The correct answer for each question is indicated by a This is the correct answer..

1 CORRECT
The lymphatic system
A) removes excess fluid from tissues.
B) absorbs fats from the digestive tract.
C) defends the body against microorganisms and other foreign
substances.
D) all of the above.
2 INCORRECT
Lymphatic capillaries
A) have a basement membrane.
B) are less permeable than blood capillaries.
C) prevent backflow of lymph into the tissues.
D) all of the above.
3 CORRECT
Lymph is moved through lymphatic vessels because of
A) contraction of surrounding skeletal muscles.
B) contraction of the heart.
C) pressure changes in the blood vessels.
D) flapping of the lymphatic valves.
E) pumping by lymph nodes.
4 INCORRECT
Which of the following statements is true?
A) Lymphatic vessels do not have valves.
B) Lymphatic vessels empty into lymph nodes.
C) Lymph from the right-lower limb passes into the right jugular or
subclavian vein.
D) Lymph from the jugular and subclavian trunks empties into the
cisterna chyli.
E) All of the above.
5 INCORRECT
The tonsils
A) consist of three groups of lymphatic nodules.
B) are located in the nasal cavity.
C) are located in the oral cavity.
D) increase in size in adults.
E) all of the above.
6 INCORRECT
Lymph nodes
A) filter lymph.
B) are where lymphocytes divide and increase in number.
C) contain a network of reticular fibers.
D) contain lymphatic sinuses.
 E) all of the above.
7 INCORRECT
Which of these statements about the spleen is not correct?
A) The spleen has white pulp associated with the arteries.
B) The spleen has red pulp associated with the veins.
C) The spleen destroys defective red blood cells.
D) The spleen is surrounded by trabeculae located outside the capsule.
E) The spleen is a limited reservoir for blood.
8 INCORRECT
The thymus
A) increases in size in adults.
B) produces macrophages that move to other lymphatic tissue.
C) responds to foreign substances in the blood.
D) has a blood-thymic barrier.
E) all of the above.
9 INCORRECT
Which of these is an example of innate immunity?
A) Tears and saliva wash away microorganisms.
B) Basophils release histamine and leukotrienes.
C) Neutrophils phagocytize a microorganism.
D) The complement cascade is activated.
E) All of the above.
10 CORRECT
Neutrophils
A) enlarge to become macrophages.
B) account for most of the dead cells in pus.
C) are usually the last cell type to enter infected tissues.
D) are usually located in lymphatic and blood sinuses.
11 INCORRECT
Macrophages
A) are large phagocytic cells that outlive neutrophils.
B) develop from mast cells.
C) often die after a single phagocytic event.
D) have the same function as eosinophils.
E) all of the above.
12 INCORRECT
Which of these cells is the most important in the release of histamine, which promotes
inflammation?
A) monocyte
B) macrophage
C) eosinophil
D) mast cell
E) natural killer cell
13 INCORRECT
Which of these conditions does not occur during the inflammatory response?
A) histamine and other chemical mediators are released
B) chemotaxis of phagocytes
C) fibrinogen enters tissues from the blood
D) vasoconstriction of blood vessels
E) increased permeability of blood vessels
14 INCORRECT
Which of these is a symptom of systemic inflammation?
A) large numbers of neutrophils are produced and released
B) pyrogens stimulate fever production
C) greatly increased vascular permeability
D) shock
E) all of the above
15 INCORRECT
Antigens
A) are foreign substances introduced into the body.
B) are molecules produced by the body.
C) stimulate an adaptive immune system response.
D) all of the above.
16 INCORRECT
B cells
A) are processed in the thymus.
B) originate in red bone marrow.
C) once released into the blood, remain in the blood.
D) are responsible for cell-mediated immunity.
E) all of the above.
17 INCORRECT
MHC molecules
A) are glycoproteins.
B) attach to the plasma membrane.
C) have a variable region that can bind to foreign and self-antigens.
D) may form an MHC/antigen complex that activates T cells.
E) all of the above.
18 INCORRECT
Antigen-presenting cells can
A) take in foreign antigens.
B) process antigens.
C) use MHC class II molecules to display the antigens.
D) stimulate other immune system cells.
E) all of the above.
19 CORRECT
Which of these participates in costimulation?
A) cytokines
B) complement
 C) antibodies
D) histamine
E) natural killer cells
20 INCORRECT
Helper T cells
A) respond to antigens from macrophages.
B) respond to cytokines from macrophages.
C) stimulate B cells with cytokines.
D) all of the above.
21 INCORRECT
The most important function of tolerance is to
A) increase lymphocyte activity.
B) increase complement activation.
C) prevent the immune system from responding to self-antigens.
D) prevent excessive immune system response to foreign antigens.
E) process antigens.
22 CORRECT
Variable amino acid sequences on the arms of the antibody molecule
A) make the antibody specific for a given antigen.
B) enable the antibody to activate complement.
C) enable the antibody to attach to basophils and mast cells.
D) are part of the constant region.
E) all of the above.
23 INCORRECT
Antibodies
A) prevent antigens from binding together.
B) promote phagocytosis.
C) inhibit inflammation.
D) block complement activation.
E) block the function of opsonins.
24 INCORRECT
The secondary antibody response
A) is slower than the primary response.
B) produces fewer antibodies than the primary response.
C) prevents disease symptoms from occurring.
D) occurs because of cytotoxic T cells.
25 CORRECT
The type of lymphocyte that is responsible for the secondary antibody response is the
A) memory B cell.
B) B cell.
C) T cell.
D) helper T cell.
26 INCORRECT
The largest percentage of antibodies in the blood are
 A) IgA.
B) IgD.
C) IgE.
D) IgG.
E) IgM.
27 INCORRECT
Antibody-mediated immunity
A) works best against intracellular antigens.
B) is involved in tumor control.
C) cannot be transferred from one person to another person.
D) is responsible for immediate hypersensitivity reactions.
28 INCORRECT
The activation of cytotoxic T cells can result in the
A) lysis of virus-infected cells.
B) production of cytokines.
C) production of memory T cells.
D) all of the above.
29 INCORRECT
Cytokines
A) promote inflammation.
B) activate macrophages.
C) kill target cells by causing them to lyse.
D) all of the above.
30 CORRECT
Delayed hypersensitivity is
A) caused by activation of B cells.
B) a result of antibodies reacting with an allergen.
C) mediated by T cells.
D) caused by natural killer cells.
E) caused by interferon.

