GATING OF STEEL CASTINGS

IMPORTANCE OF GATING SYSTEM

• The design of gating system is as important as risering of a steel

casting.

• It is well known that improper gating practice can result in defects like
CEROXIDE, INCLUSIONS, COLD SHUTS, MISRUNS, HOT TEARS,
LOCAL SHRINKAGES, and GAS CAVITIES in a steel casting.

• A gating system should be pre-designed and incorporated in method

drawing as is the case of risering and not left to the discretion of the
molder.
 CONSTITUENTS OF GATING SYSTEM

• A gating system for steel castings can be broadly divided into:-

• 1) The entry section – consisting of the pouring basin,

sprue and sprue base.

• 2) The distribution section – consisting of the runners and ingates.

 FUNCTIONS OF A GATING SYSTEM
• The entry section of a gating has two functions:-
1) To supply liquid metal free of entrapped gases, slag and eroded sand.
2) To establish a hydraulic pressure head, which will force the metal through the rest of
the gating system and into the casting.

• The distribution section has five functions:-

1) To decrease the velocity of the metal stream.

2) To minimize turbulence, both in the gating system as well as in the mold cavity.
3) To avoid mold and core erosion.
4) To establish the best possible thermal gradient in the casting.
5)To regulate the rate of flow of metal into the mold cavity.

• In addition to these, the gating system should be of such simple design as to facilitate
molding, particularly with mechanical methods, at the same time involving minimum
fettling cost and affording maximum casting yield.

• Many of these requirements and functions are conflicting with each other. Effort
should be to harmonize these so as to create conditions conducive to the production
of a defect free casting.
 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF FLOW

• When considering the running systems, it is instructive to bear in mind a few idealized
conditions of flow. It is true that the conditions prevalent in a mold are more complex.
However, certain basic patterns of flow are fundamental and the gating system can be
fully “engineered” from these.

• The requirements of a gating system are the opposite of a hydraulic system. In the
later case, every effort is made to reduce all frictional and kinetic losses to minimum
so as to conserve power. In designing a running system of a casting, the reverse is the
case. The metal entering the mold should have the lowest possible velocity, and yet,
should fill up the same at a rate first enough before the loss of temperature renders
this impossible.

• To obtain a understanding of the fundamentals of metal flow in gating systems, two

basic fluid flow equations are of interest. The first of them is the “Law of continuity”
and the second one is “Bernoulli’s Theorem”.
 LAW OF CNTINUITY

• The law of continuity states that the flow rate must be the same at a
given time in all portions of a fluid system. It may be written as:-

• Q = A1V1 =A2V2
where Q = metal flow rate in cu.ft/sec
A1 & A2 = cross-sectional area of flow channel at two different
points 1 & 2 in sq.ft.
V1 & V2 = metal velocity at points 1 & 2 in ft/sec.

• This would mean that if the flow channel narrows down to half its
original cross-section, the metal velocity would be double, and vice
versa. The law of continuity, therefore, can be used to predict
quantitatively the effect of variation in channel size on the metal
velocities and flow rates in a gating system.
 BERNOULLI’S THEOREM
• Bernoulli’s theorem states that the energy of a liquid at a given point can be separated
into three parts: energy of velocity, ( v2/2g) energy of pressure, (P1/ρ) and energy of
position, (h). In the ideal case ( with no energy loss ), when liquid moves from point 1
to point 2, it neither gains nor looses energy. Thus, setting the energies equal for two
positions, yields the equation as below:-

• (V12÷2g) + (P1÷ρ) + h1 = (V22÷2g) + (P2÷ρ)+ h2

where V1 & V2 ~ metal velocity at two different points 1 & 2, in ft/sec.

g ~ acceleration due to gravity.
P1 & P2 ~ static pressure in the liquid at points 1 & 2 in lb/sq,in.
h1 & h2 ~ height of liquid at points 1 & 2 in ft.
ρ ~ density of liquid in lb/ cu.ft.

• As mentioned earlier, Bernoulli’s theorem can only be employed to calculate velocity in

ideal fluid system i.e.. in systems in which the fluid suffers no energy losses. In real
gating systems, besides losses due to friction, energy losses occur at all entrances
and exits, bends, enlargements and contractions. The exit velocity and flow rates
obtained by the above equation would, therefore, be somewhat higher than those
found in actual practice.
• A pouring basin can be compared to a tank POURING BASIN
full of water with a hole in its base. If the
edges of the hole is sharp, then the cross-
sectional area of the issuing stream
decreases to a minimum value a little below
the orifice. The reason for this is that a fluid
cannot turn at a sharp angle. Thus, fluid, with
the exception of those at the centre line of
the orifice, will be traveling in a direction
inclined to the centre line. They have to
travel a little further before this direction
becomes parallel with the general direction
of the stream , resulting in a contraction in
the stream as shown in Fig-1.

