Bws Compliance Manual 110806 Final

Federal Railroad Administration
Railroad Workplace Safety

Compliance Manual
Chapter 2
Bridge Worker Safety
Office of Safety Assurance and Compliance

Track and Structures Division
November 8, 2006
Railroad Workplace Safety Compliance Manual Chapter 2, BWS, November 8, 2006
Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................................3
THE REGULATION ......................................................................................................................4

SECTION AND GUIDANCE .............................................................................................................4
§ 214.7 Definitions..................................................................................................................4
§ 214.101 Purpose and scope ...............................................................................................7
§ 214.103 Fall protection, generally .......................................................................................8
§ 214.105 Fall protection systems standards and practices ...............................................12
§ 214.107 Working over or adjacent to water.......................................................................21
§ 214.109 Scaffolding..........................................................................................................23
§ 214.111 Personal protective equipment, generally ...........................................................25
§ 214.113 Head Protection...................................................................................................26
§ 214.115 Foot Protection ....................................................................................................27
§ 214.117 Eye and Face Protection .....................................................................................27
APPENDIX A - DEFECT CODE/PENALTY SCHEDULE .....................................................................29
4.2
Introduction
On January 30, 1991, FRA published a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking on Bridge Worker
Safety Standards (56 FR 3434) (“NPRM”) that set forth proposals to address those hazards
encountered by railroad bridge employees. The proposal included standards for fall protection,
personal protective equipment, and contingencies for working over or adjacent to water. As
noted in the preamble of the NPRM, pertinent, applicable regulations promulgated by the
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (“OSHA”) existed, but confusion concerning the
authority and enforcement of those standards was prevalent. FRA determined that the safety
interests of railroad employees would best be served through a regulatory program of its own.
The Final Rule was published on June 24, 1992 (57 FR 28116), and further refinements were
made by various interim final rules and final rules. See 59 FR 30879 (June 16, 1994), 67 FR
1903 (January 15, 2002), 67 FR 11055 (March 12, 2002), 70 FR 7047 (February 10, 2005), and
70 FR 43325 (July 27, 2005). The rule sets forth a comprehensive regulatory program to
address and reduce the exposure to risk faced by those who work on railroad bridges, including
personal fall arrest systems, safety nets, standards for scaffolding, contingencies for working
over or adjacent to water, and head, eye, face, and foot protection.
These regulations follow the guidelines set forth by OSHA’s construction and general industry
standards. There are several reasons for this. Because many of OSHA’s existing regulations
would no longer apply to railroad employees after the effective date of this rule, FRA necessarily
made every attempt to ensure that the rule would not encompass safety rules that would in any
way diminish the protection bridge workers were afforded under OSHA’s authority. As OSHA’s
primary mission involves developing industry and construction work practices that will decrease
or prevent occupational hazards, many federal agencies and manufacturers rely on OSHA’s
research abilities and expertise in formulating procedural guidelines and performance criteria
that reduce exposure to the risk of injury in the workplace. Thus, in writing this regulation, FRA
relied both on OSHA’s greater expertise in occupational health and safety and on FRA’s own
expertise in railroad safety.
The Rule addresses a broad range of safety concerns that confront railroad bridge workers.
However, where additional working conditions exist that are not addressed in this rulemaking,
such as exposure to lead, respiratory, hearing and welding protection, or hazard communication
standards, the OSHA regulations that address these subject areas apply.
FRA’s Policy Statement (43 FR 10583, March 14, 1978) set forth which Federal agency would
maintain authority to regulate workplace safety hazards for railroad employees. OSHA, long
recognized as the agency expert in occupational health issues, would cover those areas that
required health-related expertise, and FRA would maintain primary authority to address safety
issues intrinsic to the railroad environment. Welding protective equipment and lead exposure
standards fall within those areas requiring extensive health-based expertise and are therefore,
best regulated by OSHA. Thus, FRA defers to OSHA’s existing authority with respect to these
issues, but with publication of this final rule asserts authority over the personal safety issues
addressed by Part 214 that can be readily included in routine FRA inspections for fall protection.
Each section of the BWS regulation included in this manual is formatted in italic font, whereas
indented paragraphs after each paragraph of the regulation provide field guidance for the
associated regulation text.
4.3
The Regulation
Section and Guidance
§ 214.7 Definitions
Anchorage means a secure point of attachment for lifelines, lanyards or deceleration devices
that is independent of the means of supporting or suspending the employee.
The common terminology now employed to mean a lanyard, lifeline, and safety belt system
for fall protection is a “personal fall arrest system.” Anchorage is an integral component of a
personal fall arrest system, and therefore is defined. FRA chose the definition utilized by
OSHA in its regulations concerning fall protection, which reflects common trade usage. A
particular worksite will determine the type of anchorage available, and so the definition allows
for flexibility by stating only that it be a secure point of attachment for the other personal fall
arrest system components.
Body belt means a strap that can be secured around the waist or body and attached to a
lanyard, lifeline, or deceleration device.
The use of a body belt as a component of a personal fall arrest system is prohibited (see
§214.105(b)(6)). The body belt does not absorb stress forces in a fall as well as a harness
can, and therefore, may cause serious internal injury to the wearer. There are limited
situations, climbing poles for instance, in which belts can be utilized safely. For example, the
use of body belts for positioning only during climbing and not used as a component of a fall
arrest system.
Body harness means a device with straps that is secured about the person in a manner so as to
distribute the fall arrest forces over (at least) the thighs, shoulders, pelvis, waist, and chest and
that can be attached to a lanyard, lifeline, or deceleration device.
The harness distributes the fall arrest forces over the thighs, shoulders, pelvis, waist, and
chest, and therefore decreases the likelihood of serious injury to the wearer.
Competent person means one who is capable of identifying existing and predictable hazards in
the workplace and who is authorized to take prompt corrective measures to eliminate them.
The rule requires oversight or supervision by a person with knowledge, training, and relevant
experience to adequately assess safety hazards. The definition contains these factors, and
a requirement that the individual also possess the authority to take prompt corrective
measures, if necessary.
Deceleration device means any mechanism, including, but not limited to, rope grabs, ripstitch
lanyards, specially woven lanyards, tearing or deforming lanyards, and automatic self-retracting
lifelines/lanyards that serve to dissipate a substantial amount of energy during a fall arrest, or
otherwise limit the energy on a person during fall arrest.
This is defined as a device that dissipates fall forces during a fall arrest. It is often a type of
lanyard, an attachment to a lanyard or harness, or a self-retracting lifeline.
Employee means an individual who is engaged or compensated by a railroad or by a contractor
to a railroad to perform any of the duties defined in this part.
4.4
While this general term was later replaced throughout subpart B with the term “railroad
bridge worker” or “bridge worker” (see 67 FR 1903, January 15, 2002), it is still used in the
general applicability section, §214.101(c), thus it is included here for reference.
Employer means a railroad, or a contractor to a railroad, that directly engages or compensates
individuals to perform any of the duties defined in this part.
The responsibility for compliance with this rule follows the employer-employee relationship.
Each employer subject to the rule, be it a railroad or a contractor, assumes the employer’s
responsibilities regarding its own employees.
Equivalent means alternative designs, materials, or methods that the railroad or railroad
contractor can demonstrate will provide equal or greater safety for employees than the means
specified in this part.
In order to give railroads and railroad contractors flexibility in choosing equipment not
specified in the final rule, but perhaps more amenable to the railroad environment or more
technically advanced, this term has been added to the rule at various locations. The railroad
or railroad contractor bears the burden of demonstrating that the alternative device does not
in any way decrease employee safety.
Free fall means the act of falling before the personal fall arrest system begins to apply force to
arrest the fall.
This term is significant in determining the amount of force applied to one who wears a
personal fall arrest system. It is defined as the act of falling until the arresting forces begin to
take effect.
Free fall distance means the vertical displacement of the fall arrest attachment point on a
person’s body harness between onset of the fall and the point at which the system begins to
apply force to arrest the fall. This distance excludes deceleration distance and lifeline and
lanyard elongation, but includes any deceleration device slide distance or self-retracting
lifeline/lanyard extension before they operate and fall arrest forces occur.
As stated above, this phrase is important in determining the amount of force applied to a
body before the fall arrest system begins to take effect. As defined, the distance does not
include deceleration distance or lifeline and lanyard elongation.
Lanyard means a flexible line of rope, wire rope, or strap that is used to secure a body harness
to a deceleration device, lifeline, or anchorage.
FRA adopted the definition used by OSHA that reflects current trade language. The term is
defined as a flexible line of rope, wire rope or strap that secures a body harness to a
deceleration device, lifeline or anchorage.
Lifeline means a component of a fall arrest system consisting of a flexible line that connects to
an anchorage at one end to hang vertically (vertical lifeline) or to an anchorage at both ends to
stretch horizontally (horizontal lifeline), and that serves as a means for connecting other
components of a personal fall arrest system to the anchorage.
The definition states that a lifeline is a flexible line connected to an anchorage from which
other portions of a fall arrest system are attached. More than one person may be attached to
a lifeline, as common practice indicates, so long as the line complies with required standards.
4.5
Personal fall arrest system means a system used to arrest the fall of a person from a working
level. It consists of an anchorage, connectors, body harness, lanyard, deceleration device,
lifeline, or combination of these.
This terminology for the safety belt, lanyard, lifeline, and fall protection system reflects
common trade language. The rule defines this term as a system used to stop a fall from a
working level, consisting of an anchorage, connectors, body harness, lanyard, deceleration
device, lifeline, or suitable combination of these.
Railroad means all forms of non-highway ground transportation that run on rails or electro-
magnetic guideways, including (1) commuter or other short-haul rail passenger service in a
metropolitan or suburban area, and (2) high-speed ground transportation systems that connect
metropolitan areas, without regard to whether they use new technologies not associated with
traditional railroads. Such term does not include rapid transit operations within an urban area
that are not connected to the general railroad system of transportation.
This definition is taken from section 202(e) of the Federal Railroad Safety Act of 1970, as
amended by the RSIA, and includes all forms of non-highway transportation that run on rails
or electro-magnetic guideways.
Railroad bridge means a structure supporting one or more railroad tracks above land or water
with a span length of 12 feet or more measured along the track centerline. This term applies to
the entire structure between the faces of the backwalls of abutments or equivalent components,
regardless of the number of spans, and includes all such structures, whether of timber, stone,
concrete, metal, or any combination thereof.
Railroad bridge is defined as a structure supporting one or more railroad tracks, above land
or water, spanning at least 12 feet, and including the entire structure between the faces of
the abutments. The term “span length” in this definition includes bridges that might have a
total length with multiple spans of 12 feet or more between the extreme backwalls, even if no
single span reaches 12 feet in length.
The definition does not apply to structures carrying highways or other structures over
railroads, nor to signals or signal bridges that are not located on or part of railroad bridges as
defined in this section. A railroad bridge remains a railroad bridge while the track has been
temporarily removed for maintenance or repair. A bridge with the track permanently removed
is no longer a railroad bridge. A bridge being built by a railroad, or a contractor to a railroad,
intended to carry track, is a railroad bridge.
A bridge being built to carry track, but not yet in possession of a railroad, will not be
considered a railroad bridge until it is acquired by a railroad or placed in service to carry
railroad traffic. For instance, a railroad bridge under construction by a highway agency,
separate from an operating railroad, as part of a highway project, would come under the
same OSHA jurisdiction as the rest of the highway construction project until such time as
ownership or control of the bridge passes to a railroad, or until railroad traffic begins
operating over the bridge.
Railroad bridge worker or bridge worker means any employee of, or employee of a contractor
of, a railroad owning or responsible for the construction, inspection, testing, or maintenance of a
bridge whose assigned duties, if performed on the bridge, include inspection, testing,
maintenance, repair, construction, or reconstruction of the track, bridge structural members,
operating mechanisms and water traffic control systems, or signal, communication, or train
control systems integral to that bridge.
4.6
The term Railroad bridge worker or bridge worker replaces the term railroad employee or
employee formerly used in the Bridge Worker Safety Rule, to recognize the broadened scope
of this part after the inclusion of the Roadway Worker Protection Rule and to more precisely
define those who are covered by the rule as bridge workers.
Self-retracting lifeline/lanyard means a deceleration device that contains a drum-wound line that
may be slowly extracted from, or retracted onto, the drum under slight tension during normal
employee movement, and which, after onset of a fall, automatically locks the drum and arrests
the fall.
The definition adopts OSHA’s language, which reflects common trade usage.
Snap-hook means a connector comprised of a hook-shaped member with a normally closed
keeper, that may be opened to permit the hook to receive an object and, when released,
automatically closes to retain the object.
The final rule adopts OSHA’s language, which reflects common trade usage. The keeper
must close automatically; else it is not a snap hook.
§ 214.101 Purpose and scope
101(a) The purpose of this subpart is to prevent accidents and casualties arising from the
performance of work on railroad bridges.
101(b) This subpart prescribes minimum railroad safety rules for railroad employees performing
work on bridges. Each railroad and railroad contractor may prescribe additional or more
stringent operating rules, safety rules, and other special instructions not inconsistent with this
subpart.
Guidance. This section contains statements of general application. A separate section,
§ 214.103, is set aside for the height threshold and exceptions to the fall protection
requirements. Use of “minimum railroad safety rules” in paragraph (b) reflects traditional
regulatory language. This terminology encourages railroads and their contractors to revise
or improve these standards and employee safety as new technology and information become
available, so long as this is done without contradicting the standards in this rule.
101(c) These provisions apply to all railroad employees, railroads, and railroad contractors
performing work on railroad bridges.
101(d) Any working conditions involving the protection of railroad employees working on
railroad bridges not within the subject matter addressed by this chapter, including respiratory
protection, hazard communication, hearing protection, welding and lead exposure standards,
shall be governed by the regulations of the U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and
Health Administration.
Guidance. Paragraph (d) discusses the complementary jurisdiction of FRA and OSHA with
respect to occupational hazards in the railroad workplace. Paragraph (d) states that any
working conditions involving the protection of railroad employees working on railroad bridges
not within the subject matter addressed by the regulations found in Chapter II of title 49 of the
Code of Federal Regulations (i.e., all railroad safety regulations), including respiratory
protection, hazard communications, hearing protection, welding and lead exposure
standards, is governed by OSHA’s regulations. This language reiterates the jurisdictional
delineations that were set forth in FRA’s 1978 Policy Statement (43 FR 10583), and provides
additional clarity for employees and railroads who must comply with Federal regulations.
4.7
§ 214.103 Fall protection, generally

