PRG I/PRG II 02/06/09

Lecture Notes By Ian Jasper Mangampo

Control Structures
- control structures direct the flow of execution of statements or instructions in a computer program.
- There are 3 types of control Structures, Sequential Structure, Selection Structure and Repetition Structure.
1. Sequential Structure
- Sequential structure is the most basic of the three.
- Basically all programs are done sequentially.
- A program runs, executing the each instruction, probably skipping or repeating instructions coded on it as necessary,
from the first till the last.
Example:
1 void main()
2 {
3 int A, B, C;
4 A = 5;
5 B = 10;
6 C= B/A;
7 cout<<”Quotient of B and A is “<<C;
8 }

2. Selection Structure
- Selection structure gives the program a way of rerouting or redirecting the flow of execution of an instruction by
providing two or more paths of execution, given 1 or more conditions.
- In this structure some instructions may be skipped given that certain conditions are met.
Types of Selection Structures
a. if Selection Structure – provides a means of skipping a statement by setting out conditions to determine whether
instructions are to be executed or not.
Syntax:
1st form:
if (Boolean_expression/Condition)
Instruction;

2nd form:
if (Boolean_expression/Condition)
{
Instruction 1;
Instruction 2;
.
.
.
Instruction N;
}
Example 1:
void main()
{
int grade = 95;
if (grade >= 75)
cout<<”YOU PASSED”<<endl;
}

Example 2:
void main()
{
int grade = 95;
if (grade >= 75)
{
cout<<”You’re grade is greater than 75”<<endl;
cout<<”YOU PASSED”<<endl;
}
 }

b. if/else Selection Structure – provides a means of selecting from two paths of execution, one if the Condition is
TRUE and the other when the condition is FALSE.
Syntax:
1st form:

if (Boolean_expression/Condition)
Instruction if Condition is true;
else
Instruction if Condition is False;

2nd form:
if (Boolean_expression/Condition)
{
//Instructions when condition is True
}
else
{
//Instructions when condition isFalse
}
Example:
void main()
{ int grade = 95;
if (grade >= 75)
cout<<”YOU PASSED”<<endl;
else
cout<<”YOU FAILED”<<endl;
}

c. Multiple Selection Structure– provides a means of selecting from three or more paths of execution, each when the
respective Conditions stated becomes TRUE, and an optional statement once no Condition is TRUE.
Syntax:
if (Condition 1)
//Instruction/s if Condition 1 is true;
else if (Condition 2)
//Instruction/s if Condition 2 is true;
else if (Condition 3)
//Instruction/s if Condition 3 is true;
.
.
.
else if (Condition N)
//Instruction/s if Condition N is true;
else
Instruction/s if none of the above Conditions are true;
Example:
void main()
{
int grade;
cout<<”Give a grade: “;
cin>>grade;
if ((grade >= 65) && (grade < 75))
cout<<”You Failed”<<endl;
else if ((grade >= 75) && (grade < 85))
cout<<”Good.. You Passed”<<endl;
else if ((grade >= 85) && (grade <= 95))
cout<<”Excellent.. You Passed”<<endl;
else
cout<<”Not a valid grade”<<endl;
}
 d. Switch Case Structure – almost similar to the previous multiple selection structure, only that it uses certain cases
which a value in the case must meet to execute its corresponding instruction/s.
Syntax:
switch (case_variable)
{
case [first]:
//Instruction/s for first case;
break;
case [Second]:
//Instruction/s for second case;
break;
case [Third]:
//Instruction/s for third case;
break;
.
.
.
case [N]://Instruction/s for Nth case;
break;
default: //Default Instruction if no case is True;
}
Example:
void main(){
char choice;
cout<<”What do you want to do: ”;
cin>>choice;
switch (choice)
{ case ‘1’: cout<<”ONE”;
break;
case ‘2’: cout<<”TWO”;
break;
case ‘3’: cout<<”THREE”;
break;
default: cout<<”Default Clause”;
}
}

3. Repetition Structure
- gives the program a way of repeating instructions or groups of instructions.
a. For Loop
- a countered-controlled repetition. Contains an initialization of the control variable, the logical condition
which controls the repetition and a decrement or increment the control to increment or decrement the control
variable.
Syntax:
Form 1:
for(<initialization>; <condition>; <increment/decrement control>)
//Statement;
Form2:
for(<initialization>; <condition>; <increment/decrement control>)
{
//Statement/s;
}
Example:
void main(){
for(int i=0; i<10; i++)
{
cout<< i <<endl;
}
}
b. While Loop – a repetition which analyzes the logical condition first before performing and repeating the
instructions inside the structure. Instructions may not be executed.
Syntax:
Form 1:
while(condition)
//Statement;
Form 2:
while(condition)
{
//Statement/s;
}
Example:
void main(){
int i=0;
while(i<10)
{ i++;
cout<< i <<endl;
}
}

c. Do While Loop – A repetition where the instructions inside the structure are executed first before the logical
condition is analyzed. The instructions inside are executed at least 1 times.
Syntax:
Form 1:
do{
//Statement/s;
} while(condition);

Example:
void main(){
int i=0;
do{
i++;
cout<< i <<endl;
} while(i<10);
}