English themes

SIMPLE PRESENT

USE

 We use for:
1. Facts
2. Routines

E.g.: I am a teacher FACT

They go to school every day ROUTINE

STRUCTURE VERB BE (am/is/are)

 In this structure all people (I/he/she/it/you/we/they) change the same way.
 We use NOT to make negatives.
 And change places between the subject and the verb to be to make questions.
(+) They are students.
(-) They are not students.
(?) Are they students

(+) She is a doctor.

(-) She is not a doctor.
(?) Is she a doctor?
STRUCTURE OTHER VERBS (I/you/they/we)
 In this structure we use the auxiliaries: don’t (-) and do (?)
(+) We work every day.
(-) We don’t work every day.
(?) Do we work every day?

(+) You study at home.

(-) You don’t study at home.
(?) Do you study at home?
rd
STRUCTURE OTHER VERBS 3 PERSON (he/she/it)
 We add an S to the verb to make it affirmative (+).
 In this structure we use the auxiliaries: doesn’t (-) and does (?)
(+) She workS every day.
(-) She doesn’t work every day.
(?) Does she work every day?

(+) He runS to school.

(-) He doesn’t run to school.
(?) Does he run to school?

SIMPLE PAST

USE

 We use for completed actions in the past.

STRUCTURE

 The affirmative(+) structure is [VERB+ed] or irregular verbs.

  In the structure we use the auxiliaries: didn’t (-) and did (?)

(+)You called Debbie.

(-)You didn’t call Debbie.
(?)Did you call Debbie?

(+)He watched TV.

(-)He didn’t watch TV.
(?)Did he watch TV?

Social Themes
Basic Information about Colombia

Colombia ,officially the Republic of Colombia (Spanish: República de Colombia, is a constitutional republic in
northwestern South America. Colombia is bordered to the east by Venezuela and Brazil; to the south by
Ecuador and Peru; to the north by the Caribbean Sea; to the northwest by Panama; and to the west by the Pacific
Ocean. Colombia also sharesmaritime borders with Venezuela, Jamaica, Haiti, the Dominican
Republic, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica. With a population of over 45 million people, Colombia has
the 29th largest population in the world and the second largest in South America, after Brazil. Colombia has the
third largest population of any Spanish-speaking country in the world, after Mexico and Spain. The Capital of
Colombia is Bogota, and its currently President is Juan Manuel Santos and vice president is Angelo.

Departmento Capital Departmento Capital

1 Amazonas Leticia 18 La Guajira Riohacha

2 Antioquia Medellín 19 Magdalena Santa Marta

3 Arauca Arauca 20 Meta Villavicencio

4 Atlántico Barranquilla 21 Nariño Pasto

5 Bolívar Cartagena 22 Norte de Santander Cúcuta

6 Boyacá Tunja 23 Putumayo Mocoa

7 Caldas Manizales 24 Quindío Armenia

8 Caquetá Florencia 25 Risaralda Pereira

9 Casanare Yopal 26 San Andrés y Providencia San Andrés

10 Cauca Popayán 27 Bucaramanga

Santander

11 Cesar Valledupar 28 Sincelejo

Sucre

12 Chocó Quibdó 29 Ibagué

Tolima

13 Córdoba Montería 30 Cali

Valle del Cauca

14 Cundinamarca Bogotá 31 Mitú

Vaupés

15 Guainía Inírida 32 Puerto Carreño

Vichada

16 Guaviare San José del Guaviare

17 Huila Neiva
 Republic of Colombia

República de Colombia (Spanish)

Flag Coat of arms

COLOMBIA TIME LINE

1535 Spanish conquest of Colombia begins and the first permanent settlement in South America was founded at Santa Marta

1536 1536-1538: Spanish conquistador Gonzalo Jimenez de Quesada (1509-1579) leads an expedition into the Andes and obtains
massive amounts of emeralds and gold

1538 Gonzalo Jimenez de Quesada founds Bogota as the capital of the 'New Kingdom of Granada'

1550 Gonzalo Jimenez de Quesada was appointed Marshal of New Granada and councillor of Bogotá for life (he died in 1579)

1550 African slaves shipped to work on Colombian plantations

1564 The Spanish government appoints a president to govern the Colombian colony

1700s Spain combines Colombia with neighbouring territories into one large colony called the Viceroyalty of New Granada which
consisted of Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Panama

Venezuelan General Francisco Gabriel de Miranda (1750-1816) participated in major political events for more than thirty
years

