Introduction

IN TR ODU CTI ON FOR ADDI TI ONAL MATH EM ATICS

Additional Mathematics is one of the compulsory subjects in Form 5 Science

stream. All of the students would have to carry out a project on a topic in
Form 5 syllabus and must be submitted in three weeks.
The objective of carrying out this project is to apply and adapt a variety of
problem-solving strategies that we had learnt to solve the problems.
Moreover, our thinking skills can be improved. It also promotes effective
mathematical communication. Our confidence and interest towards
mathematics also increases through solving problems.
Besides, the aim of doing this project is to use the language of mathematics
to express mathematical ideas precisely. This also stimulates and enhances
effective [earning. During the project, we are able to develop our positive
attitude towards mathematics. This makes the lesson to be more fun, useful
and more meaningful.

INTRODUCTION FOR LINEAR LAW

Linear law, a law which refers to the drawing of straight line using linear
equation on a graph. A linear equation is an equation (Y=mX+c) that the
highest power of variable must not exceed l.For example, y=x+6, y=2x+4 and
so on are known as linear equation. The linear equation involves two
variables which are interrelated in laboratory experiments .For example, how
the oscillation period of a simple pendulum affected by its length where in
this situation, the two variables refer to the oscillation of pendulum and its
length.
So, to establish a relationship between the variables, we can use this law to
help us by measuring the corresponding values of the variables under
different situations and then plot the results as a graph. If all the results
which have beer plotted form a straight line graph, then we say the variables
obey the linear law However, if the graph formed is not a straight line or a
curve, the relation is said to be non-linear. So, the equation may be have a
power of higher than one for the variables
Sometimes, error may occur either the random error or systematic error
when the measurements are taken due to the inaccuracy of instruments and
misinterpretation of the observer. Therefore, when the variables of the linear
equation are plotted, not all points fix exactly on a straight line. In this
situation, a line of best fit is drawn.
The two main principles of the line of best fit are:
I. The line must pass through as many points as possible.
II. The number of points that do not fit on the straight line must be fairly
equally distributed on both sides of the line.
In addition, linear law can also be applied to non-linear relations or equation
in which the non-linear equation is reduced to linear form to obtain a straight
line graph. For example, y2 = x2 + 12 is a non-linear equation as it has the
power of two in the variables. So, by applying this powerful law, the highest
power of the equation is reduced to one to form a linear equation by
substitute X and Y into y and x respectively. As a result, Y= X + 12 is formed.
In short, this law is believed to help mankind in solving problems especially
for science and mathematics. This invention may contribute to us so we must
appreciate it and it also must be upgraded to its maximum function and
usage
 Acknowledgement
Undoubtedly, I am grateful that I can complete this Additional Mathematics
project in time. Many people had helped me in this project. I would like to
take this opportunity to express my sincere gratitude towards those who had
helped me out to succeed the project.
First of all, I would like to thank my Additional Mathematics teacher, Mrs.
GOH for providing his guidance and assistance which enabled me to
complete the project in time.
Besides, I would also want to thank my friends for helping me by providing
moral support. They had helped to search for relevant information in the net
for the project. Hereby, I truly appreciate their contributions. 1 would also
like to thank my parents for supporting me.
Lastly, I would also thank my teammates for willing to spend their precious
time and energy by finishing each of their tasks to complete this project. This
project has given me a chance to venture into the world of additional
mathematics.
 The Experiment for additional math
project
A simple pendulum consists of an object suspended by a string from a fixed
point. When displaced, and then released, the object will swing back and
forth in a vertical plane under the influence of gravity. This periodic motion
can be used as a basis for measuring time.

The simple pendulum as shown in Diagram 1 is set in motion by releasing the

object through a small angle of displacement, 6(10°to 15°)from the vertical.
Pr ocedu re
1) Set up a simple pendulum by attaching an object to a string of length
60cm.
2) Set the pendulum in motion and measure the time taken, t s, for 20
complete oscillations.
3) Calculate the period, Ts, that is the time taken for one complete
oscillation.
4) Repeat steps 1 to 3 using at least 10 different lengths of strings with the
minimum length of 5 cm
5) Record the readings in a suitable table.
DATA FOR EXPERIMENT

I/cm T1/s T2/s average T/20 t2 VI

5.00 6.7 6.9 6.8 0.34 0.12 2.24

10.00 10.8 10.8 10.8 0.54 0.29 3.16

15.00 14.2 14.2 14.2 0.71 0.50 3.87

20.00 16.9 17.1 17.0 0.85 0.72 4.47

25.00 19.7 19.9 19.8 0.99 0.98 5.00

30.00 22.0 22.0 22.0 1.10 1.21 5.48

35.00 23.3 23.9 23.6 1.18 1.39 5.92

40.00 25.0 25.3 25.2 1.26 1.59 6.32

45.00 26.8 27.2 27.0 1.35 1.82 6.71

50.00 28.3 28.5 28.4 1.42 2.02 7.07

Data tor the exper imen t

6) Plot a graph of period (T s) against length(l cm). Comment on the graph

obtained.
The graph obtained is a curve graph

7) The relationship between period and length is given as

where g is the gravitational acceleration.

(a) Suggest at least two different pairs of variables for the horizontal and
vertical axes to obtain a linear relation. For each pair, plot the graphs and
draw lines 01 best fit manually and by using ICT.
The relationship between the period and the length is

The gravitational acceleration g is constant (not variable)- Therefore the

variable is

T and √l.