1 INCORRECT
Which of these statements about the lymphatic system is (are) true?
A) In the spleen, reticular cells form a blood-splenic barrier.
B) The thymus is an important filter for lymphatic fluid.
C) The tonsils are areas of diffuse lymphatic tissue that increase in
size with age.
D) The spleen filters blood, removing microorganisms and other
foreign substances.
E) all of these are true

Feedback: Incorrect Answer: The tonsils are areas of diffuse lymphatic tissue that
decrease in size with age.
2 INCORRECT
The tonsils that are referred to as "the tonsils" are the
A) lingual tonsils.
B) palatine tonsils.
C) pyloric tonsils.
D) pharyngeal tonsils.
E) splenic tonsils.

Feedback: Incorrect Answer: Although there are three tonsil groups (palatine, pharyngeal,
and lingual), "the tonsils" commonly refers to just the palatine tonsils.

3 CORRECT
Which of these is NOT a location for aggregations of lymph nodes?
A) axillary (armpit) region
B) cervical region
C) inguinal (groin) region
D) around the heart
E) around the intestines
Feedback: Correct Answer: Of the choices, only the heart is not a location for
aggregation of lymph nodes.

4 CORRECT
Lymph nodes
A) contain red and white pulp.
B) have germinal centers where lymphocytes divide.
C) filter the blood.
D) are attached to blood vessels.
E) pump lymph toward the heart.
Feedback: Correct Answer: Lymph nodes have germinal centers where lymphocytes
divide.

5 CORRECT
Lymphatic organs
A) contain many neutrophils.
B) may filter blood or lymph.
C) contain dense collagen fibers.
D) include the pancreas and adrenal glands.
E) all of these
Feedback: Correct Answer: Lymphatic organs may filter blood or lymph.

6 CORRECT
The spleen
A) has white pulp that is associated with the venous supply.
B) has red pulp that is associated with the arterial supply.
C) filters lymph and puts it back in the blood.
D) acts as a blood reservoir.
E) destroys worn-out lymphocytes.
Feedback: Correct Answer: The spleen destroys defective erythrocytes, detects and
removes foreign substances in the blood, and functions as a blood reservoir.

7 CORRECT
The thymus
A) decreases in size in older adults.
B) produces neutrophils that move to other tissues.
C) responds to foreign substances in the blood.
D) produces a hormone called lymphopathin.
E) all of these
Feedback: Correct Answer: The thymus decreases in size in older adults.

8 INCORRECT
With innate immunity,
A) each time the body is exposed to a substance, the response is the
same.
B) specificity and memory are involved.
C) the body may become immune to a disease.
D) antibodies may be produced.
E) all of these
Feedback: Incorrect Answer: Only choice A is correct; IN innate immunity, each time the
body is exposed to a substance, the response is the same.