1810 The territories of the Viceroyalty of New Granada establish their own independent governments

1810 The King of Spain is overthrown by Napoleon

1814 Spain sends troops to South America to quell the uprising of the colonists

1819 August 7: General Simon Bolivar defeats royalist forces in the Battle of Boyaca

1819 December 17: The Republic of Colombia (also known as Gran Colombia) is proclaimed consisting of Colombia, Venezuela,
and Ecuador

1819 Colombia gains its independence from Spain and Simon Bolivar becomes the first Colombian president

1830 Ecuador and Venezuela became totally independent from Gran Colombia

1853 Colombia adopts a constitution which abolishes slavery

1899 1899-1902: Civil War - The War of the Thousand Days

1903 Panama seceded from Colombia with US backing and allows US control over the land now known as the Panama Canal zone
1922 The USA paid Colombia $25 million for the loss of Panama

1939 1939-1945 Colombia helped the USA to keep the Panama Canal open during World War II

1989 USA began to supply the Colombian government with military equipment to help rid Colombia of drug dealers

Math Themes

Type of Angle Description

Acute Angle an angle that is less than 90°

Right Angle an angle that is 90° exactly

Obtuse Angle an angle that is greater than 90° but less than 180°
 Straight Angle an angle that is 180° exactly

Reflex Angle an angle that is greater than 180°

PERPENDICULAR AND PARALLEL LINES

Perpendicular

It just means at right angles (90°) to.

The red line is perpendicular to the blue line in both these cases:

(The little box drawn in the corner, means "at right angles", so we didn't really need to also show that it was 90°, but we
just wanted to!)

Parallel

Lines are parallel if they are always the same distance apart (called "equidistant"), and will never meet. (They also point
in the same direction). Just remember:

Always the same distance apart and never touching.

The red line is parallel to the blue line in both these cases:

Example 1 Example 2
 Polygons

A polygon is a plane shape with straight sides.

Is it a Polygon?

Polygons are 2-dimensional shapes. They are made of straight lines, and the shape is "closed" (all the lines connect
up).

Polygon Not a Polygon Not a Polygon

(straight sides) (has a curve) (open, not closed)

Names of Polygons

If it is a Regular Polygon...

Name Sides Shape Interior Angle

Triangle (or Trigon) 3 60°

Quadrilateral (or Tetragon) 4 90°

Pentagon 5 108°

Hexagon 6 120°

Heptagon (or Septagon) 7 128.571°

Octagon 8 135°

Nonagon (or Enneagon) 9 140°

Decagon 10 144°
 Addition

Other names for Addition are Sum, Plus, Increase, Total

And the numbers to be added together are

called the "Addends":

Subtraction

Other names used in subtraction are Minus, Less, Difference, Decrease, Take Away, Deduct.

The names of the numbers in a subtraction fact are:

Minuend - Subtrahend = Difference

Minuend: The number that is to be subtracted from.

Subtrahend: The number that is to be subtracted.

Difference: The result of subtracting one number from another.

Division

There are special names for each number in a division:

dividend ÷ divisor = quotient

Example: in 12 ÷ 3 = 4:

 12 is the dividend
 3 is the divisor
 4 is the quotient
 SCIENCE THEMES
Introduction to Cells

Cells are the basic units of life.

There are seven characteristics of life which all cells and life forms do.

1) Living things require food for energy.

2) Living things respire. Respiration is the breakdown and use of energy contained in food.

3) Living things respond to the environment.

- Plants turn towards the sun.
- animals move to avoid danger and to obtain food.

4) Living things produce waste.

5) Living Things are able to repair themselves.

6) Living things grow and reproduce.

7) Living things have a limited lifespan.

ANIMAL CELL

The cell is the basic unit of life. All organisms are made up of cells (or in some cases, a single cell). Most cells are very
small; most are invisible without using a microscope. Cells are covered by a cell membrane and come in many different
shapes. The contents of a cell are called the protoplasm.