A standard design of the pouring basin,

generally used in steel foundries, is shown in
Fig-2.
• As the liquid metal enters the sprue from the SPRUE
pouring basin and travels down, it accelerates
under the influence of gravity. This acceleration
has two effects:-

• 1) The metal stream acquires a high velocity,

which, theoretically, is given by the simple
equation, v2= 2gH.

• 2) Due to the acceleration of the freely falling

stream, the cross-sectional area reduces as the
velocity increases; this is because, according to
the law of continuity, volume flowing past one
section must be the same as at any other section.
As a result of the above, the metal pulls away
from the walls of the sprue with consequent
turbulence and aspiration as shown in Fig-3.
• If the walls of the sprue are tapered sufficiently so that metal
lies firmly against them, aspiration is eliminated. The following
equation may be used with advantage to arrive at the taper
necessary to prevent aspiration.

• A1/A2=√Z2/Z1

• Where A1~ area of the sprue entrance.

A2~ area of any other location in the
sprue.
Z1~ level of the pouring basin above the
sprue entrance.
Z2~ distance from the top of the pouring
basin to the location of A2.

• Although the above equation indicates that the ideal sprue

should have a parabolic taper, straight sided taper has been
found to suffice in practice as shown in Fig-4.

• In addition to its shape, the height of the sprue also effects its
filling. It has been shown that short sprue tend to fill up
completely, when the sprue: runner is1:1. The precise sprue
height at which incomplete filling begins, is determined by the
choke area.
 SPRUE BASE

• As it leaves the sprue, the molten metal travels at its

highest velocity and develops its maximum energy. At the
sprue base, the direction of flow abruptly change, which
causes severe turbulence. Therefore, by increasing the area
of sprue base, both the velocity and the turbulence of metal
can be effectively reduced. In addition, as the sprue base is
filled, the molten metal acts as a cushion to absorb the
impact of the falling stream. In order for the sprue base to
function properly, its bottom surface must be flat. This
because curved bottom surface of a sprue base will not
absorb the kinetic energy of the falling stream and will
deflect the molten metal up the sides of the bowl, thus
causing severe turbulence.

• The cross-sectional area of the sprue base should be

approximately 5 times that of the sprue exit, its depth being
2 times that of the runner.
 RUNNER

The function of the runner is to change the direction of the flow of metal from vertical
to horizontal. Since liquid cannot turn through a right angle instantaneously, a
contraction results as shown in Fig-6.

• Although little is known of the optimum radii required to suppress this type of
contraction, an enlarged sprue base goes long way in meeting the above problem.
Also to reduce appreciably the velocity of the metal leaving the sprue or spue base,
the cross-sectional area of the runner must be larger than that of the sprue exit. As
mentioned earlier, short sprues tend to fill completely, the reverse is, however, true
for runners. As the metal stream proceeds along the runners, it expands as its
velocity falls off, and eventually, completely fills the runners. Therefore it may be said
that short sprues, and long runners are an ideal combination in a running system.
• To ensure that only clean metal enters the gates, and thereby, the mold cavity, the
runners should be filled before the gates. It is, therefore, best to place runners in the
drag and gates in the cope.

• The molten metal that first enters the running system is usually contaminated due to
turbulence, aspiration and eroded sand. Runner bar extensions are, therefore, used
with advantage to prevent this metal from entering the mold cavity. The runner
extension must, however, be extended far enough beyond the last gate to prevent the
backwash of unclean metal from entering the gate.
 GATES
• Similar conditions of flow exist at the junction of each
gate and runner bar as the junction of sprue and
runner. The resulting contraction that takes place in
the former is shown in Fig:-8.

• It can be seen that the contraction at the leading

edge is rather slight, but at the trailing edge it is
considerably pronounced.

• Suffice it to say that unless the degree of

contractions at various junctions, as enumerated
above, are known, or suppressed altogether, it is not
possible to talk with any precision about the cross-
sectional areas of a running system.
• Research has shown that since, in the case of multiple gating, the
tendency of the stream of molten metal is to flow the path of least
resistance, a large portion of metal will flow through the last gate
attached to the runner.

