WPP 2003 Pulp and Paper Science and Technology: Papermaking Science and Technology
2nd SECTION
PULP & PAPER SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY: PAPERMAKING
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
DESCRIBING OF PAPERMAKING PROPERTIES
OF PULP FIBRES USING MATHEMATICAL
PATHWAY AND REGIONAL FIBRE SOURCES.
PAVOL KRKOŠKA
Department of Chemical Technology of Wood, Pulp and
Paper, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak
University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37
Bratislava, Slovakia. Tel.: 02/59 32 56 21,
Fax: 02/52 49 31 98, e-mail: krkoska@chft.stuba.sk
KEYWORDS:
papermaking fibres, chemical pulps, mechanical pulps,
TMP, CTMP papermaking properties, functional
parameters, mathematical relations, chemical, physi-
cal, mechanical and microbial treatment, permanence
and durability
ABSTRACT
An objective of the present work is to identify
functional fibre parameters and to quantitatively
describe the papermaking properties of pulp fibres,
functional parameters, mathematical relations, chemi-
cal, physical, mechanical and microbial treatment,
permanence and durability.
Attention is paid to the description of the paper-
making properties of pulp fibres, to their behaviour
in the paper sludge, to their function in the initial
strength of wet sheets and in the structure and tensile
strength of dry sheets, as well as to the description of
other properties of the final paper.
In addition to functional parameters defining the
structure and the tensile strength of paper the funda-
mental properties such as their optical, chemical and
mechanical permanence are also examined.
The work indicates mathematical relations (Page
equation and its modified form) between the func-
tional parameters of fibres and the structure and
tensile strenght of paper.
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The above-stated approach is used for defining
some changes in the papermaking properties of pulp
fibres resulting from chemical, physical, mechanical
and microbial effects. Both the mathematical de-
scription of blending of pulps and the decription of
several different pulp fibres involving the Sa and Si
bleached (also ECF) fibres of softwoods and hard-
woods, MP, TMP and TCMP are also discussed.
INTRODUCTION
Paper production consist of the preparation of
fibrous water suspension and of the subsequent
formation accomplished by filtering, pressing and
drying methods. By filtration, the essential water
amount separates, distances between fibre diminish
and atra-ktive forces producing the initial paper
strength begin to act among them. With further
dewatering by pressing and especially by drying, the
bonds between fibres, which constitute the basis of
strength and of other paper properties, are formed.
The strength of paper is determined by chemical
composition, dimensions and by morphologigal as
well as physico-chemical fibre properties. In forming
inte-rfibre joints the stock preparation processes axert
a remarkable influence on the paper, the strength of
which is closely related to its structure. If conditions
of the formation are constant, there is a possibility of
examining fibre function in the structure and proper-
ties of paper. Therefore, the properties of fibres must
be defined by parameters which are able to express
their function in the structure and properties of
paper. A large amont of research work is being de-
voted to the examination of the relationship between
individual fibre and pulp parameters on the one hand
and paper parameters on the other [1].
Until now, a number of mathematical equations
have been derived, the most significant being the
equation of Clark [2], of Callmes–Bernier-Parez [3]
and of Page [4] (Eq.(1) or in modified form
(Eqs. (2) and (3) [1,7].
1 9 12. A. H . g
= + (1)
lt 8lt 0 I 0 .P.L.RBA
1 9 0 ,92. A. H . g
= + (2)
lt 8lt 0 I s .P.L.RBA
1 9 0 ,12.D. H . g
= + (3)
lt 8lt 0 I s .L.RBA
Pulp and Paper Science and Technology: Papermaking Science and Technology
In those equations lt is the tensile strength of
paper (km), 1t0–fibre strength (km), L–weighted
fibre length acording to the length (m), t0–cohesive-
ness (kg.m-2), ts–shear cohesion (Pa), RBA–relative
bonded area (%/100/, D–fibre with (m) and A–fibre
wall cross section area (m2), P–perimeter of the fibre
(m), g–the acceleration to the gravity
(9,81 m.s-2), ò–fibre wall density (1.540 kg.m-3).
AIM AND SCOPE OF THE PAPER
The present paper follows the quantitative de-
scription of the relationship among fibre param-
eters (properties), structure and tensile strength of
laboratory sheets, using equation of Page [4] Eq.(1)
and its modified forms Eq.(2) and (3). In cited lit.
are also results for aquations of Clark. [5,8-
10,12,13,18], Kallmes - Bernier – Perez, [5, 8—13,
18] and of Page [5, 7, 8, 12, 13].
The paper describes changes of the functional
parameters of selected pulps resulting from mechani-
Fig. 1. Correlation of the measured (ltmeas) and cal-
culated (ltcal) temsile strenght of paper from
equation 1 (A) and 2 (B) for some pulps: 8—10
䊉–Mg-sulphite from spurce, 䉭–sulphate from
larch, 䉲–sulphate from softwoods (Štìti,
Czech Republic), 䊏–sulphate from mixed
softwoods (Ružomberok, Slovakia), 䉮–sul-
phate from birch (Veitsilutio, Finland),
䊐–sulphate from a forest oak, 䊊–Mg sul-
phite from beech, 䉭–sulphate from mixed
hardwoods (Ružomberok, Slovakia)
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Fig. 2. Correlation of the measured (ltmeas) and cal-
culated (ltcal) tensile strenghts of paper from
Eq. 3. for the pulps indicated in Fig. 1.
cal (beating, fractionation, mixing) physical (drying,
freezing, recycling), chemical (bleaching) and micro-
bial (tracheomycosis) actions and from ageing. The
pulp parameters were used to calculate the tensile
strength of the sheets using Eq. (1), (2), and (3)
comparing the calculated and measured values.
In the Eq. (1) the strength of interfibre bonds is
desrcibed by the shear cohesion (t0) measured as
shear stress of a joint of two fibres. The shear stress
of a duplex joint (ts) was found in agreement,
howerer the strength needed for a joint rupture
related to the whole contact paper-strip surface and
is assumed lower numerical values [7].
Fig. 1 A ilustrates the interdependence of ltcalc and
ltmeas of chosen pulps containing very different fibres.
The low l tcalc values result from the low numeri-
cal cohesion values (ts). The difference between
the cohesion values can be considered by introduc-
ing the constant 0.92 in the second term of Eq. (1)
thus it can be writen as Eq. (2) for followed pulps
cannot be taken to be generally valid [7].
Eqs. (1) a (2) include dimensional parameters
A and P, both of which are functions of the fibre
width (D) and lumen diameter (d), respectively.
Providing that the cell-wall thickenes 1/2(D–d) is
constant (4—6 mm), than the cell–wall cross–sec-
tion area (A) is a function of fibre diameter (D) and
Eq. (2) can be reduced to the Eq. (3). The simplifica-
tion introduces a numerical discrepancy, that can be
eliminated by a conversion constant 0.12 which is
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WPP 2003 Pulp and Paper Science and Technology: Papermaking Science and Technology