103(a) Except as provided in paragraphs (b) through (d) of this section, when employees work
twelve feet or more above the ground or water surface, they shall be provided and shall use a
personal fall arrest system or safety net system. All fall protection systems required by this
section shall conform to the standards set forth in § 214.105 of this Subpart.
Guidance. Either a personal fall arrest system or a safety net system must be provided and
used where employees are working twelve or more feet above the ground or water surface.
Three exceptions to this requirement follow in paragraphs (b) - (d).
The twelve-foot standard best provides necessary fall protection for railroad bridge
employees. Unlike traditional building construction sites where the point of attachment for a
fall arrest system is overhead, the configuration of most railroad bridges would require that
the point of attachment be at foot-level or would require installation of superstructure at
considerable risk to those performing that work. Most railroad bridges do not have secure
structures above the rails that would support such attachment. A standard six-foot lanyard
attached at the rail on one end and to the body harness on the other would allow an
employee who is standing and walking very little movement while working on the bridge. To
the extent work is rendered impractical or significant discomfort or annoyance is caused to
the wearer, compliance would likely have suffered, and it is possible that any habit of non-
compliance could have been carried over to work at greater heights. Thus, FRA rejected the
the six-foot standard and adopted the twelve-foot standard that is currently in the rule.
When a standard fall arrest system is engaged, the length of an extended lanyard and
deceleration device totals approximately 9 ½ feet. If the surface below is not farther from the
working surface than 9 ½ feet, and if the protective device is attached at the rail on the side
of the bridge being worked on, an employee would hit the ground or water surface below
before the system begins to arrest the fall. A possible alternative to this scenario would be to
attach the system to the opposite side of the bridge being worked on, which would take up
approximately four feet of the lanyard length. However, this would greatly restrict the
movement of the employee and would introduce tripping hazards that do not otherwise exist.
With the low likelihood of serious injury from short falls and the sharply increased risk of
injury from tripping over lanyards strung along a bridge surface, FRA believes employees are
safer on railroad bridges at low heights without personal fall arrest systems.
Given that the length of the fully engaged fall arrest system itself is close to ten feet, and that
the length of the legs and torso that would hang below the body harness must also be
considered, a twelve-foot standard provides the safest and most practical height threshold for
fall protection devices.
Safety nets are an alternative to the body harness and lanyard system, but are nearly
impossible to install effectively at a height of less than twelve feet, given the distance a body
would deflect the net upon contact.
Paragraph (a) permits selection of the appropriate fall protection, either a fall arrest system or
safety nets, by the railroad or railroad contractor. This approach is particularly advantageous
in the railroad environment. Where railroad bridge configurations make nets impossible, or
where the exposure to risk is of minimal duration, the personal fall arrest system can be
used. However, where a major renovation that may go on for months is undertaken, nets can
be chosen. If chosen, nets must be installed at the same height threshold as personal fall
arrest devices.
4.8
A violation arises from an overall failure to provide or use a fall protection system when one
is required. Fall protection is required anytime a bridge worker (regardless of whether he is
employed by a railroad or a railroad contractor) is performing construction, inspection,
testing, or maintenance of a railroad bridge and the bridge worker is working more than 12
feet above the ground or water surface, unless one of the exceptions in § 214.103 (b), (c) or
(d) applies.
Distance above the ground or water surface is considered to be the vertical distance from the
lowest point on the person’s body to the water surface, or to the lowest point on the ground
to which the person could fall from the work position. Changing water levels, as from tides,
will be considered when determining if a point is more than 12 feet above water at the
particular time work is being performed.
The duty to provide fall protection rests with the employer of the affected persons. An
individual willful violation would result from an individual agent of the employer, such as a
supervisor, requiring persons to work without fall protection, after clearly having knowledge
that a fall protection system is required.
The failure to use a fall protection system implies that a fall arrest system has been properly
provided, and an individual employee has failed to make use of the system while in a position
in which it is required. This is an individual violation, and as such it must be shown to be
willful. A penalty can be assessed against an individual only for a willful violation.
103(b)(1) This section shall not apply if the installation of the fall arrest system poses a greater
risk than the work to be performed. In any action brought by FRA to enforce the fall protection
requirements, the railroad or railroad contractor shall have the burden of proving that the
installation of such device poses greater exposure to risk than performance of the work itself.
Guidance. Paragraph (b)(1) of this section states that the fall protection requirements shall
not apply if installation of the system poses greater risk than performing work without fall
protection. The railroad or contractor has the burden of showing this in any action brought by
FRA to enforce the fall protection requirements. In other words, once FRA had
demonstrated the absence of fall protection in a situation where it would normally be
required, the burden would shift to the railroad to justify its absence by demonstrating that it
properly determined that installation posed a greater risk.
The term “installation” applies to the process of setting up a fall arrest system, up to and
including the act of the individual hooking the personal fall arrest lanyard to a lifeline or point
of anchorage. This provision will often be applied by bridge inspectors who have training and
experience in moving on or about bridges to locations not usually occupied by maintenance
employees.
The question of “greater risk” is relative, and should account for the risk inherent in the work
being performed, the training and experience of the person conducting the work, and the
factors upon which that person’s decision was based. For instance, if the decision was
based upon a directive from a supervisor to work without protection in a place where the
employee had properly determined that protection should be used, the railroad or contractor
would carry a heavy burden to prove that this provision applied.
Likewise, the employee’s decision should not be based upon a requirement to accomplish a
mission for which the employer did not provide the proper equipment. An employee with
equipment available for use who rationally decides that it would be safer to work without
4.9
installing the equipment is much more justified in doing so than an employee who was not
furnished with the proper fall protection equipment at all.
103(b)(2) This section shall not apply to bridge workers engaged in inspection of railroad
bridges conducted in full compliance with the following conditions:
(i) The railroad or railroad contractor has a written program in place that requires training in,
adherence to, and use of safe procedures associated with climbing techniques and procedures
to be used;
(ii) The bridge worker to whom this exception applies has been trained and qualified according
to that program to perform bridge inspections, has been previously and voluntarily designated to
perform inspections under the provisions of that program, and has accepted the designation;
(iii) The bridge worker to whom this exception applies is familiar with the appropriate climbing
techniques associated with all bridge structures the bridge worker is responsible for inspecting;
(iv) The bridge worker to whom this exception applies is engaged solely in moving on or about
the bridge or observing, measuring, and recording the dimensions and condition of the bridge
and its components; and
(v) The bridge worker to whom this section applies is provided all equipment necessary to meet
the needs of safety, including any specialized alternative systems required.
Guidance. Paragraph (b)(2) was added in the 1994 amendment to permit qualified,
designated bridge inspectors to perform their work in the manner in which they have been
trained without a regulatory requirement to use fall protection while inspecting. The rule
requires a formal, written program for training and designation of bridge inspectors, and for
safe procedures to be used by inspectors in accordance with their training and abilities.
Designation as a bridge inspector must be voluntary on the part of the employee. The
employee must be free to use trained judgment as to procedures for inspecting a bridge.
That judgment must be based upon the situation at hand, and not upon the failure of the
employer or the employee to have safety equipment available for use should such equipment
be necessary for safety.
This paragraph applies only while the employee is moving on the bridge, observing,
measuring and recording. In other words, the employee must be able to devote full attention
to maintaining a safe position on the bridge while moving, or to take a position that will permit
safe performance of inspection functions.
103(c) This section shall not apply where employees are working on a railroad bridge equipped
with walkways and railings of sufficient height, width, and strength to prevent a fall, so long as
bridge workers do not work beyond the railings, over the side of the bridge, on ladders or other
elevation devices, or where gaps or holes exist through which a body could fall. Where used in
place of fall protection as provided for in 214.105, this paragraph (c) is satisfied by:
(1) Walkways and railings meeting standards set forth in the American Railway Engineering
Association’s Manual for Railway Engineering; and
(2) Roadways attached to railroad bridges, provided that bridge workers on the roadway deck
work or move at a distance six feet or more from the edge of the roadway deck, or from an
opening through which a person could fall.
Guidance. Paragraph (c)(1) concerning walkways and railings states that fall protection is
not required where stable walkways and railings are present, so long as employees do not
4.10
work beyond the railings, over the side of the bridge, on ladders or other elevation devices,
or where large holes exist.
The rule states that the walkways must be of sufficient height, width, and strength to prevent
an employee fall. This language provides pertinent guidance to railroads, contractors, and
employees as to what constitutes “secure” walkways and railings. Walkways and railings
that meet the standards set forth in the American Railway Engineering Association’s (AREA)
Manual For Railway Engineering will satisfy this subsection. This does not limit the design to
those found in the manual, but permits the use of a design that meets the same functional
requirements. If the handrail or walkway is deteriorated to the point that it does not retain the
capacity to resist loads or to maintain its proper position, it does not comply with this
requirement.
Portable handrails that meet the AREA standards, and which are attached at or within the
edge of the bridge surface so that the bridge surface forms the walkway, are acceptable for
this purpose if the bridge surface itself meets the strength and dimension requirements of a
walkway. The surface need not be specially designed as a walkway but it must safely
perform the function.
Paragraph (c)(2) was added in the 1994 amendment to permit work to be performed where a
roadway attached to a bridge would protect persons on the bridge from falling over the side.
It is intended that persons should remain 6 feet from the side or edge of a roadway or the
edge of any opening through which a person could fall. This is sufficient to permit one step
backward and a fall to the surface without going over the side or through the opening.
103(d) This section shall not apply where bridge workers are performing repairs or inspections
of a minor nature that are completed by working exclusively between the outside rails, including,
but not limited to, routine welding, spiking, anchoring, spot surfacing, and joint bolt replacement.
Guidance. This paragraph permits an exception to fall protection when employees are
performing minor repairs in any discipline, or are doing inspections, so long as those
activities can be accomplished by working exclusively between the outside rails of the bridge.
The outside rails are those which carry the wheels of railroad cars and locomotives, not the
planks or straps located on the outer ends of bridge ties, sometimes called “outer guard
rails.”
An employee working between two tracks on a multiple-track bridge would come within this
exception, so long as there are no gaps in the area between the rails through which a person
could fall. The rails may be those of an abandoned track if they are in their original position.
The term “exclusively” further defines those activities that will be categorized as “minor,” and
therefore truly merit being accomplished without fall protection of any sort. Given the
obvious risks inherent in working without fall protection, this exception will be enforced as
literally and narrowly as possible. Therefore, if an activity involves movement requiring one
to stand or travel with one or more weight-bearing portions of the body beyond the
boundaries of the rails, no matter how slight the duration, fall protection must be provided.
Replacing ties on the bridge would not constitute repairs of a minor nature that can be
completed exclusively between the rails. Walking between the rails on the bridge to visually
inspect the ties would come within the exception in this section. Walking between the rails
from one work location to another is generally permissible, as is standing between the rails
while not actually engaged in the work.
4.11
This section has led to a considerable amount of discussion because of its obvious
convenient use, under certain circumstances, to permit work without use of fall protection
equipment. The two paragraphs above are taken from the preamble of the original rule as
published in the Federal Register. The statement that “Given the obvious risks inherent in
working without fall protection, this exception will be enforced as literally and narrowly as
possible” was published as a clear statement of FRA policy at that time, and that policy has
not changed.
The term “weight-bearing portions of the body” can include hands and arms as well as feet
and legs. For example, if a person were kneeling with both feet and knees between the rails,
the weight-bearing portions of the body would be between the rails. From that position, one
could safely insert a bolt through a joint from the gauge to the field side, and hand thread a
nut onto the field end of the bolt. However, if the person were to stand, even with both feet
between the rails, place a track wrench on the nut and tighten it, the hands and arms would
become weight-bearing portions of the body by exerting forces on the wrench, and fall
protection would be required.
While this example might sound legalistic, it is actually a practical example of limiting risk. A
person kneeling between the rails is very unlikely to fall from the bridge from that position.
However, if a track wrench were to slip while the person operating it was off balance, as in
reaching across the rail, a fall would be much more likely.
§ 214.105 Fall protection systems standards and practices
Guidance, General. The standards in this section reflect OSHA’s most current performance
standards. The procedural requirements of this section should be incorporated in the
required published procedures and training of each employer.
105(a) General Requirements. All fall protection systems required by this subpart shall
conform to the following:
105(a)(1) Fall protection systems shall be used only for personal fall protection.
Guidance. This prohibits the use of fall protection equipment to hoist tools or materials, or to
secure items other than persons being protected. The use of fall protection equipment for
other purposes renders the equipment susceptible to damage or overloading that would
render it incapable of withstanding the loads that would be imposed by arresting the fall of a
person.
Violation of this paragraph is an act that must be witnessed either by the inspector or by a
person who provides a proper statement to this effect. Fall protection equipment is designed
with marked differences in appearance from materials handling equipment. An inspector
finding distinctive fall protection equipment in use for other purposes should not depend upon
a statement that the equipment is no longer being used for fall protection. The presence of