• Following Newton’s First Law of Motion, a moving object, in this case the
stream of metal, tends to continue moving in the same direction until
some outside force is exerted to change it. The reduction of the cross-
sectional area of the runner just beyond the first gate, acts as that force.
It restricts the flow of metal to a certain extent and builds up a slight back
pressure, thereby making the stream of metal turn and flow through the
first gate. The amount by which the cross-sectional area must be
reduced at each gate is dictated by the gating ration being used.
1. When gating ratio is 1:1:1, decrease area of runner by the area of gate.

2. When gating ratio is 1:2:1.5, decrease area of the runner in proportion to

the number of gates passed.
 GATING SYSTEM

• Theoretically, the best way to fill a mould with liquid metal is to pour the
metal straight through the riser. This will create the ideal conditions for
directional solidification of castings. However, the method is not applicable
in its entirety, particularly to steel castings made in sand mould for obvious
reasons. Hence, the need for a gating system. Some of the gates commonly
used in steel foundry are described below:-
 TOP GATE

• Top gates are usually limited to relatively small castings of simple design.
The turbulence of metal as it enters the mould cavity causes erosion, which
is a major problem in the manufacture of steel castings. As such, top gates
are used in steel foundries only for broad shapes of low heights.
 BOTTOM GATE

• Bottom gating reduces the turbulence and erosion of the mould to a

minimum, but creates unfavorable thermal gradients. Whereas local hot
spots results at the gate entrance, cold metal appears in the riser.
Foundry men have devised various means of to find a compromise between
these basic forms of gating. It my be stated that bottom gating is most
desirable where risers or atmospheric risers are used to feed sections deep
in the mould.
 HORN GATE

• This gate, so called because of its shape, is a variety of bottom gating. The
main objection to its use is that the metal enters mould in a fountain like jet,
causing turbulence, aspiration of air etc. Horn gate is probably the greatest
single cause of gas cavities resulting from trapped air, and is not
recommended for gating steel castings. Experiments have shown that the
above fountain effect can be considerably reduced by enlarging the cross-
sectional area of the exit end of the horn gate into the mould to twice the
area of its entrance from the runner.
 PARTING LINE GATE

• This particular form of gating is a compromise between top and bottom

gating. They are often chosen more as a molding expedient than for the
intrinsic value. In this case, metal enters the mould cavity at the same level
as the mould joint or parting line. Molten metal enters through the sprue and
reaches the parting surface where the sprue is connected to the runner or
gates in a direction horizontal to the casting. The arrangement of providing a
gate at the parting line allows the use of devices that can effectively trap
any slag, dirt, or sand, which passes with the metal down the sprue.
 STEP GATE
This takes the advantage of bottom gating, at the same
time allowing hot metal to enter directly into the riser. In
some instances, it is possible to arrange a series of
gates at several levels.

Metal flows through the bottom ingates, until the mold is

filled to the level of the next higher ingate. At this point,
metal is expected to start flowing through this ingate and
through successively higher ones, as the mould gates
filled. However, in practice, step gates do not function in
this ideal manner. The inertia of the metal falling through
the sprue and the resulting low pressure areas created
at the entrance of the top gates, as shown in Fig-10,
carries the metal past the higher ingates and nearly all
of it flows through the bottom ingates only.

Through experimentation, it has been observed that by

slanting the ingates upward at an angle to the casting,
and designing the gates for relatively increasing
resistance to flow at lower levels, step gates can be
made to function properly.
 WHIRL GATE
• A whirl gate is the most positive device for preventing dirt from entering the mould cavity.
Although steel foundry men have used them sporadically for many years, great interest in
their use has been taken only very recently as the demand for more cleaner steel castings
increased. Cast irons can be effectively filtered by using variety of Filters, But for steel,
development successful filters is still awaited. The following parameters have been
recommended for whirl gates used for steel castings:

1) Ratio of ingate to outgate cross-sectional area should be 1.5:1.

2) Optimum whirl gate basin diameter appears to be between three to five times the ingate width,
and the height about 1.5 the ingate height.