Tab. 1. Changes in the functional fibre parameters after mechanical, physical, chemical and biological
treatment, and deviationes of measured tensile strength /ltmeas/ and calculated tensile strengrh /
ltcalcfrom eq. 3 of the folloved pulps /+ - insignificant, + small,+ + medium, + + + great, positive /+/,
negative/-/.

The mode D lt0 L ts G V e RBA E ltcalck Lit.

of fibre treatment m km m kPa dtex cm3 g-1 % % km km
Beating
Bleached CP beaten to +- + - ++ +- – ++ ++ ++ +-
20, 30, 40 and 50 0SR
Nonbl. CTMP of spruce +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- 11
Bl. CTMP of spruce +- - +- - +-- +-- ++- ++- +-
CTMP fy. MODOCEL +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +-- 9
27°SR
40°SR +-- +- +-- +++- +- +- ++- +- +--
55°SR +-- +-- +--- +++- +- +-- ++- +- +--
Explosive pulp I-1 +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +- +-- 9
43°SR
53°SR +-- ++- +-- +++- +- +-- ++- ++- +-
Explosive pulp 11 51°SR +- +- +- ++- +- +- +-- +-- +--
Fractionation
Sec.fibers (P7-fluting)
Long fiber fraction (LFF) -- --- + -- ++ - +- 13
Short fiber Fraction (SFF) ++ ++ -- ++ - + +-
Mixing
Bleached Sa of softwoods +- +- +- +++- +- +- ++- ++- ++- 8, 9,
11,13
CTMP MODOCEL +- +-- +-- ++- +- ++- ++- ++- ++-
(9/1; 8/2)
Mg-Si of beech/Mg-Si of
Spruce (1/3; 1/1; 3/1)
Bleached Sa of hardwoods/ +- +- +-- ++- +- +-- ++- ++- +- 8, 9
Sa of softw. (21/1) beaten
to 20, 30, 40, and 50°SR
Drying +- - +- -+- - ++ -- -- +- 10
Freezing
(-17°C, 48 h) +- +- +- - +- +- + +- -- +- 14
(-29°C, 30 days) +- +- +- - +- - ++ - -- +-
Tracheomycosis, oak,
Lab. prep. pulp +- - - -- +- + +++ - -- +- 18
Ind. prod. pulp +- -- - --- +- + + - -- +-
Bleaching +- - - - +- +- +++ + ++ +- 5, 11, 13
Accelerated ageing +- --- +- +- +- 19, 20