fall protection equipment that is no longer suitable for use as such at a worksite is extremely
hazardous.
105(a)(2) Any fall protection system subjected to impact loading shall be immediately and
permanently removed from service unless fully inspected and determined by a competent
person to be undamaged and suitable for reuse.
Guidance. An impact loading could result from a fall, or from the system or component
being struck by a foreign object while in service. The competent person should be one
qualified and designated as such by the employer. Most manufacturers specify that their
4.12
equipment is no longer certified for service after having arrested a fall unless it is returned to
the manufacturer for inspection. A manufacturer of equipment that complies with the
standards of this rule may be considered a competent person for compliance with this
section.
Fall protection equipment that is unsuited for use must be removed from service in such a
manner that it cannot be mistakenly or otherwise used again for fall protection. One effective
means of doing so is to permanently mark it as defective and remove it from the job site as
soon as possible. A reasonable time frame would be at the conclusion of the work shift.
105(a)(3) All fall protection system components shall be protected from abrasions, corrosion, or
any other form of deterioration.
Guidance. Equipment found in service, or available for service, with corrosion or abrasions,
for instance, is evidence of failure to comply. Equipment placed where it is subject to
abrasion, for instance a cable lifeline rubbing on the edge of a steel column, is evidence of
failure to comply.
The provider and the user of fall protection equipment are required to protect the equipment
from deterioration. It is not necessary to show that actual deterioration has taken place,
although that is good evidence of failure to protect. An example would be a lifeline that is
being permitted to rub on the sharp edge of a girder. The deterioration might not be
immediately visible, but the fact that the lifeline is placed in a position to abrade is failure to
protect from deterioration.
105(a)(4) All fall protection system components shall be inspected prior to each use for wear,
damage, corrosion, mildew, and other deterioration. Defective components shall be
permanently removed from service.
Guidance. The inspection may be performed by the user, provided that necessary training
in use and maintenance of the equipment has been provided. Permanently removed from
service means marked or placed so that it cannot mistakenly be used by any person for fall
protection.
It is not simple, without a record-keeping requirement, to prove that a required inspection did
not actually take place. However, obvious evidence of deterioration that should not have
escaped inspection is evidence of failure to inspect. Other evidence would be a statement
from a person who was ordered to use equipment without being given sufficient time to
inspect it, or witnessing equipment being removed from a box at the job site and being put
into service without inspection.
105(a)(5) Prior to use and after any component or system is changed, bridge workers shall be
trained in the application limits of the equipment, proper hook-up, anchoring and tie-off
techniques, methods of use, and proper methods of equipment inspection and storage.
Guidance. Proper techniques should correspond with manufacturer’s instructions as well as
employer policy. Nearly all manufacturers of safety equipment provide comprehensive
information and instructions on its proper use. Those instructions are as much a part of the
entire system as the equipment itself, and are very specifically directed to the particular
manufacturer’s devices. An employer program should specify how this training is to be
conducted. A person who depends upon fall protection equipment that is improperly
inspected, arranged or used is being placed in severe hazard.
4.13
A statement from a person who was required to use fall protection equipment without first
having been trained in its use is evidence of a violation. The absence of any training
program known to the supervisor at a job site is also evidence. Particular care should be
taken with employees who do not regularly use fall protection equipment, such as trackmen
or electricians who only occasionally work on bridges. They are often not as familiar with the
subject as bridge workers, it is easier for them to miss out on any training program, and they
are often at higher risk simply due to unfamiliarity with working at heights.
105(a)(6) The railroad or railroad contractor shall provide for prompt rescue of bridge workers in
the event of a fall.
Guidance. In order to ensure that the employer would be able to provide for prompt rescue
“in the event of a fall,” the employer must have the means for rescue in place prior to
allowing a bridge worker to work in a situation where fall protection is required and where a
fall could occur. In other words, the means for rescue must be in place whether or not a fall
has actually occurred.
The means of rescue should be appropriate to the work being performed, and to the fall
protection systems in use. If an individual is using a fall arrest system in circumstances in
which a fall might occur, then the means must be available to rescue that individual in the
event that the fall arrest system is deployed. In other words, if the individual goes over the
side, the employer has to be able to get the individual promptly and safely back to the deck
or down to the ground.
Self-rescue might be possible in some cases. For instance, an individual climbs a ladder
using a vertical lifeline and a rope grab connected to a short lanyard. If the individual should
slip and fall, the fall arrest system should bring the individual to the ladder and allow
resumption of climbing, at least in the downward direction. In that case, the hazard of not
being rescued from a fall would be very slight. Except where a definite known procedure for
self-rescue exists, it would be difficult for one individual to perform a self-rescue without
another individual being present to assist.
The regulation has no particular provisions for fall restraint systems to be used in lieu of fall
arrest systems. However, a properly arranged restraining system, such as short lanyards
that hold the worker away from the edge of a bridge deck, minimizes the potential for a fall.
This should be considered in the evaluation of a rescue procedure. If the employee is
working in a circumstance in which falls are prevented, rather than arrested, then the rescue
procedure would arguably not be as necessary from a safety standpoint. However, from a
regulatory standpoint, if an employee did not use the fall restraint system correctly (or the
equipment somehow failed), and a fall occurred as a result, the employer would still have to
provide for prompt rescue under this section.
Care must be taken with fall restraint systems. Where harnesses, lanyards, and similar
devices are used for fall restraint, only equipment suitable for fall arrest should be used. If
non-standard equipment were used for fall restraint, the potential is great that it might be
mixed with fall arrest equipment, with undesirable results.
It is good practice to have means of rapid communication from a worksite to local emergency
responders and rescue services, but this should not to be considered as a sole means of
rescue, since the responders or rescue services may not arrive promptly enough and may
not be trained or equipped for this type of rescue.
4.14
The responsible person at a job site should be able to explain how the rescue of a fallen
person would be accomplished. If the means are not at hand for a prompt rescue, or the
persons responsible for accomplishing the rescue are not properly aware of the procedure,
then the employer is putting itself at risk for a violation if a fall later occurs. As discussed
above, this should be noted in a comment to the railroad or contractor employer. Of course,
if a person were to actually fall and suffer from not having been promptly rescued, a violation
would have occurred.
105(a)(7) Connectors shall have a corrosion-resistant finish, and all surfaces and edges shall
be smooth to prevent damage to interfacing parts of the system.
Guidance. Use of (or placing in service) connectors without a corrosion-resistant finish,
regardless of whether corrosion is actually present, would be in contravention of this rule. So
to would be the use of (or placing in service of) connectors where the corrosion-resistant
finish has deteriorated to the point where corrosion is present, as the surface would no
longer be smooth. Sharp edges can develop from wear as well as manufacturing flaws, and
should be included in inspections. Corrosion weakens the connector. Sharp edges and
surfaces can nick or tear other parts connected to them.
Either a deficiency or a violation would apply where connectors or other components of a fall
arrest system did not have a corrosion-resistant finish, were corroded, had sharp edges, or
were improperly applied or assembled, resulting in damage or potential damage to the
system or its components.
105(a)(8) Connectors shall be drop forged, pressed or formed steel, or made of equivalent-
strength materials.
Guidance. Cast material is subject to hidden cracks and flaws, and is not suitable.
Connectors will generally be certified by the manufacturer for compliance with corresponding
OSHA standards. Connectors found in use that were not designed for fall arrest systems
should be investigated further.
A deficiency would apply where connectors used with fall protection equipment were made of
non-conforming material and had either insufficient or unknown capacity.
105(a)(9) Anchorages, including single- and double-head anchors, shall be capable of
supporting at least 5,000 pounds per bridge worker attached, or shall be designed, installed,
and used under the supervision of a qualified person as part of a complete personal fall
protection system that maintains a safety factor of at least two.
Guidance. The strength of lifelines and anchorages is the subject of detailed engineering
analysis and design in many cases. The actual loads imposed on each component are
highly dependent upon the geometry of the system and the tension applied during
installation. In the case of designing, installing, and using anchorages and lifelines, “under
the supervision of a qualified person” means they must be designed, installed, or used by a
person who is either under the direct supervision of a qualified engineer, or capable of
understanding and installing the system in strict conformance with specifications prepared by
a qualified engineer.
Some detailed investigation might be required to determine if anchorages in use are proper
for the fall protection system in use. However, more obvious violations would involve, for
instance, lifelines connected to handrails or other lightly constructed bridge members that
could not possibly restrain 5,000 pounds per employee attached.
4.15
105(b) Personal fall arrest systems. All components of a personal fall arrest system shall
conform to the following standards:
105(b)(1) Lanyards and vertical lifelines that tie off one bridge worker shall have a minimum
breaking strength of 5,000 pounds.
Guidance. The breaking strength will be stated by the manufacturer of each component.
This strength requirement is much greater than the weight of one person in order to
accommodate impact loads caused by sudden deceleration at the limit of the fall protection
device.
105(b)(2) Self-retracting lifelines and lanyards that automatically limit free fall distance to two
feet or less shall have components capable of sustaining a minimum static tensile load of 3,000
pounds applied to the device with the lifeline or lanyard in the fully extended position.
Guidance. The lower strength requirement accommodates the lesser loads imposed by a
fall of two feet or less, compared with the maximum permitted by a free-fall system.
105(b)(3) Self-retracting lifelines and lanyards that do not limit free fall distance to two feet or
less, ripstitch, and tearing and deformed lanyards shall be capable of withstanding 5,000
pounds applied to the device with the lifeline or lanyard in the fully extended position.
Guidance. These devices must retain the original specified strength when fully extended
because of the higher impact of free falls between two and six feet.
105(b)(4) Horizontal lifelines shall be designed, installed, and used under the supervision of a
competent person, as part of a complete personal fall arrest system that maintains a safety
factor of at least two.
Guidance. In the case of designing, installing, and using horizontal lifelines, “under the
supervision of a competent person” means they must be designed, installed, or used by a
person who is either under the direct supervision of a qualified engineer, or capable of
understanding and installing the system in strict conformance with specifications prepared by
a qualified engineer.
105(b)(5) Lifelines shall not be made of natural fiber rope.
Guidance. Natural fiber rope is subject to excessive stretch and hidden damage from
abrasion or overstress, and the material is not of sufficient uniformity for use in fall arrest
systems. Most lifelines are made of metal wire rope. This provision applies only to lifelines,
not lanyards or other components, although natural fiber rope is not the best material for use
in any component of a fall protection system.
105(b)(6) Body belts shall not be used as components of personal fall arrest systems.
Guidance. This change was made in the January 15, 2002 Final Rule because it was noted
that a body belt does not distribute loads evenly about the body; rather, it concentrates them
at the bottom of the rib cage. Even without that impact force, a person hanging from a body
belt for more than one minute is in serious jeopardy because of compression of internal
organs within the rib cage.
105(b)(7) The personal fall arrest system shall limit the maximum arresting force on a bridge
worker to 1,800 pounds when used with a body harness.
Guidance. The body harness, properly connected at the back, distributes loads evenly to
the body, and to points of the body more able to withstand the loads.
4.16
105(b)(8) The personal fall arrest system shall bring a bridge worker to a complete stop and
limit maximum deceleration distance a bridge worker travels to 3.5 feet.
Guidance. This provision places a practical limit on deceleration devices. The maximum
free fall distance of 6 feet plus the maximum deceleration distance of 3.5 feet limits travel to
9.5 feet. This includes all possible deflection of lifelines and lanyards from stretching.
105(b)(9) The personal fall arrest system shall have sufficient strength to withstand twice the
potential impact energy of a bridge worker free falling a distance of six feet, or the free fall
distance permitted by the system, whichever is less.
Guidance. This requirement extends the “factor of safety of two” principle to the fall arrest
gear used by the individual.
105(b)(10) The personal fall arrest system shall be arranged so that a bridge worker cannot
free fall more than six feet and cannot contact the ground or any lower horizontal surface of the
bridge.
Guidance. This rule corresponds to the strength requirement of (b)(9) above, and limits the
forces in a fall to those that can be safely withstood by the personal equipment and the
individual. The six-foot free fall begins when the individual’s feet leave the surface upon
which they were placed, and ends when the deceleration device begins to take effect.
105(b)(11) Personal fall arrest systems shall be worn with the attachment point of the body
harness located in the center of the wearer’s back near shoulder level, or above the wearer’s
head.
Guidance. Attachment points must be at the rear because front attachment will snap the
vertebrae backward, causing severe back injury. The attachment for a body harness must
not be situated where it would strike a person in the neck or the back of the head when
loaded in a fall.
105(b)(12) When vertical lifelines are used, each bridge worker shall be provided with a
separate lifeline.
Guidance. Vertical lifelines are used to permit personnel to work up and down a ladder or
vertical surface. They are typically used with devices such as rope grabs to permit vertical
movement under control, but to prevent unrestricted fall. If two employees were attached to
the same vertical lifeline, falling could well impact the one below, or pull the one above into a
fall if the lifeline were to stretch slightly.
105(b)(13) Devices used to connect to a horizontal lifeline that may become a vertical lifeline
shall be capable of locking in either direction.
105(b)(14) Dee-rings and snap-hooks shall be capable of sustaining a minimum tensile load of
3,600 pounds without cracking, breaking, or taking permanent deformation.
Guidance. This provision effectively sets a minimum strength limit for the elastic behavior or
yield point of Dee-rings and snap-hooks.
105(b)(15) Dee-rings and snap-hooks shall be capable of sustaining a minimum tensile load of
5,000 pounds.
Guidance. This requirement effectively sets an ultimate strength limit for Dee-rings and
snap-hooks. Manufacturers will state the strength of these components, or will state
compliance with OSHA or ANSI standards that incorporate these same requirements.
4.17
105(b)(16) Snap-hooks shall not be connected to each other.