[f we square both sides of the equation, it become

Hence the 2 variables are T2 and 1. The 2
pairs of variables are:

T and Vl (T as vertical axis and Vl as horizontal axis) T2 and

1 (T2as vertical axis and 1 horizontal axis.)

(b) Estimate the gradient of each graph. Hence, write an equation relating
period and length for each of the graphs.

Graph of T against Vl

Graph of T2 against 1

0.35

= 4.571mj-2

The equation of the graph T2 against 1 is y=4.571x. JThe

gradient of the graph is 4.571. [The equation relating the period
and the length is

(c)Use the gradient of each graph to determine the respective value of the

gravitational acceleration, g "2 ms".Comment on the values obtained.

How do these values of g compare with the accepted value of g on earth(9.807 g

Comment

This value is slightly lower than the accepted value 9.807 ms"2

Error

Percentage of error

Explanation the Differences

Both of the values that we got is slightly lower than the accepted value. This
is most probably due to the presence of air buoyant force. Another possible
source of error is the pendulum did not oscillate in a plane but in circle. This
make the pendulum become a cone pendulum, where the calculation will be
different from a simple pendulum.
(d)Use the graph with the least percentage error in g to determine the length
of string that will produce a complete oscillation in 1 second.

From the graph T against Vl, when t=\st

Vl=4.75

1=22.5625

8} A simple pendulum can be used as a device to measure time. Describe how you
can use it to measure your pulse rate.

Make a simple pendulum of length 22.565cm (So that 1 oscillation is

equivalent to 1 second).

Get a friend to count the number of oscillations for you.

Ask him to give instruction when should you start and stop (after 30
oscillation).

Start counting your pulse when your friend says start and stop counting after
30 oscillation.

Repeat this process for 3 times to get the average value. Pave.
The pulse rate = the Pave x 2.

9} If the length of the string is 4 times its original length, state the change in
the period, Ts
When the length is 4 times its original length,

I1 = 41

Substitute I' into the equation.

Since

T* = 2T
Conclusion:

If the length of the pendulum increases by 4 times, the period, T will increase
by 2 times.
Further Exploration

1) If a simple pendulum with a period of 1 second is set in motion on

the moon, determine the new period of this pendulum.
the gravitational field
strength ( or gravitational
acceleration) of the
moon,

Period of the pendulum on the surface of the earth, Tearth=ls

Gravitational acceleration of earth, gearth = 1.622 ms-2

Period of the pendulum on the surface of the earth = TH,^

Gravitational acceleration of earth, gmoon" 1-622 ms-2

2) (a) Investigate whether a simple pendulum will swing continuously in air.

Explain your

findings. Suggest the conditions required for a pendulum to swing

continuously.

Pendulum cannot swing continuously because there are air resistance

unless doing the experiment in vacuum.
 (b)If a pendulum is made to swing in water, compare the time taken tor this
pendulum to come to a complete stop with the time taken by a pendulum
swinging in air. Explain the difference.

Time taken for this pendulum to come to a complete stop in water will be
longer than swinging in air Water is a supportive medium, it produce buoyant
force to support the partial weight of the pendulum. Indirectly, it is reduce
the gravitational acceleration act on the simple pendulum and affect the
period of oscillation of pendulum.

Where g is gravitational acceleration

V is volume of pendulum m is

mass of pendulum Pt is density

of pendulum

Pw is density of water
r is greater than original t

3 ) Sketch graphs on the same scale to illustrate the motion of simple

pendulum swinging

i, in air, ii. in water

and iii. in vacuum.

kj and k2 are the percentage of energy remain from previous oscillation

0<k a <ki<l

T is the period of oscillation

P( ts density of pendulum

P is density of medium where pendulum oscillate

ReferenceBO OK
Success Physics Reference Book. Oxford Fajar Sdn.Bhd. Foo Seng Teek, Yee
Cheng

Refer ence
BOO K
Success Physics Reference Book. Oxford Fajar Sdn.Bhd. Foo Seng Teek, Yee
Cheng Teik, Chong Geok Chuan, Lee Beng Hin
Form 4 Physics. Danaiis Distributors Sdn. Bhd. Tong Yoke Chai, Wan Faizatul
Shima Bt Ismayatim, Yoong Kai Seng, Rema Ragayan, Roslina Bt Ahmad
Form 5 Additional Mathematics. Chew Su lian,Khoo Ee Sin,Moy Wah Goon, Ooi Soo
Huat, Rohaiza binti Ramli

WEBS IT E

http://en.wikipedia.org/wikiySimple pendulum

http://www.kettering.edu/-

HimsseU/Demos/Pendulum/Pendula.html http

://www.walter-fendt.de/ph 11 e/pendulum,htm
Conclusion
Linear law is a very powerful law in which it helps the mankind to solve many
problems easily. We able to establish a relationship between the variables in the
experiment by using this law to help us to measure the corresponding values of
the variables under different situations and by plotting the graph, the relationship
of the two variables is known easily.
So, after doing this project, I am quite impressed with the usage of linear law and
its ways to help us in solving problems although there are some errors occur.
Besides that, I also learn many things for this law which I can never find them in
the text book or reference book. I am doing many researches to understand its
usage and its principles when we apply this law.
Furthermore, I also able to interpret the relationship between the variables in the
experiments I did easily whether in Physics, Biology or in Chemistry. I am really
appreciating the government as they give us this opportunity to do this project in
the process of understanding and learning deeply into this law. I would also like
to thank my additional mathematics teacher as without his/her help, I am not able
to accomplice this project.