The following is a glossary of animal cell terms:

cell membrane - the thin layer of protein and fat that surrounds the cell. The cell membrane is semipermeable, allowing
some substances to pass into the cell and blocking others.
centrosome - (also called the "microtubule organizing center") a small body located near the nucleus - it has a dense
center and radiating tubules. The centrosomes is where microtubules are made. During cell division (mitosis), the
centrosome divides and the two parts move to opposite sides of the dividing cell. The centriole is the dense center of
the centrosome.
cytoplasm - the jellylike material outside the cell nucleus in which the organelles are located.
Golgi body - (also called the Golgi apparatus or golgi complex) a flattened, layered, sac-like organelle that looks like a
stack of pancakes and is located near the nucleus. It produces the membranes that surround the lysosomes. The Golgi
body packages proteins and carbohydrates into membrane-bound vesicles for "export" from the cell.
lysosome - (also called cell vesicles) round organelles surrounded by a membrane and containing digestive enzymes.
This is where the digestion of cell nutrients takes place.
mitochondrion - spherical to rod-shaped organelles with a double membrane. The inner membrane is infolded many
times, forming a series of projections (called cristae). The mitochondrion converts the energy stored in glucose into ATP
(adenosine triphosphate) for the cell.
nuclear membrane - the membrane that surrounds the nucleus.
nucleolus - an organelle within the nucleus - it is where ribosomal RNA is produced. Some cells have more than one
nucleolus.
nucleus - spherical body containing many organelles, including the nucleolus. The nucleus controls many of the
functions of the cell (by controlling protein synthesis) and contains DNA (in chromosomes). The nucleus is surrounded
by the nuclear membrane.
ribosome - small organelles composed of RNA-rich cytoplasmic granules that are sites of protein synthesis.
rough endoplasmic reticulum - (rough ER) a vast system of interconnected, membranous, infolded and convoluted
sacks that are located in the cell's cytoplasm (the ER is continuous with the outer nuclear membrane). Rough ER is
covered with ribosomes that give it a rough appearance. Rough ER transports materials through the cell and produces
proteins in sacks called cisternae (which are sent to the Golgi body, or inserted into the cell membrane).
smooth endoplasmic reticulum - (smooth ER) a vast system of interconnected, membranous, infolded and
convoluted tubes that are located in the cell's cytoplasm (the ER is continuous with the outer nuclear membrane). The
space within the ER is called the ER lumen. Smooth ER transports materials through the cell. It contains enzymes and
produces and digests lipids (fats) and membrane proteins; smooth ER buds off from rough ER, moving the newly-made
proteins and lipids to the Golgi body, lysosomes, and membranes.
vacuole - fluid-filled, membrane-surrounded cavities inside a cell. The vacuole fills with food being digested and waste
material that is on its way out of the cell.

PLANT CELL

Unlike animal cells, plant cells have a cell wall. The cell wall is made of cellulose, a rigid fiber layer. It gives the cell
structure and allows for adhesion with other plant cells. Inside the cell wall is the cell membrane, a fluid structure made
up of lipids and proteins. Cell membranes have channels and pumps that allow certain molecules in and out of the cell.
Most pumps and channels are specific to certain molecules, like sodium and potassium.

All the components inside the plant cell, called organelles, sit in a jelly-like fluid called cytoplasm. The vacuole, a fluid-
containing organelle, takes up most of the cell and allows the cell to maintain its shape.

The nucleus contains the DNA, the genetic material that encodes for all the plant’s proteins and also contains other
organelles. The nuclear membrane encloses it. Inside the nucleus is an organelle called the nucleolus, where the DNA
synthesizes RNA. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is where the RNA goes to make proteins and the rough ER
transports molecules throughout the cell. Next to the nucleus is the Golgi Body, whose function is to package proteins
and carbohydrates that will be leaving the cell. An organelle called a centrosome sits near the nucleus and is important
for cell division.

Two organelles only found in plants are amyloplast, which store starch compounds, and chloroplasts. Chloroplasts
contain chlorophyll and convert sunlight into energy the plant cell can use in a process called photosynthesis.

The mitochondrion is known as the “powerhouse” in all cells. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is produced from glucose
specifically in the christae, the little projections that are inside the mitochondrial membrane. ATP drives many important
chemical reactions in cells.
PARTS OF A MICROSCOPE

adjustment mechanisms - an apparatus that moves the optic tube up and down to focus on the specimen
arm - portion of microscope that connects the body to the base
base - a stable bottom for the microscope to stand upright
condenser - a lens or combination of lenses that gathers and concentrates light in a specified direction, under the
stage
eyepiece - lenses at the viewing end of a microscope or telescope
objective - lens at the end of a microscope nearest the object
optic tube - a long cylindrical tube that moves up and down to focus on a specimen
stage - a platform on top of the base of the microscope on which specimen are placed