105(b)(17) Snap-hooks shall be dimensionally compatible with the member to which they are
connected to prevent unintentional disengagement, or shall be a locking snap-hook designed to
prevent unintentional disengagement.
Guidance. The snap-hook referred to in the regulation as a “locking snap-hook” is typically
called a “double locking snap-hook” in the industry. Snap-hooks without the locking feature
are subject to unintentional disengagement. A typical situation is termed “roll out” in which
the rope to which a snap-hook is attached is doubled back around the snap and pulled into
the hook through the snap opening. The rope then totally disengages from the snap-hook.
105(b)(18) Unless of a locking type, snap-hooks shall not be engaged:
(i) Directly next to webbing, rope, or wire rope;
(ii) To each other;
(iii) To a dee-ring to which another snap-hook or other connector is attached;
(iv) To a horizontal lifeline; or
(v) To any object that is incompatibly shaped or dimensioned in relation to the snap-hook so
that unintentional disengagement could occur.
Guidance. This section effectively limits the use of non-locking snap-hooks to
circumstances in which the snap-hook is connected to a device that is specifically designed
to restrict its unintentional release. One such dimensionally compatible combination is one in
which the diameter of the dee-ring to which a snap-hook is attached is greater than the inside
length of the snap-hook measured from the bottom (hinged end) of the snap-hook keeper to
the inside curve of the top of the snap-hook, so that no matter how the dee-ring is positioned
or moves (rolls) with the snap-hook attached, the dee-ring cannot touch the outside of the
keeper so as to depress it open. This section effectively prohibits the use of non-locking
snap-hooks to connect personal fall arrest systems to lifelines or common structural
members.
The high level of detail in this section makes it impractical to provide a separate deficiency
code for the detail of every deficiency that might be found. The nature of each deficiency
written should be indicated on the inspection report.
105(c) Safety net systems. Use of safety net systems shall conform to the following standards
and practices:
Guidance. The installation and maintenance of safety nets is a highly specialized function.
Typically, the work will be performed either by contractors or railroad personnel who
specialize in this work. The qualified persons who install a net should either provide the
continued inspection and maintenance services, or should provide detailed instructions on
the use, inspection and maintenance of that particular net installation, available for reference
at the job site.
A fall of more than 30 feet to a safety net can be hazardous. A net does not qualify as a fall
protection system for personnel working more than 30 feet above it, or without a clear fall
path from the worksite to the net. Those employees would require personal fall arrest
systems. Others, working less than 30 feet above the net with an unobstructed fall path,
could still be protected by the net.
4.18
105(c)(1) Safety nets shall be installed as close as practicable under the walking/working
surface on which employees are working, but shall not be installed more than 30 feet below
such surface.
Guidance. Safety nets are included as one acceptable means of fall protection, as long as
the protected employees are within range of the protection of the net, and the net complies in
all respects with the regulation. The proper deficiency codes to use in situations involving
nets should be selected according to the hazard presented to the largest number of persons.
For instance, if a group of ten persons was working twelve feet above a good net, and one
person was climbing forty feet above the net, the circumstance would best be described by
105.23 (“failure to provide fall arrest system for person working more than 30 feet above
safety net,” which corresponds to § 214.105(c)(2), below) because only one person was not
in compliance. However, if a group was working 37 feet over a net, and the person in charge
stated that the net was providing fall protection for the group, then the more general 105.21
(“excessive distance from working surface to safety net”) would be the most appropriate
deficiency code.
105(c)(2) If the distance from the working surface to the net exceeds 30 feet, employees shall
be protected by personal fall arrest systems.
Guidance. This deficiency code should be used where a person is working more than 30
feet above a net without any other fall protection being provided. It describes the situation in
more detail than would 103.01 - Failure to provide fall protection (see § 214.103(a)).
However, if the system were provided but not used, the proper code would be 103.03 -
Failure to use fall protection.
105(c)(3) The safety net shall be installed such that any fall from the working surface to the net
is unobstructed.
Guidance. Obviously, a falling person who strikes a solid object before landing in a safety
net is at risk of serious injury. If areas exist on a job site where the path of a fall to a net is
obstructed, persons working in those areas must use some other means of fall protection
that will keep them away from the obstruction in case of a fall.
105(c)(4) Except as provided in this subsection, safety nets and net installations shall be drop-
tested at the jobsite after initial installation and before being used as a fall protection system,
whenever relocated, after major repair, and at six-month intervals if left in one place. The drop-
test shall consist of a 400-pound bag of sand 30 inches, plus or minus two inches, in diameter
dropped into the net from the highest (but not less than 3½ feet) working surface on which
bridge workers are to be protected.
105(c)(4)(i) When the railroad or railroad contractor demonstrates that a drop-test is not
feasible and, as a result, the test is not performed, the railroad or railroad contractor, or
designated competent person, shall certify that the net and its installation are in compliance with
the provisions of this section by preparing a certification record prior to use of the net.
Guidance. An example of circumstances in which a drop test is not feasible would be a net
placed above a public thoroughfare where the test could endanger the public below.
105(c)(4)(ii) The certification shall include an identification of the net, the date it was
determined that the net was in compliance with this section, and the signature of the person
making this determination. Such person’s signature shall certify that the net and its installation
are in compliance with this section. The most recent certification for each net installation shall
be available at the jobsite where the subject net is located.
4.19
Guidance. Absence of either a record of test, or certification of a net system without test, is
evidence of noncompliance.
105(c)(5) Safety nets and their installations shall be capable of absorbing an impact force equal
to that produced by the drop test specified in this section.
Guidance. If the drop test fails, the net has failed this section. All of the equipment and
components of the net installation must be individually capable of withstanding the loads
produced by the specified drop test. A net system is no stronger than its weakest
component. If any components are incapable of withstanding the loads of the drop test, then
that component constitutes improper equipment.
105(c)(6) The safety net shall be installed such that there is no contact with surfaces or
structures below the net when subjected to an impact force equal to the drop test specified in
this section.
Guidance. The net must not contact a surface or structure at any point after that point has
been deflected the same amount as that demonstrated in the drop test. The drop test need
not be made at the point of potential contact in order for this determination to be valid.
The use of this deficiency code will require an approximation of the distance from the net to
the surface below if the net is not actually in contact with the surface. If the distance from the
surface to the net is less than the deflection of the net during the drop test, the net is not in
compliance for use as a fall protection system.
105(c)(7) Safety nets shall extend outward from the outermost projection of the work surface as
follows:
Guidance. In order to allow for the fact that objects tend to drift horizontally while falling
vertically, the net must extend outward from the edge of the work surface according to the
distance of the vertical drop from the workplace to the net.
105(c)(7)(i) When the vertical distance from the working level to the horizontal plane of the net
is 5 feet or less, the minimum required horizontal distance of the outer edge of the net beyond
the edge of the working surface is 8 feet.
Guidance. The minimum permitted extension of the net is 8 feet beyond the edge of the
working surface. This would catch all of an individual who fell in a horizontal attitude at a
right angle to the edge.
105(c)(7)(ii) When the vertical distance from the working level to the horizontal plane of the net
is [more than] 5 feet, but less than 10 feet, the minimum required horizontal distance of the
outer edge of the net beyond the edge of the working surface is 10 feet.
Guidance. The required extension is increased to 10 feet beyond the edge where the fall is
between 5 and 10 feet.
105(c)(7)(iii) When the vertical distance from the working level to the horizontal plane of the net
is more than 10 feet, the minimum required horizontal distance of the outer edge of the net
beyond the edge of the working surface is 13 feet.
Guidance. Where the fall is between 10 and 30 feet, the required extension is 13 feet
beyond the edge of the working surface.
4.20
105(c)(8) Defective nets shall not be used. Safety nets shall be inspected at least once a week
for mildew, wear, damage, and other deterioration. Defective components shall be removed
permanently from service.
Guidance. In most cases, the inspection requires going into the net to look at it. Defective
nets must be removed or repaired promptly. Should a net become defective during a work
period, suitable precautions could include informing all persons on the bridge, and providing
alternate fall protection until the net has been removed.
105(c)(9) Safety nets shall be inspected after any occurrence that could affect the integrity of
the safety net system.
Guidance. Such occurrences could be impact loads from falling persons or material, contact
with objects moving under a bridge, fires or contact with hot objects, high winds, etc. It is
implied that the inspection must be of sufficient detail as to detect any damage to the net, or
any changes that affect the suitability of the net for service.
105(c)(10) Tools, scraps, or other materials that have fallen into the safety net shall be
removed as soon as possible, and at least before the next work shift.
Guidance. The purpose of this rule is to prevent a person who falls into the net from striking
a foreign object. It is possible that so much foreign material could be in a net that it presents
a clear danger to any person who might fall into it. Such a situation must be corrected
immediately, even if before the next work shift. Photographs would be very useful to
establish evidence of violation of this section.
105(c)(11) Each safety net shall have a border rope or webbing with a minimum breaking
strength of 5,000 pounds.
Guidance. The border rope or webbing extends around the outside of the net, and provides
the securement for the ends of the mesh. It must have adequate strength to support any
expected impact load with a safety factor.
105(c)(12) The maximum size of each safety net mesh opening shall not exceed 36 square
inches and shall not be longer than 6 inches on any side measured center-to-center of mesh
ropes or webbing. All mesh crossing shall be secured to prevent enlargement of the mesh
opening.
Guidance. The 36 square-inch requirement is met by a square of 6 inches by 6 inches. If
the mesh is hexagonal or octagonal the maximum opening size would govern, because a
hexagon of 6-inch sides would exceed 36 square inches of area. The mesh crossings must
be secured to each other to prevent enlargement of the opening. If the opening should
enlarge, a falling person could fall through the net.
105(c)(13) Connections between safety net panels shall be as strong as integral net
components and shall be spaced not more than 6 inches apart.
Guidance. Nets are frequently assembled from smaller panels. This requirement carries
the integrity requirements to the panel connection to assure that the net will act as a
cohesive unit in any fall.
§ 214.107 Working over or adjacent to water
107(a) Bridge workers working over or adjacent to water with a depth of four feet or more, or
where the danger of drowning exists, shall be provided and shall use life vests or buoyant work
4.21
vests in compliance with U.S. Coast Guard requirements in 46 CFR sections 160.047, 160.052,
and 160.053. Life preservers in compliance with U.S. Coast Guard requirements in 46 CFR
160.055 shall also be within ready access. This section shall not apply to bridge workers using
personal fall arrest systems or safety nets that comply with this subpart or to bridge workers
who are working under the provisions of § 214.103(b)(2), (c) or (d) of this subpart.
Guidance. Most bridge workers can stand in water four feet deep with no threat of
drowning. If the particular body of water contains swift currents or dangerous rock
formations, life vests are required under the ”danger of drowning” portion of paragraph (a).
Therefore, the two clauses together would provide adequate protection.
The reason for requiring a personal flotation device (PFD) is to prevent a person who falls
from a bridge into water from drowning. If a bridge worker is prevented from falling to the
ground by a method that is valid at heights more than 12 feet above dry land, then it follows
that the bridge worker using that same method also has adequate protection from falling into
the water, but prior to the February 10, 2005 Interim Final Rule and the July 27, 2005 Final
Rule, the regulation treated these scenarios differently. In order to remedy this
inconsistency, the regulation was amended.
The preamble explained that the exceptions from requirements for fall protection over dry
land found in § 214.103(b)(2), (c) and (d) were also deemed adequate to prevent a bridge
worker from falling into the water. Sub-paragraph 214.103(b)(2) exempts qualified bridge
inspectors from an absolute requirement to use fall protection, and they are also exempted
by section 214.107(b) when they are working above or below a bridge deck. Sub-paragraph
214.103(c) exempts employees from the requirement to use fall protection when they are
prevented from falling by walkways and handrails, or by remaining six feet or more away
from an edge from which one could fall. Sub-paragraph 214.103(d) permits employees to
perform work of a minor nature that is completed by working exclusively between the rails.
Each of these exceptions is also deemed applicable to the requirement to wear a PFD, as a
fall would be effectively prevented in the above situations.
The exception in § 214.103(b)(1) was not applied to wearing PFD’s, because that sub-
paragraph deals with the relative risk of installing a personal fall arrest system versus
working without one, and there is no risky installation involved with the use of a PFD. Most
manufacturers mark their flotation devices with the applicable section of 46 CFR to provide
for proper usage and identification. The markings should be legible.
As noted above, this section provides an exception to the life preserver requirement when an
employee is conducting an inspection of the structures below or above the bridge deck. The
bulk of a life preserver can inhibit movement and restrict visibility. Therefore, an employee
will not be required to use and the railroad or contractor will not be required to provide life
preservers when a worker is conducting inspections above or beneath the bridge deck,
where use of the life preserver can actually decrease employee safety.
The Defect Code 107.01, failure to provide compliant life vest or buoyant work vest, is
appropriate where the distance to the water is less than 12 feet and conforming life vests or
buoyant work vests are not provided. Where the distance to the water is 12 feet or greater,
fall arrest systems are required by §103, and that section should be used to describe the
defect.
4.22
Defect Code 107.03, failure to use life vest or buoyant work vest, is an individual violation,
which must be shown to be willful. It would apply to a person working less than 12 feet
above water with a life vest or buoyant work vest available, but not used.
107(b) Prior to each use, all flotation devices shall be inspected for defects that reduce their
strength or buoyancy by designated individuals trained by the railroad or railroad contractor.
Defective units shall not be used.
Guidance. There is no requirement for written designation of individuals, nor for records of
designation. A verbal statement of designation and training by the individual to the FRA
inspector will suffice so long as the individual’s performance does not raise questions of
competency.
The existence of defective units in use or available for use is evidence of noncompliance with
this section. The rule states that defective units shall not be used, so the existence of
defective units is evidence of failure to inspect.
107(c) Where life vests are required by paragraph (a) of this section, ring buoys with at least 90
feet of line shall be provided and readily available for emergency rescue operations. Distance
between ring buoys shall not exceed 200 feet.
Guidance. In the application of this rule, it is not necessary for ring buoys to be distributed
every 200 feet along a bridge if the employees to be protected are only occupying a small
area. The intent of the 200-foot interval is to provide a ring buoy within 100 feet of any
person working on the bridge.
107(d) Where life vests are required, at least one lifesaving skiff, inflatable boat, or equivalent
device shall be immediately available. If it is determined by a competent person that
environmental conditions, including weather, water speed, and terrain, merit additional
protection, the skiff or boat shall be manned.
Guidance. This section permits railroads or contractors to choose the type of boat, skiff or
other such device to be utilized according to the terrain that must be traveled to reach the
work site, as well as the type of water present. This discretion should be used to enhance
safety. The rule requires that where environmental conditions, including water and air
temperature, wind, precipitation, water speed, and streambed terrain, merit additional
protection, the lifeboat will be manned. This determination shall be made by a competent
individual present at the work site. Inflatable boats need not necessarily be kept inflated,
provided they are capable of immediate inflation and use when needed. Boats with built-in
emergency inflation systems are available. Reliance upon a separate air compressor to
inflate a boat would generally not meet the requirement for immediate availability.
A boat is not required simply because an employee on a bridge is wearing a life vest. The
employee would have to be in a situation where this regulation requires the life vest before
the boat is required.
§ 214.109 Scaffolding
Guidance, General. This rule is based upon the most recent proposals from OSHA (at the
time the rule was written) with suggested weight thresholds, which serve as an accurate
measure of scaffold and scaffold-component strength. Scaffold design, construction, and
repair should only be undertaken by individuals with experience, knowledge, and appropriate
training in order to prevent safety hazards.
4.23
109(a) Scaffolding used in connection with railroad bridge maintenance, inspection, testing, and
construction shall be constructed and maintained in a safe condition and meet the following
minimum requirements:
109(a)(1) Each scaffold and scaffold component, except suspension ropes and guardrail
systems, but including footings and anchorage, shall be capable of supporting, without failure,
its own weight and at least four times the maximum intended load applied or transmitted to that
scaffold or scaffold component.
Guidance. This rule provides a minimum factor of safety for scaffolds of four.
109(a)(2) Guardrail systems shall be capable of withstanding, without failure, a force of at least
200 pounds applied within two inches of the top edge, in any outward or downward direction, at
any point along the top edge.
Guidance. The guardrail system extends around the work surface of the scaffold. Design of
a guardrail system to these criteria requires engineering expertise or certification.
109(a)(3) Top edge height of toprails, or equivalent guardrail system member, shall be 42
inches, plus or minus three inches. Supports shall be at intervals not to exceed eight feet.
Toeboards shall be a minimum of four inches in height.
Guidance. Supports for guardrails are vertical posts or stanchions. Guardrails may span a
maximum length of eight feet. Although the requirement for toeboards has been removed
from bridge walkways, it remains effective with scaffolds in order to protect persons below
from tools and material slipping over the edge of the work surface.
109(a)(4) Midrails, screens, mesh, intermediate vertical members, solid panels, and equivalent
structural members shall be capable of withstanding, without failure, a force of at least 150
pounds applied in any downward or outward direction at any point along the midrail or other
member.
109(a)(5) Midrails shall be installed at a height midway between the top edge of the guardrail
system and the walking/working level.
Guidance. The midrail is parallel to the guardrail, halfway between it and the work surface.
Its purpose, or that of an equivalent structural member, is to prevent persons and material
from falling over the edge of the scaffold below the guard rail.
109(b) Scaffolds shall not be altered or moved while they are occupied. This paragraph does
not apply to vertical movements of mobile scaffolds that are designed to move vertically while
occupied.
109(c) An access ladder or equivalent safe access shall be provided.
Guidance. Employees must be provided safe access to the scaffold.
109(d) All exposed surfaces shall be prepared and cleared to prevent injury due to laceration,
puncture, tripping, or falling hazard.
Guidance. Sharp points, slippery spots or projections on a scaffold surface or rail are
hazardous.
109(e) All scaffold design, construction, and repair shall be completed by competent individuals
trained and knowledgeable about design criteria, intended use, structural limitations, and
procedures for proper repair.
4.24
Guidance. The results indicate the competency of the individual responsible for a scaffold.
109(f) Manually propelled mobile ladder stands and scaffolds shall conform to the following:
109(f)(l) All manually propelled mobile ladder stands and scaffolds shall be capable of carrying
the design load.
109(f)(2) All ladder stands, scaffolds, and scaffold components shall be capable of supporting,
without failure, displacement, or settlement, its own weight and at least four times the maximum
intended load applied or transmitted to that ladder stand, scaffold, or scaffold component.
109(f)(3) All exposed surfaces shall be free from sharp edges or burrs.
109(f)(4) The maximum work level height shall not exceed four times the minimum or least
base dimensions of any mobile ladder stand or scaffold. Where the basic mobile unit does not
meet this requirement, suitable outrigger frames shall be employed to achieve this least base
dimension, or equivalent provisions shall be made to guy or brace the unit against tipping.
Guidance. A mobile ladder stand or scaffold 20 feet high, for instance, must be at least 5
feet wide and deep, or be guyed or braced against tipping.
109(f)(5) The minimum platform width for any work level shall not be less than 20 inches for
mobile scaffolds (towers). Ladder stands shall have a minimum step width of 16 inches. The
steps of ladder stands shall be fabricated from slip resistant treads.
109(f)(6) Guardrails and midrails shall conform to the requirements listed in paragraph (a) of
this section.
109(f)(7) A climbing ladder or stairway shall be provided for proper access and egress, and
shall be affixed or built into the scaffold and so located that in its use it will not have a tendency
to tip the scaffold.
109(f)(8) Wheels or casters shall be capable of supporting, without failure, at least four times
the maximum intended load applied or transmitted to that component. All scaffold casters shall
be provided with a positive wheel and/or swivel lock to prevent movement. Ladder stands shall
have at least two of the four casters and shall be of the swivel type.
Guidance. It would be impractical to provide a deficiency code for every possible situation
under this rule. A full description of the circumstances surrounding each deficiency shall be
provided by the inspector.
§ 214.111 Personal protective equipment, generally
With the exception of foot protection, the railroad or railroad contractor shall provide and the
bridge worker shall use appropriate personal protective equipment described in this Subpart in
all operations where there is exposure to hazardous conditions, or where this subpart indicates
the need for using such equipment to reduce the hazards to railroad bridge workers. The
railroad or railroad contractor shall require the use of foot protection when the potential for foot
injury exists.
Guidance. Requiring personal protective equipment is critical to the success of any safety
program for railroad bridge workers. The requirement for personal protective equipment
(PPE) as found in this section is specific to railroad bridge workers as defined in this Part and
where there is exposure to hazardous conditions. The requirement for PPE in other
situations is predicated on each railroad’s policy. Use of the personal protective equipment
addressed in this final rule is a reasonably straightforward safety issue that can be
4.25
addressed during normal FRA safety inspections. FRA has tracked OSHA’s language in this
rule. OSHA’s rules on subject matters related to the safety of railroad bridge workers that
are not addressed in this rule remain in effect.
National consensus standards (ANSI Standards) are shown in the rule with the effective date
of the ANSI standard that was effective when the rule was amended in 1994. Equipment that
conforms to a corresponding ANSI standard with a later effective date should be considered
as being in compliance unless specific information to the contrary is received from FRA
Washington Headquarters.
ANSI standards applicable to individual items of equipment are plainly marked on each item,
including protective helmets, safety goggles, and safety shoes. An item that does not display
a required ANSI standard reference can be deemed not in compliance with this rule, except
that safety shoes might have the ANSI reference on the inside worn off by foot contact. Steel
toe shoes can be detected with a magnet. However, some winter boots and non-conducting
safety shoes have non-metallic safety toes that cannot be so detected, so the magnet test is
not fully conclusive.
§ 214.113 Head Protection
113(a) Railroad bridge workers working in areas where there is a possible danger of head
injury from impact, or from falling or flying objects, or from electrical shock and burns, shall be
provided and shall wear protective helmets.
Guidance. Helmets are required where there is danger of head injury. This rule does not
actually require protective helmets at all times while on a bridge. However, if construction or
repair work is being conducted on the bridge, it is difficult to imagine a circumstance in which
persons at or near the work site would not be in danger of head injury from either impact or
from falling or flying objects.
The employer of a person who is on a bridge and in danger of head injury would be in
violation if the employee were not provided with a safety helmet, or if the employee were
permitted to work without a helmet where one is required.
Defect Code 113.03, failure to wear head protection, is an individual violation that would
apply if an employee had been provided a helmet, required by the employer to wear it
properly, and had failed to do so. The failure to comply must be willful. The ANSI standard
does not encompass helmets worn backward, with the long brim over the neck, which were
not tested for effectiveness in that orientation. A helmet worn incorrectly such that it does not
conform to the ANSI standard for that helmet does not comply with this rule (see also §
214.113(b), below).
113(b) Helmets for the protection of railroad bridge workders against impact and penetration of
falling and flying objects, or from high voltage electrical shock and burns shall conform to the
national consensus standards for industrial head protection (American National Standards
Institute, Z89.1-1986, Protective Headwear for Industrial Workers). This incorporation by
reference was approved by the Director of the Federal Register in accordance with 5 U.S.C.
552(a) and 1 CFR part 51. Copies may be obtained from the American National Standards
Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, New York, NY 10036. Copies may be inspected at the Federal
Railroad Administration, Docket Clerk, 1120 Vermont Avenue NW., Washington, DC, or at the
National Archives and Records Administration (NARA). For more information on the availability
of this material at NARA, call 202-741-6030, or go to:
http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/code_of_federal_regulations/ibr_locations.html.
4.26
Guidance. Lightweight headgear commonly referred to as “bump caps” sometimes found in

