MEMBER

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“My fan isn’t performing, come fix it.”

“I ordered 3,000 cfm at 1 inch

Balancer said I have 2,500 at 3/4 inch.”

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• Third party verification - Ethical practices

• State-of-the-art testing laboratory

“The AMCA International Certified Ratings Program”

• Information source
– Publications / Test Standards
– Seminars and service
– www.AMCA.org

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• Look at Manufacturers’ printed catalogs

- is it the most current / recent? - check AMCA web site

• Do you use computer selection software?

- is it licensed / correct formulas? - check AMCA web site

AMCA International’s web site: www.amca.org

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• Test arrangement - shown below cataloged performance data

– “Performance shown is for Type A, Free inlet, Free outlet”

– “Performance shown is for Type B, Free inlet, Ducted outlet”

– “Performance shown is for Type C, Ducted inlet, Free outlet”

– “Performance shown is for Type D, Ducted inlet, Ducted outlet”

• If belt driven - does it include drive losses?

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Typical Commercial Ventilation

Free inlet, Free outlet (Type A)

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Typical Commercial Ventilation

Free inlet, Ducted outlet (Type B)

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Typical Commercial Ventilation

O ffice O ff ic e

Ducted inlet, Free outlet (Type C)

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Typical Commercial Ventilation

Ducted inlet, Ducted outlet (Type D) 11

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RPMNew
CFMNew = x CFMBase
RPMBase

2
RPMNew
SPNew = RPMBase x SPBase

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RPMNew
BHPNew = RPMBase x BHPBase

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0.7
700 RPM

0.6

0.5

0.4
P ressu re

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
CFM x 100

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0.7

750 RPM
0.6
700 RPM

0.5
650 RPM

0.4
P ressu re

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
CFM x 100

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1.4

1.2

B
1

0.8
P ressu re

0.6

0.4

A
0.2

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
CFM x 100

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1.4

1.2

0.8
P ressu re

In
cr

Curve B
ea
si

0.6
ng
R
es

Curve A
is

0.4
t
an
ce
to

0.2
flo
w

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
CFM x 100

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0.7

0.6
Fan Performance
Curve
0.5

0.4
P ressu re

0.3

Operating Point
0.2

System Resistance
0.1 Curve

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
CFM x 100

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3.5

2.5
1400 RPM
2
P ressu re

1.5
Operating Point
at 1400 RPM
1

700 RPM
0.5 Operating Point
at 700 RPM

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
CFM x 100
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3.5

2.5

Curve B
2
P ressu re

Curve A
1.5
Operating Point
Operating Point
on Curve B
on Curve B
1
Operating Point
Operating Point
on Curve A
0.5 on Curve A

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
CFM x 100

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0.7

0.3
0.6
Fan Performance Curve
0.25
0.5

Brake Horse Power

0.2
0.4
Pressure

0.15
0.3

Brake Horsepower Curve

0.2 0.1

0.1 0.05

0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

CFM x 100
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0.7
Fan Performance Curve
0.3
0.6
Operating Point
0.25
0.5

Brake Horse Power

0.2
0.4
Pressure

0.15
0.3
Brake Horsepower Curve

0.2 0.1

0.1 0.05
System Resistance Curve

0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

CFM x 100
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OUTLET

VP = 1" VP = 0.85" VP = 0.7"

Note: 1) N’ = New fan speed to achieve design capacity

2) Velocity Pressure = (V/4005)²inch-wg.
V = fpm
3) Fan law
P1 / P2 = (N1/N2)³
P = Power (kW)
N = Fan speed (rpm) 28
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INLET

VP = 1" VP = 0.75" VP = 0.6"

Note: 1) N’ = New fan speed to achieve design capacity

2) Velocity Pressure = (V/4005)²inch-wg.
V = fpm
3) Fan law
P1 / P2 = (N1/N2)³
P = Power (kW)
N = Fan speed (rpm) 29
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Blast Area
Outlet Discharge
Cut off
Area Duct

25%

Centrifugal Fan 50%

75%

100% Effective Duct Length

Axial Fan

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 Effective Duct Length = 2.5 Duct Diameters for

2,500 FPM or less

 Add 1 duct diameter for each additional 1,000

FPM

 For rectangular ducts, the equivalent duct

diameter is

4 x width x length
ð
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FGH IJ K L M N O
5.0
P
4.0
Q