3) Whirl gate performance is improved increasing the angular displacement (recommended

orientation: 1800 apart.)
 DESIGN OF GATING SYSTEM

• There are two major steps in designing a gating system:

i) Calculation of the ingate area.

ii) Derivation of the size of other components, such as runner,

sprue etc.
 GATING RATIO
Gating ratios recommended by various theoreticians in the literature vary over a wide range.
For steel castings, a mildly pressurized gating system is generally used. This has the
following advantages:

i) The gating system is kept full of metal. The back pressure due to the restriction of at the
gates tends to minimize the danger of the metal pulling away from the mold walls, causing
the consequent aspiration, turbulence and sand erosion.

ii) In case of multiple gating system, the flow from the gates of equal area is uniform. Since
the kinetic effect of the metal stream is dampened by the back pressure created.

A non-pressurized gating system, wherein the area of runners and gates is larger than that
of the sprue i.e.. 1:2:2 or 1:4:4, offers a rapid filling, the low velocity metal stream resulting
in materially reduced mold erosion. Such systems, however, favor oxidation of metal and
may be partially responsible for the formation of ceroxide defect. Also metal flow is non-
uniform, when the gate area equals the runner area. A slight change in in the non-
pressurized system of 1:2:2 to the gating ration of 1:2:1.5 will produce steel castings nearly
free from sand erosion, will minimize oxidation in the gating system and will produce
uniform flow. It is reported that general application of this ratio reduced the percentage of
steel castings requiring welding from about 10 to 2%.
 GATING CALCULATION

• A number of methods for calculating gating systems are available in

technical literatures today. The method consist of calculating the optimum
pouring time of the casting, which is cross checked with minimum rate of
rise of metal in the mould. The next step is to determine the total ingate
area, from which the size of the individual gate, runner and sprue are
derived, depending upon the gating ratio being used.
• For determination of pouring time, the following empirical formula can be
used:-
t = S 3√VG
where t is pouring time in seconds,
S is time-coefficient for steel castings(Table-1)
V is mean section thickness of casting in millimeter.
G is weight of casting and risers in Kg.
TABLE-1
Pouring temperature & fluidity Bottom gating Side gating Top gating

Normal 1.3 1.4 1.5 to 1.6

Increased 1.4 to 1.5 1.5 to 1.6 1.6 to 1.8

It has been reported that the following values for coefficient ‘S’ have found
to be suitable in actual production condition of steel castings over a
considerable long period.

For castings weighing from 10 to 50 MT :- 1.8 to 2.8

For castings weighing from 1.0 to 10.0 MT :- 1.2 TO 2.0
For castings weighing up to 1.0 MT :- 1.0 TO 1.5
• In addition to the determination of pouring time of the casting, due
consideration must be given to the rate of rise of metal in the mould. As it is
well known, besides casting miss-run, cold shut etc, too slow a rate of rise of
metal in the mould tend to give rise to scabbing defects on the cope surface.
Table-2 gives the minimum rate recommended for the rise in the mould for
steel castings.

Table-2

Section thickness in mm Min rate of rise of metal in mm/sec

Below 4 1
6 to 10 2
10 to 40 1
Above 40 0.8
• Having determined the optimum pouring time of the casting, the cross-sectional
area of the ingate may be calculated according to the following formula:-
F = G ÷(0.31u√hst.t)
where F = Cross-sectional area of ingate, cm2
G = Weight of the casting and risers, Kg
u = Flow coefficient
t = Optimum pouring time
hst = Mean ferro static pressure during pouring, cm

The flow coefficient ‘u’ represent the inverse value of the resistance offered
by the mould and the running system. Values applicable to steel castings are
given in Table-3.
Table-3

Type of Mould Resistance of mould

High Medium Low

Green Sand 0.25 0.32 0.24

Dry Sand 0.30 0.38 0.50

• Table-3 represents castings made without any open risers or flow-offs in a
moulding sand of average permeability, cast at normal pouring temperature.
• The following factors, therefore, influences the value of coefficient ‘u’ :-

Factors Change in values of ‘u’

1. Increase in pouring temperature per 500C Up to +0.05

2. Open risers & Flow-

Flow-offs From + 0.05 to + 0.30

3. Increase gating ratio: From +0.05 to +0.02

if Sprue area/Gate area>2
and Runner area/Gate area>1.5

4. Complex multiple gating From +0.05 to -0.10

5. Low permeability of mould Up to -0.05

• Maximum possible value of coefficient ‘u’ = 0.75

• The mean ferro static pressure hst (Fig-12)
during pouring is calculated from the equation:

hst = H0 – (P2÷2C)

where
H0 is Height of sprue ( from top of metal level in
pouring basin to the ingate level) in cm.