car and locomotive shops or meat packing plants do not comply with this rule. Headgear that
complies with the ANSI standard is plainly marked as such inside the helmet.
§ 214.115 Foot Protection
115(a) The railroad or railroad contractor shall require railroad bridge workers to wear foot
protection equipment when potential foot injury may result from impact, falling or flying objects,
electrical shock or burns, or other hazardous condition.
Guidance. Not every railroad employee on a bridge is subject to potential foot injury, but
any person at or near a site at which bridge-size material or tools are being handled is at risk.
Bridge inspectors who find it necessary to wear other specialized footwear for safe climbing
would not be in violation if there is no other source of foot injury present at their worksites.
The Rule does not require the employer to furnish safety footwear. The employer is
obligated to require its use where foot injury hazards exist.
115(b) Safety-toe footwear for railroad employees shall conform to the national consensus
standards for safety-toe footwear (American National Standards Institute, American National
Standard Z41-1991, Standard for Personal Protection-Protective Footwear). This incorporation
by reference was approved by the Director of the Federal Register in accordance with 5 U.S.C.
552(a) and 1 CFR part 51. Copies may be obtained from the American National Standards
Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, New York, NY 10036. Copies may be inspected at the Federal
Railroad Administration, Docket Clerk, 1120 Vermont Avenue [NW.], Washington, DC, or at the
National Archives and Records Administration (NARA). For more information on the availability
of this material at NARA, call 202-741-6030, or go to:
Guidance. The absence of a rule or standard applicable to all employees subject to this rule
is evidence of failure to require foot protection, if any employees should be found working
without proper footgear. Further, if a supervisor knowingly allows a bridge worker to work
without foot protection, despite the employer’s rule or standard requiring its use in that
situation, this would also be considered a failure of the employer to require foot protection,
and the supervisor could be subject to an individual liability violation if his or her conduct
could be shown to be willful.
Note that, unlike sections 214.113 (head protection) and 214.117 (eye and face protection),
the employer is not required to provide this foot protection equipment, and the employee is
not specifically required by Federal regulation to wear the foot protection. The regulation
only states that the railroad or railroad contractor shall require bridge workers to wear such
equipment. As a result, Defect Code 115.03 (failure to use foot protection), has been
eliminated. (See also, §214.111, which distinguishes foot protection from the other types of
personal protective equipment described in this subpart.)
§ 214.117 Eye and Face Protection
117(a) Railroad bridge workers shall be provided and shall wear eye and face protection
equipment when potential eye or face injury may result from physical, chemical, or radiant
agents.
Guidance. Defect Code 117.01, failure to provide eye and face protection, describes a
situation in which the employer has failed to provide complying eye and face protection for
employees working where potential eye or face injury might result. The type of protection
4.27
must be determined by the hazards present. Welders and associated workers require
protection from welding splatter and arc flashes. Painters require protection from chemical
sprays and sandblasting agents. In any case, eye injury hazards exist at almost any point on
a bridge if only from dirt blowing in the wind.
Defect Code 117.03, failure to wear eye and face protection, is an individual violation that
would apply if an employee had been provided with eye and face protection, had been
required by the employer to wear it properly, and had failed to do so. The failure to comply
must be willful.
117(b) Eye and face protection equipment required by this section shall conform to the national
consensus standards for occupational and educational eye and face protection (American
National Standards Institute, Z87.1-1989, Practice for Occupational and Educational Eye and
Face Protection). This incorporation by reference was approved by the Director of the Federal
Register in accordance with 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR part 51. Copies may be obtained from
the American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, New York, NY 10036. Copies
may be inspected at the Federal Railroad Administration, Docket Clerk, 1120 Vermont Avenue
[NW.], Washington, DC, or at the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA). For
more information on the availability of this material at NARA, call 202-741-6030, or go to:
Guidance. All complying eye and face protection will have the appropriate ANSI standard
marked upon it. As a matter of policy, an ANSI standard governing the same equipment as
Z87.1-1968 will also be considered to be in compliance.
117(c) Face and eye protection equipment required by this section shall be kept clean and in
good repair. Use of equipment with structural or optical defects is prohibited.
Guidance. The employer must not only provide eye and face protection as described in
paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section, but must also ensure that the equipment is kept clean
and that defective or damaged equipment is repaired or replaced. The employee is equally
bound to report, and discontinue use of, defective equipment. A minute scratch on the
surface of the glass lens of safety glasses will weaken the lens to the extent that protection is
no longer provided. Working with obstructed or obscured vision, or corrective lenses with
improper optical properties, is obviously unsafe.
117(d) Railroad bridge workers whose vision requires the use of corrective lenses, when
required by this section to wear eye protection, shall be protected by goggles or spectacles of
one of the following types:
117(d)(i) Spectacles whose protective lenses provide optical correction the frame of which
includes shielding against objects reaching the wearer’s eyes around the lenses;
117(d)(ii) Goggles that can be worn over corrective lenses without disturbing the adjustment of
the lenses; or
117(d)(iii) Goggles that incorporate corrective lenses mounted behind the protective lenses.
Guidance. Working on a bridge with impaired vision is obviously unsafe. This section
requires either corrective lenses in safety glasses with side shields, or “coverall”-type
goggles that either surround the corrective lenses or incorporate them. The employer is
responsible for providing or accommodating necessary corrective lenses in any eye and face
protection.
4.28
Railroad Workplace Safety Compliance Manual Chapter 2, BWS, (draft) May 16, 2006
Appendix A - Defect Code/Penalty Schedule
Defect Description (sorted by paragraph) Code Violation Willful