3.0
2.5
R 1
2.0 S

1.5
T

1.0 U
0.9
0.8
3 0.7
0.6 V

0.5
W
0.4

0.3
0.25 X
0.2

0.15

0.1
5 6 7 8 910 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

AIR VELOCITY, FPM IN HUNDREDS

2
3
(Air Density = 0.075 lbm/ft )
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Axial Fan

100% Effective Duct Length

12% 25% 75% 100%

No Effective Effective Effective Effective
Duct Duct Duct Duct Duct
Tubeaxial Fan -- -- -- -- --
Vaneaxial Fan U V W -- --

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FGH IJ K L M N O
5.0
P
4.0
Q

3.0 R
2.5
2.0 S

1.5
T

1.0 U
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6 V

0.5
W
0.4

0.3
0.25 X
0.2

0.15

0.1
5 6 7 8 910 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

AIR VELOCITY, FPM IN HUNDREDS

)
3
(Air Density = 0.075 lbm/ft
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 Blast Area Outlet Discharge
Area Duct
Cutoff

100% Effective Duct Length

No 12% 25% 50% 100%

Duct Effective Effective Effective Effective
Duct Duct Duct Duct

Blast Area
System Effect Curve
Outlet Area
0.4 P R-S U W --
0.5 P R-S U W --
0.6 R-S S-T U-V W-X --
0.7 S U W-X -- --
0 8. T-U V-W X -- --
0 9. W W-X -- -- --
1 0. -- -- -- -- -- 35
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Position C

Position D

Position B

Inlet
Position A
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Outlet No 12% 25% 50% 100%

B las t A rea Elbow O utlet E ffec tive Effective E ffec tive Effective
O utlet A rea P os ition Duc t Duct Duct Duct Duct
A N O P -Q S
0.4 B M -N N O -P R-S
C L-M M N Q
D L-M M N Q
A O -P P-Q R T P o si tio n C
0.5 B N-O O-P Q S-T N
C M -N N O -P R-S O
P o s itio n D
D M -N N O -P R-S
A Q Q-R S U S
0.6 B P Q R T Y
C N-O O Q S S
D N-O O Q S T
P o sit io n B
A R-S S T V E
0.7 B Q -R R-S S -T U-V M
C P Q R-S T
D P Q R-S T E
A S S-T T-U W F
0.8 B R-S S T V F
C Q -R R S U-V E
D Q -R R S U-V C I nle t
P o s iti on A
A T T-U U-V W T
0.9 B S S-T T-U W
C R S S -T V F
D R S S -T V A
A T T-U U-V W C
1 B S-T T U W T
C R-S S T V O
D R-S S T V R 37
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Tub eaxial Fan

10 0% Effective D uct Le ng th

V an eax ial Fan

100% Effective Duct Leng th

90o No 1 2% 2 5% 50 % 100 %
Elbow Duc t Effecti ve E ffe ctiv e E ffe ctiv e E ffec tive
D uct D uct D uct Du ct
Tub ea xia l Fan 2 & 4 pc. -- -- -- -- --
Vanea xia l Fa n 2 pc. U U-V V W --
Vanea xia l Fa n 4 p c. W -- -- -- --
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Example Givens:
Centrifugal Fan
3,000 cfm at 1 inch static pressure
13 by 13 inch fan discharge / duct size
9 by 13 inch blast area
12 inch duct length

3,000 cfm / (13 x 13) / 144 = 2556 FPM

Effective duct length = 2.5 (2,500 FPM or less) + 1 duct for every
additional 1,000 FPM
Effective duct length = 2.5 + 1 = 3.5 ducts = 3.5 x 14.5 inches = 4 ft
Effective duct length is 4 feet
1 ft of duct length = 25% of the effective length
Blast Area / Outlet Area = (9 x 13) / (13 x 13) = 0.7
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Blast Area Outlet Discharge

Area Duct
Cutoff

100% Effective Duct Length

No 12% 25% 50% 100%

Duct Effective Effective Effective Effective
Duct Duct Duc t Duct

Blast Area
System Effect Curve
Outlet Area
0.4 P R-S U W --
0.5 P R-S U W --
0.6 R-S S-T U-V W-X --
0.7 S U W-X -- --
0.8 T-U VW X -- --
0.9 W-W W-X -- -- --
1.0 -- -- -- -- --
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FGH IJ K L M N O
5.0
P
4.0
Q

3.0 R
2.5
2.0 S

1.5
T

1.0 U
System Effect Factor 0.9
0.8
(no duct) = 0.65 inches 0.7
0.6 V

0.5
W
0.4
Less system effect with
0.3
25% effective duct 0.25 X
length 0.2

0.15

0.1
5 6 7 8 9 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

AIR VELOCITY, FPM IN HUNDREDS

3
(Air Density = 0.075 lbm/ft )
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Length
of D uct

