Sei sulla pagina 1di 3

Schematic Diagram of the Circuit

Solution for a Realy Connected Load

1. The current drawn by the load under normal conditions is calculated. For this
design a standard Tungsten 230Vac, 60V lamp is the chosen load.
I(load) = Power/Voltage
I(load) = 60/230
I(load) = 260mA
2.

3. The normal current in the load will be the power over the applied voltage.
Note: It is important to remember that in lamp circuits the inrush current
drawn can be as much as 20 to 40 times the normal current. For incandescent
lamps, as the one in this design, current of as much as 10 to 15 times the
normal current may occur.
I(inrush) = 15 x 260m
I(inrush) = 4A
4.

5. The relay must be chosen as to have a maximum switching current above the
calculated inrush current of the lamp and a contact rating acceptable to the
load. According to the specification sheet of the JZX-18FF relay, the maximum
switching current is 7A and the contact rating is given as 5A, 220V, which
suits our application.
6. The rated current value of the relay is 36.9mA for a DC-supply of 24V. This
value is above the sourcing capabilities of the PIC16F877, which can source
only up to 25mA. The current requirement of most relays and solenoids
necessitate the use of transistor drivers.

7. The transistor is chosen to have a suitable current gain to be able to carry the
needed collector current Ic. The formula Ib = Ic/hfe is used to determine if the
base current is within safe levels for the PIC16F877. The power capabilities of
the transistor must also meet the required value for the design:
PD(transistor) = Vce(sat) x Ic
PD(transistor) = 300m x 36.9m
PD(transistor) = 11.07mW
8.
The 2N2222A transistor is chosen for the design for it has a current gain of 35
, power dissipation of 500mW and collector current capability of 800mA
according to its specification sheet. These values are above the required
levels needed for this circuit.

9. Noise occurs as short-duration voltage transient, or spikes, when the current


in the coil of the relay is abruptly turned off. This is due to the collapsing
magnetic field inducing a voltage back into the coil (Back EMF). This can
cause damage to the transistor driver used. The diode D1 is used for transient
protection, as the spike voltage will be opposite the applied voltage. D1 is
chosen as a 1N4007 diode, for it can withstand voltages of several times the
applied potential.

The first diagram shows the potential over the coil during normal operation.
The second diagram shows the reverse potential due to the Back EMF, when
the current is abruptly turned off. This circuit ensures that the transistor is
protected.

10. The series resistor is used to ensure that the transistor operates in saturation
and also limits the current. The PIC16F877's output voltage may be between
2.5 and 5V. The minimum value is used in the calculations. To calculate the
value of the resistor the following formula is used:
R1 = B(min) x (Vout(min) - Vbe)/Ic
R1 = 35 x (2.5 - 0.7) / 36.9m
R1 = 1.707K
11.
12. The closest standard resistor value to this calculated value is 1.5K. With a
tolerance of 5% the resistance may vary between 1.575K and 1.425K. This
will cause a variance in collector current:
Ic = 35 x (2.5 - 0.7) / 1.575K
Ic = 40mA
OR
Ic = 35 x (2.5 - 0.7) / 1.425K
Ic = 44.21mA
13.

14. The power rating of the resistor is calculated:


PD(max) = 36.9m x (5 - 0.7)
PD(max) = 158.67mW
15.
Therefore a 1/4 W resistor rating will be sufficient and a carbon film resistor
can be used.

Potrebbero piacerti anche