9 CORRECT
Which of the following is a protective chemical that lyses cells, found on the surface of
cells and in tears and saliva?
A) complement
B) interferon
C) lysozyme
D) mucus
E) sebum
Feedback: Correct Answer: Lysozyme is the protective chemical that lyses cells and is
found on the surface of cells and in tears and saliva.

10 CORRECT
A(n) __________ is a group of 20 proteins activated by a series of reactions, in which
one activated chemical then activates another; and promotes inflammation, phagocytosis,
and cell lysis.
 A) complement
B) interferon
C) lysozyme
D) mucus
E) sebum
Feedback: Correct Answer: Complement is a group of 20 proteins activated by a series of
reactions, in which one activated chemical then activates another; promotes
inflammation, phagocytosis, and cell lysis.

11 CORRECT
Which of the following is a protein that interferes with virus production, and is produced
by most cells in response to a viral infection?
A) complement
B) interferon
C) lysozyme
D) mucus
E) sebum
Feedback: Correct Answer: Interferons are proteins that are produced by virally infected
cells, which provide neighboring cells with a stimulus to produce antiviral proteins and
therefore prevent the spread of the viral infection.

12 CORRECT
Which of these chemical mediators does NOT promote inflammation?
A) complement
B) histamines
C) leukotrienes
D) interferon
E) prostaglandins
Feedback: Correct Answer: Of the chemical mediators listed, only interferon does not
promote inflammation. Interferon is produced by virally infected cells, and functions to
interfere with virus production in neighboring cells.

13 CORRECT
The most important phagocytes are
A) lymphocytes and basophils.
B) basophils and mast cells.
C) neutrophils and basophils.
D) neutrophils and macrophages.
E) macrophages and lymphocytes.
Feedback: Correct Answer: The most important phagocytes are the neutrophils and
macrophages.

14 INCORRECT
Neutrophils
 A) seldom leave the blood.
B) are usually the last cells to enter infected tissue.
C) enlarge to become macrophages.
D) often die after a single phagocytic episode.
E) all of these
Feedback: Incorrect Answer: Neutrophils are usually the first leukocytes to leave the
blood and enter infected tissues.

15 CORRECT
Dust cells, microglia, and Kupffer cells are examples of
A) basophils.
B) eosinophils.
C) lymphocytes.
D) macrophages.
E) neutrophils.
Feedback: Correct Answer: Dust cells, microglia, and Kupffer cells are all examples of
macrophages.

16 CORRECT
Natural killer cells
A) are a type of macrophage.
B) exhibit no memory response.
C) recognize cells infected by a specific virus.
D) are produced in the thymus.
E) all of these
Feedback: Correct Answer: Natural killer cells exhibit no memory response, they are part
of innate immunity.

17 CORRECT
Which cells release enzymes that break down chemical mediators released by other cells?
A) basophils
B) eosinophils
C) lymphocytes
D) macrophages
E) neutrophils
Feedback: Correct Answer: Eosinophils release enzymes that are able to break down
chemical mediators released by other cells. The enzymes released by eosinophils can
break down the histamine that is released by basophils and mast cells during an
inflammatory response.

18 CORRECT
In addition to the symptoms of local inflammation, systemic inflammation results in the
A) production of large numbers of neutrophils from red bone marrow.
B) production of pyrogens.
 C) loss of large amounts of fluid from the blood.
D) all of these
Feedback: Correct Answer: System inflammation can cause the production of large
numbers of neutrophils from red bone marrow, production of pyrogens, and the loss of
large amounts of fluid from the blood.

19 CORRECT
Which of these results occur in response to the release of chemical mediators?
A) vasodilation
B) chemotactic attraction of phagocytes
C) increased vascular permeability
D) redness and swelling
E) all of these
Feedback: Correct Answer: Vasodilation, chemotactic attraction of phagocytes, increased
vascular permeability, and redness and swelling, can all result in response to the release
of chemical mediators.

20 UNANSWERED
Substances that stimulate adaptive immunity are called
A) antibodies.
B) antigens.
C) pyrogens.
D) chemical mediators.
E) phagocytes.

21 CORRECT
Which of these is an example of a self-antigen?
A) bacterial antigen
B) viral antigen
C) pollen antigen
D) food antigen
E) tumor antigen
Feedback: Correct Answer: A tumor antigen would be an example of a self-antigen, a
molecule produced by the body that stimulates an adaptive immune response.
22 CORRECT
Antibodies
A) prevent antigens from binding together.
B) promote phagocytosis.
C) inhibit inflammation.
D) block complement activation.
E) prevent breakdown of foreign antigens.
Feedback: Correct Answer: Antibodies function as opsonins, promoting phagocytosis.
25 CORRECT
T cells
 A) are processed in the thymus.
B) are responsible for antibody-mediated immunity.
C) originate in the spleen.
D) produce antibodies when activated.
Feedback: Correct Answer: T cells are processes in the thymus.

