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1
Different parameters (stable isotopes,
aerosol concentrations, CH4 and CO2 in
air bubbles, dust content etc.) ICE CORES
EPICA drill
tent
2
DATING ICE CORES
Seasonal variations of impurities
Indirect dating:
Ice flow modeling
synchronisation with
other paleo-records
3
16O 1H = 99,9844%
= 99,759%
17O = 0,0374% 2H (D) = 0,0156%
R = (18O/16O o D/H)
Standard: V-SMOW
4
Mass spectrometer with HDO device
5
Ciclo dell’acqua e frazionamenti isotopici
La relazione fra la composizione isotopica dell’ossigeno e dell’idrogeno e
la temperatura di condensazione delle precipitazioni deriva dai
frazionamenti isotopici che avvengono ad ogni cambiamento di fase a
causa delle differenze nelle pressioni di vapore delle diverse specie
isotopiche HH16O, HD16O, HH18O (ad es. p.vap. HH16O > HH18O).
6
GNIP Map from International Italian precipitation map
Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna.
7
Long and short-term δ18O variations from ice cores
0
East Antarctica
δD = 6.04T(°C) - 51
δD ‰ (V-SMOW)
-100
-200
Greenland
δ18O = 0.67T(°C) –13.7
-300
-400
-55,00 -41,25 -27,50 -13,75 0
Temperature (°C)
8
Altri fattori possono influenzare la composizione
isotopica delle precipitazioni:
9
δD-Temperature Temporal Slope
10
ITASE
(International Trans-Antarctic Scientific Expedition)
11
ITASE
(International Trans-Antarctic Scientific Expedition)
12
Distribuzione areale δ18O
13
Relazioni δ18O / T bacino di drenaggio di Dome C
-13,75
18 ()
ITS GV7-M4
ITS AD40-D85
NVL
-27,50
GPS1-ITS90 (98-99)
ITS91-DC (98-99)
cores ITASE 98-99
pits GV7-TD
-41,25 Dome C
Chips WL1-IDC2
Chips DA1-IDY2
-55,00
-55,00 -41,25 -27,50 -13,75 0
Temperature (°C)
14
Schematic representation of the isotopic consequences of (non-equilibrium) evaporation
from the oceans (black dot at (0,0)) forming the marine atmospheric vapour (white
squares). Hypothetical equilibrium fractionation (grey arrow) would have resulted in a
smaller fractionation (grey dot). The figure furthermore shows the progressive depletion of
the vapour mass and thus of the precipitation (black squares) by the (here stepwise)
condensation process, preferentially removing the 18O and 2H isotopes from the vapour.
15
Deuterium excess d
Kinetic fractionations
16
Effect of source SST on
deuterium excess variations
17
Deuterium excess d
21,132
MdPt-D2/D4
D2/D4-DC
DdU-DC Delmotte
15,905 GPS1-MdPt
D66-GV5
d excess
10,679
D66-GV5
M4-GV7
5,453 Chips dottorato
0,226
-5,000
-450 -360 -270 -180 -90 0
()
18