P is the height of the casting above the

ingate level in cm.

C is the total height of the casting in as

cast condition in cm.
 A Practical Example of Gating Calculation
• For the method drawing shown,
the basic data available for
gating calculation are as
follows:-

Casting Weight:- 128 Kgs.

Weight of casting including

riser:-145 Kgs.

Mean Casting thickness:- 75mm

Height of metal level in pouring

basin from ingate level:- 250mm
• Calculate Pouring time where time coefficient ‘S’ for side gating and normal pouring
temperature is 1.4 (from Table-1), Casting weight with risers ‘G’ is 145Kgs and
Mean section thickness ‘V’ is 75mm.

t = S 3√VG = 1.4 3√145X75 = 31 seconds

• Calculate Mean ferro static pressure ‘hst’ where ‘H0’ is 25cm, ‘P’ is 0 as total height
of the casting is below the ingate level and ‘C’ is 7.5cm:-

hst = H0 – (P2÷2C) = 25 – (0÷2X7.5) = 25 – 0 = 25cm

Calculate ingate area ‘F’ where ‘G’ is 145Kgs, Flow coefficient ‘u’ is 0.6, Mean ferro
static pressure ‘hst’ is 25cm and Pouring time ‘t’ is 31sconds :-

F = G ÷(0.31u√hst.t) = 145÷(0.31x0.6x√25x31) = 28cm2

There are two ingates for the casting and as such cross-sectional area of each
ingate will be 14cm2 i.e.. 54mm wide and 26mm thick.
• Calculate area of runner and sprue :-

A gating ratio i.e.. Sprue area: Runner area:Ingate area =1:2:1.5 to be used
for steel castings.

As such the runner area will be (ingate area÷1.5)x2 = (14÷1.5)x2 = 18.66

cm2.

So the runner dimension is 54mmx36mm.

In case of sprue area, since it is feeding both the ingates, total area of
ingates i.e. 28cm2 to be taken into account,

So the sprue area is 28÷1.5 = 18.66cm2

As such the sprue diameter at the end of the taper is 48.75mm≈49mm.

 POINTS TO REMEMBER
1. Contraction in the metal stream occur at the various junctions of a running system even after
calculating a gating system accurately, defects in casting may appear unless steps are taken to
suppress these contractions.

2. Short, tapered sprues and long runners with a large well at sprue base, ensure the complete filling of
the system with minimum turbulence, aspiration etc, thereby causing less mould erosion.

3. Runner bar extensions, whirl gate and runners in drag & gates in cope, are
effective dirt trap.

4. Faster flow rates with low metal stream velocities ensure castings with least mould
erosion.

5. Horn gate cause more air entrapment in steel castings and, therefore, are not
recommended.

6. Step gates do not function as expected. In practice, most of the metal tends to flow
from the bottom gate unless means are employed to obviate the above condition.

7. Multiple gating produces less mould erosion than a single ingate system.

8. A mildly pressurizes system with a gating ratio of 1:2:1.5 has been found to give
very satisfactory results in steel castings.
 GATING & CASTING QUALITY
Before any of the studies on gating can be applied in production, the following
fundamental precautions must be observed. It has been found that more
sand inclusions in castings result following improper moulding practices, than
from the failure to apply scientific gating system.

1. New facing sand must be used for forming the gates, since the latter has to
withstand more erosive forces than any other portion of the mould.

2. The gates must be rammed at least as hard as the mould cavity, harder if
possible. This is particularly applicable to sprue.

3. Rather than the gates cut by moulder, the gating system should form a part of
the pattern equipment, wherever possible, as the former practice give rise to
easily eroded sand surface.
4. Various portions of the gating system must be fully matched, for if they are
not, the projections coming in the path of the stream are continually washed
away into the mold cavity.

5. Most of all, the gating system must be free from loose sand prior to the entry
of the molten metal. The practice of aspirating dirt with compressed air after
mold assembly and placing of coverings over risers and sprue openings are
excellent quality control operation.