26 CORRECT
The activation of B cells
A) occurs in the process of innate immunity.
B) results in the production of cytotoxic cells.
C) results in the production of antibodies.
D) occurs when macrophages release cytokines.
E) all of these
Feedback: Correct Answer: The activation of B cells results in the production of
antibodies.

27 INCORRECT
B cells
A) are stimulated by helper T cells.
B) are produced in the thymus.
C) release cytokines.
D) cause cell lysis.
E) all of these
Feedback: Incorrect Answer: B cells are produced in red bone marrow.

28 CORRECT
The activation of T cells can result in
A) lysis of virus-infected cells.
B) production of memory T cells.
C) production of lymphokines.
D) delayed hypersensitivity reactions.
E) all of these
Feedback: Correct Answer: The activation of T cells can result in the lysis of virus-
infected cells, the production of memory T cells, the production of lymphokines, and
delayed hypersensitivity reactions.

29 CORRECT
Given these events that are part of helper T cell activation:

1. interleukin-1 released by macrophage (costimulation)

2. antigen processed by macrophage
3. helper T cell binds to macrophage
4. helper T cell releases interleukin-2 and divides
5. antigen displayed on MHC molecule
Arrange the events in the order that they occur as an antigen is recognized and a helper T
cell is activated.
A) 1,4,2,5,3
B) 2,5,3,1,4,
C) 3,1,4,2,5
D) 4,2,5,3,1
E) 5,3,1,4,2
Feedback: Correct Answer: The order of events occurring in helper T cell activation is:
2,5,3,1,4.

30 CORRECT
MHC molecules are
A) cell-surface glycoproteins that display antigens.
B) proteins found in the mitochondria of a cell.
C) areas of a macrophage that produce interleukin.
D) specific regions of a given antigen that activate a lymphocyte.
E) chemicals produced by helper T cells.
Feedback: Correct Answer: MHC molecules are cell-surface glycoproteins that display
antigens.

32 INCORRECT
__________ are responsible for the secondary antibody response.
A) Memory B cells
B) Plasma B cells
C) Helper T cells
D) Natural killer cells
Feedback: Incorrect Answer: Memory B cells are responsible for the secondary antibody
response. The memory B cells are stimulated to quickly divide, producing plasma cells
that then produce a large amount of antibodies, when the immune system is exposed to an
antigen that it has already produced a primary response to.
33 UNANSWERED

As the result of a bee sting, Joe B. Hive had an immediate severe reaction, and nearly
died. This reaction was caused by
A) B cells.
B) T cells.
C) natural killer cells.
D) macrophages.
E) neutrophils.
Feedback: Incorrect Answer: The immediate hypersensitivity reaction was caused by
antibodies produced by B cells reacting with allergens from the bee sting. This could
cause a severe reaction, like anaphylaxis, within minutes.
34 INCORRECT
The antigen-presenting cells that are required for the activation of B cells are
A) B cells.
B) macrophages.
C) dendritic cells.
D) monocytes.
E) mast cells.
Feedback: Incorrect Answer: B cells are the antigen-presenting cells that are required for
the activation of B cells. They present processed antigen to helper T cells that then
produce interleukins that stimulate the B cell to divide and produce antibodies.
35 UNANSWERED
Interleukins and CD4, B7, and CD28 proteins are all involved in
A) innate immunity.
B) costimulation of helper T cells.
C) suppressing B cell or T cell activity.
D) inflammation.
E) production of T cells in the spleen.
36 CORRECT
B cells are involved in
A) only adaptive immunity.
B) only innate immunity.
C) both adaptive and innate immunity.
Feedback: Correct Answer: B cells are involved in only adaptive immunity.
37 UNANSWERED
Neutrophils are involved in
A) only adaptive immunity.
B) only innate immunity.
C) both adaptive and innate immunity.
38 INCORRECT
Complement is involved in
A) only adaptive immunity.
B) only innate immunity.
C) both adaptive and innate immunity
Feedback: Incorrect Answer: Complement is involved in both adaptive and innate
immunity.
39 CORRECT
A vaccination is a way of acquiring
A) passive natural immunity.
B) active natural immunity.
C) active artificial immunity.
D) passive artificial immunity.
Feedback: Correct Answer: A vaccination is a way of acquiring active artificial
immunity, where an antigen is deliberately introduced into an individual to stimulate the
immune system.
40). Antiserum is used to produce
A) active natural immunity.
B) active artificial immunity.
C) passive natural immunity.
D) passive artificial immunity.
Feedback: Incorrect Answer: Antiserum is used to produce passive artificial immunity.
The antiserum consists of prepared antibodies that are injected into an individual needing
immunity.