Violation
214.103 Fall protection, generally
(a) Failure to provide fall protection 103.01 5,000 10,000
(a) Failure to use fall protection 103.03 2,500
214.105 Fall protection systems standards and practices
(a)(1) Fall protection equipment used for other purposes 105.01 2,500 5,000
(a)(2) Failure to remove fall protection equipment from service after impact loading, damage or 105.03 2,500 5,000
deterioration where such equipment has not been inspected and approved for reuse by a
competent person
(a)(3) Failure to protect fall protection equipment from deterioration 105.05 2,500 5,000
(a)(4) Failure to inspect fall protection equipment prior to use 105.07 5,000 10,000
(a)(5) Failure to train bridge workers on proper application, use, inspection, or storage of fall 105.09 5,000 10,000
protection equipment prior to use or after any component or system is changed
(a)(6) Failure to provide for prompt rescue after fall 105.11 5,000 10,000
(a)(7) Failure to prevent damage to fall protection system by using connectors without a 105.13 2,500 5,000
corrosion-resistant finish or with surfaces that are not smooth
(a)(8) Failure to use proper connectors with fall protection equipment 105.15 2,500 5,000
(a)(9) Failure to use proper anchorages in a fall protection system 105.17 2,500 5,000
(b)(1)-(17) Failure to provide conforming equipment in a personal fall arrest system 105.19 2,500 5,000
(c)(1) Excessive distance from working surface to safety net 105.21 2,500 5,000
(c)(2) Failure to provide fall arrest system for person working more than 30 feet above safety net 105.23 5,000 10,000
4.29