These precautions may seem too elementary to discuss and should be

taken for granted. Perhaps they are taken too much for granted.
• Having discussed the common practical safeguards to be taken
during preparation of mould, some of the defects commonly found
in steel castings, which can be minimized by the application of
proper gating practice, may be now discussed.
 MOULD EROSION
Research work done on the flow of liquid steel, by taking actual motion picture, has shown
that the steel flows discontinuously over a flat surface. The stream emerging from a gate
generally moves with a sidewise, whip like motion. Consequently the sand on which the
stream edges run is alternatively covered and uncovered by metal, thereby burning out the
room temperature bonds. The temperature at this stage on these edges is not yet high
enough to fuse the sand grains or bentonite with a high temperature bond. The next wave of
metal, therefore encounters sand that is not bonded, which is then easily eroded by the
stream and may be lodged in the cope or other surfaces of the mold. This means that gating
vertical member, pouring the mould up-hill, to allow the metal to move as a body over flat
surfaces, should be resorted to for obviating mold erosion on account of the above
phenomenon.

A summery of what had been said earlier would show that, in order to minimize the mould
erosion, the best gating system would be a double ingate with a central sprue, a rapid filling,
low velocity system of properly proportioned runners and gates and short sprues with an
enlarged well base.

Besides, dirt trap in the form of whirl gates, runner bar extensions and provision of runners on
the drag and ingate in the cope are effectively used by most steel foundries to ensure that, as
far as possible, only clean metal enters into the mold cavity.
 POROSITY

Normally, porosity or gas cavities in steel castings are not

associated with gating practice. However, certain factors
pertaining to gating system are sometimes responsible for
isolated gas cavities.

As mentioned earlier, horn gate is probably the greatest single

cause for entrapped air in steel castings. Its use is, therefore,
to be strongly discouraged. A changed to taper sprue and
deeper pouring basin also goes a long way to minimize
aspiration.
 CEROXIDE
Ample opportunities for oxidation of molten steel exist in an improperly
designed gating system, before it enters the mold cavity. The oxidation is
caused by aspiration of air into the molten stream in the gating system and
by an oxidizing atmosphere in the mould cavity. The resulting corrosive
constituents, according to one school of thought, reacts with the moulding
material, particularly eroded sand from the gate, to form a viscous material
called ‘Ceroxide’ which is lodged usually at the cope surfaces of steel
castings.

Poor gating system apparently add to the amount of ceroxide in at least

two ways:-

- turbulent flow produces excessive aspiration, and increased turbulence

causes more mould erosion – both of which are contributive towards the
production of more ceroxide of higher viscosity resulting in deeper and
more pronounced defects in the castings.
 COLD-SHUT & MISRUN

Too slow a rate of flow, as well as rate of rise of steel in the mould, results
in misrun castings with wrinkles and cold-shut surfaces. Under the above
conditions, temporary solidification takes place and further flow of metal is
not sufficient to erase the cold-shuts by re-melting these surfaces.

Increasing the gate area is not a panacea of every misrun problem. A

multiple gating system so designed, that each gate receives supply of
metal uniformly, reduces the casting area served by each gate, thereby
offering a effective solution.
 SHRINKAGE CAVITIES & HOT TEARS
Both these defects can be caused by the existence of local hot spots,
resulting from gating system. Gating practice may have marked effect on
the temperature gradients in the casting. Ingates are potential hot spots, in
the mould area adjacent to the ingate absorbs heat and become as hot as
the metal itself, thus delaying solidification of the casting at this area. This
may be very severe where a single ingate, and a slow pouring rate, is
employed.

Therefore to avoid shrinkage cavities and hot tears, multiple gating should
be used so as to provide a flatter temperature gradient in the casting. Two
rules of thumb employed by steel foundries to minimize the above defects
are: to keep the cross-sectional area of the ingate smaller than that of the
casting and to cut ‘cracker ribs’ in the mold or core surface in front of the
ingates.
• A word about the inter-relationship of riser and ingate
positioning in steel casting. Control directional solidification
along the casting towards the riser should not be disturbed
by improperly placed ingates, since the feeding range of
risers may be reduced materially on account of the
suppression of end effect by the ingates.
 REFERENCES
1. S. Bharadwaja, Indian Foundry Journal’1969

2. Bidulya, “Steel Foundry Practice”

3. Report of Sub-committee TS54 of the Technical council: Investigation of flow-phenomenon in

various running and gating system. The British Foundrymen, May, 1965

4. Basic principles of gating, AFS.1967

5. Taylor, Fleming and Wulf, Foundry Engineering.

6. Caine: AFS Symposium on principle of gating,1951

7. Brigg: Gating steel castings, Foundry, June,1960

8. SFSA Research report No.31: The performance of whirl gate with liquid steel. December,1953