the sites are sited on permeable mate-

• Landscape and aesthetics. A waste disposal site becomes a permanent fea-

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4.1.8 Future plans

TERRAIN OF PROPOSED NEW SITES

Site not yet

Swamp-B'fort, K. Valley-K. Belud,