Violation
(c)(3) Failure to provide for unobstructed fall to net 105.25 5,000 10,000
(c)(4) (i)-(ii) Failure to test or provide certification that the safety net and its installation are in 105.27 2,500 5,000
compliance
(c)(5) Use of safety net and installation not capable of absorbing specified impact force 105.29 2,500 5,000
(c)(6) Failure to install safety net so as to prevent contact with surfaces or structures below when 105.31 2,500 5,000
subjected to specified impact force
(c)(7) (i)-(iii) Failure to install safety net so that it extends outward for the specified distance 105.33 5,000 10,000
(c)(8) Failure to remove defective nets from service or failure to inspect net once a week for 105.35 5,000 10,000
deterioration
(c)(9) Failure to inspect net after any occurrence that could affect the integrity of the net system 105.37 5,000 10,000
(c)(10) Failure to remove foreign objects from net system 105.39 1,000 2,500
(c)(11)-(13) Failure to use conforming equipment in a net system 195.41 2,500 10,000
Reserved 105.43
Reserved 105.45
214.107 Working over or adjacent to water
(a) Failure to provide compliant life vest or buoyant work vest 107.01 5,000 10,000
(a) Failure to use life vest or buoyant work vest 107.03 1,500
(b) Failure to inspect flotation devices, or use of defective unit 107.05 2,500 5,000
(c) Failure to provide ring buoys with at least 90 feet of line 107.07 5,000 10,000
(c) Failure to place ring buoys so that they are readily available and within 200 feet of each other 107.09 1,500
(d) Failure to provide boat, skiff, or equivalent device 107.11 1,000 2,500
(d) Failure to place boat, skiff, or equivalent device so that it is immediately available for use 107.13 1,000 2,500
4.30