determined on the basis of measured values. The
graphical (Fig. 2.) and statistical data processing
indicate that this equation could have some practical
application [7]. By summarising the results, we con-
clude that the tensile strength of paper is a function
of several fibre, as shown in equation 4.
lt= f (L, D, r, P, A, G, lt0, t0, ts, RBA, V, E, e, n)(4)
n is specific volume of the sheet (m3.kg-1),
E modul od elasticity (km),
e total elongation (%) .

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Pulp and Paper Science and Technology: Papermaking Science and Technology
The majority of fabre parameters are related to each
other in expressing the same fibre property (D, r, P;
G, A, r; V, RBA) or represent functions of some of
indicated parameters (E, e); to desctribe the tensile
strength by individual equations one needs 2—6 pa-
rameters. Similar equations describe other strength
properties of paper, e.g. the tearing strength [6] and
burst strength [17].
The parameters presented in this paper are consid-
ered to be suitable for practical application. They can
be used to calculate the paper strength properties
from pulp fibres parameters, independent of the
pulp production method and its chemical, physical,
mechanical and biological tretment.
In addition to parameters listed above, WRV,
specific surface (Sh) and hydrodynamic specific vol-
ume (Vh) can be used for description of wet fibre
properties. Pulp propertie change also during ageing.
The results are sumarised in Tab. 1.
Considering the results obtained (Tab. 1, Fig. 1, 2)
and in the cited. lit. [1, 5, 7—16, 18—20] one may
make the following conclusions:
1. Tensile strength of paper can be determined from
mathematical equations, if the functional param-
eters are identified. There is a good agreement be-
tween the measured tensile strength and that calcu-
lated from Clark equation [5, 8—10, 12, 13, 18].
2. If some pulp parameters are increased, other de-
creased, while still other remain unchanged, the
tensile strength of paper can be calculated with
a reasonable accuracy from the equation 4. How-
ever, it is imposible to derive the tensile strength
of paper from changes in one parameter alone.
3. The functional parameters of pulp can used to
calculate the changes of paper properties after
mechanicel (beating, fractionation, mixing), physi-
cal (drying, cold action, recycling), chemical
(bleaching), or microbial (tracheomycosis) treat-
ment, or after ageing.
4. By using the functional parameters, one may se-
lect the convenient fibres treatment to reach the
appropriate strengh of paper. For example to
increase the web cohesion by beating the long
fibres fraction during the treatment of secondary
fibres.
5. The zero-span tensile strength of paper is
a relevant parameter wit respect to the paper du-
rability and permanence.
6. The functional parameters and the mathematical
equations can be used to estimate the properties
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of mixed softwood and hardwood pulps. Two
methods can be used for such a calculation. Ac-
cording to the first one, the paper properties are
calculated from the measured functional param-
eters of any mixture. In the second case, the
functional parameters of softwood and hardwood
pulp mixture can be calculated from the func-
tional parameters of individual components. The
majority of the funcional parameters are carried
linearly additively in the functional mixture pa-
rameters (1t0, ts, RBA, E, e) while, for the rest of
them the simple mathematical equations are used
(V, L, G) (qs. , 5, 6,7).
7. Knowing the coarseness and the aritmetical aver-
age fibre length of hardwood and softwood pulps,
as well as the aritmetical fibre length of their
mixtures, one can estimate the pulp ratio required
to obtain the desirable paper properties [8].
CONCLUSIONS
The functional parameters and mathematical equa-
tions are siutable for: Evaluation of papermaking
properties of any pulp fibres, control of the processes
of pulp production, control of the processes of stock
preparation and prognosis of the tensile strength of
paper.
REFERENCES
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papiera. (Technology of paper production) Alfa,
Bratislava, 1989, P.49
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3. Kallmes, O. J., Bernier, G. and Perez, M., Paper
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328 (1977 ).
4. Page, D. H., Tappi, 52 (4), 674, 1969.
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WPP 2003 Pulp and Paper Science and Technology: Papermaking Science and Technology
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