Inlet with 3-piece Inlet with rectangular Inlet with special

elbow inlet Duct designed inlet box

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System Effect Curves System Effect Curves

R/D No 2D 5D R/D No 2D 5D
Duct Duct Duct Duct Duct Duct
0.5 O Q S 0.5 P-Q R-S T
System Effect Curves
0.75 Q R-S T-U 0.75 Q-R S U
R/D No 2D 5D
Duct Duct Duct 1.0 R S-T U-V 1.0 R S-T U-V
-- N P R-S 2.0 R-S T U-V 2.0 R-S T U-V
3.0 S T-U V 3.0 S-T U V-W

D D D

Length Length Length

of Duct of Duct of Duct

R R
R

4 or more piece
2 piece mitered 3 piece mitered
mitered round
round section round section
section 43
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FGH I J K L M N O
5.0
P
4.0
Q

3.0 R
2.5
2.0 S

1.5
T

1.0
Any velocity greater 0.9
U
0.8
than 1500 fpm would 0.7
0.6 V
develop a system 0.5
effect 0.4 W

0.3
0.25 X
0.2

0.15

0.1
5 6 7 8 9 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

AIR VELOCITY, FPM IN HUNDREDS

3
(Air Density = 0.075 lbm/ft )
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S ystem Effect C urve s System E ffect C urves S ystem E ffect C urves

R /D No 2D 5D R /D No 2D 5D R /D No 2D 5D
D u ct D uct D uct D uct Duct D uct D uct D uct D uct
0.5 O Q S 0.5 S T-U V 0.5 S T -U V

0.75 P R S -T 1.0 T U -V W 1.0 T U -V W

1.0 R S-T U -V 2.0 V V-W W -X 2.0 V V -W W -X

2.0 S T-U V

H H H
Square S qua re S quare

Len g th Len gth Le ng th

of D u ct of D uct of D uct

R R R

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Pre-Rotation Counter-Rotation

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Inlet Swirl

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Calculated duct system

Design
Pressure Fan pressure-volume curve

Design Volume
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Actual duct system

with system effect
Calculated duct system
with no allowance for
system effect

4
System effect at
actual flow volume System effect loss
3 at design volume
1
22 New Fan Curve

Design Pressure Original Fan Curve

Deficient Volume Performance

Design Volume
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 Minimum 2.5 duct diameters on Outlet
 Minimum 5 to 8 duct diameters on Inlet
 Avoid inlet swirl

 If any of these general rules are broken, make

sure to take system effect into account.

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C-D duct friction 750 Pa (duct design)

A free inlet 0 Pa (no SEF)
B-C outlet with straight duct attached
for 2 or more dia. 0 Pa (no SEF)
--------------------------------
REQUIRED Fan Ps 750 Pa
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E-F duct friction at 5000CMH (Q) 750 Pa (duct design)

E contraction loss-plenum to duct 50 Pa (part of duct system)
E Ps energy required to create velocity at E 125 Pa (part of duct system)
D Pv loss (also Pt loss) at D as result of air velocity decrease 0 Pa
Ps does not change from duct to plenum at D
C-D outlet duct on fan as tested 0 Pa
--------------------
REQUIRED Fan Ps 925 Pa 53
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D-E duct friction at 5000CMH (Q) 750 Pa (duct design)

D contraction loss-plenum to duct 50 Pa (part of duct system)
D Ps energy required to create velocity at D 125 Pa (part of duct system)
B-C SEF 150 Pa
B-C Pv loss (also Pt loss) at C as result of air velocity decrease 0 Pa
Ps does not change from duct to plenum at C
------------------
REQUIRED Fan Ps 1075 Pa
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A Entrance loss-sharp edge duct 100 Pa (duct design)

A-B Duct friction at 5000CMH 750 Pa (duct design)
B SEF 1 150 Pa
C SEF 2 50 Pa
E Fan Pv 125 Pa
E SEF 3 150 Pa
------------------
REQUIRED Fan Pt 1325 Pa

Fan Ps = fan Pt – fan Pv

Fan Ps = 1325 Pa – 125 Pa
Fan Ps = 1200 Pa

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1 2 3 4

Wide product Technical Proper

High range – to support – to system
efficient fan meet different ensure a good
operation match of fan design and
point and system TAB

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