Violation
(d) Boat, skiff, or equivalent device not manned where conditions so require 107.15 1,000 2,500
214.109 Scaffolding
(a)-(f) Use of nonconforming equipment for scaffolding; alteration or movement of occupied, non- 109.01 2,500 5,000
mobile scaffold; or failure to use competent individual for scaffold design, construction, and repair
214.111 Personal protective equipment, generally (reference only)
214.113 Head Protection
(a) Failure to provide head protection 113.01 2,500 5,000
(a) Failure to wear head protection 113.03 1,000
(b) Failure to provide conforming equipment for head protection 113.05 2,500 5,000
214.115 Foot Protection
(a)-(b) Failure to require use of conforming foot protection 115.01 2,500 5,000
214.117 Eye and Face Protection
(a) Failure to provide eye and face protection 117.01 2,500 5,000
(a) Failure to wear eye and face protection 117.03 1,500
(b) Failure to provide conforming equipment for eye and face protection 117.05 2,500 5,000
(c) Use of defective equipment for eye and face protection 117.07 2,500 5,000
(d) Failure to provide eye protection equipment compatible with the use of corrective lenses 117.09 2,500 5,000
where required
4.31

Bws Compliance Manual 110806 Final

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Descrizione originale:

Titolo originale

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Bws Compliance Manual 110806 Final

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Federal Railroad Administration

Railroad Workplace Safety

Office of Safety Assurance and Compliance

THE REGULATION ......................................................................................................................4

§ 214.103 Fall protection, generally

105(b)(16) Snap-hooks shall not be connected to each other.

Guidance. Lightweight headgear commonly referred to as “bump caps” sometimes found in

Appendix A - Defect Code/Penalty Schedule

Defect Description (sorted by paragraph) Code Violation Willful

Defect Description (sorted by paragraph) Code Violation Willful

Defect Description (sorted by paragraph) Code Violation Willful

Potrebbero piacerti anche