Project Number 224017

ICT-ENSURE: European ICT Environmental Sustainability Research

Call identifier: FP7-ICT-2007-2
Funding scheme: Coordination and support action

Deliverable D2.2, Revision 1

Framework and System Model of ICT

in Environmental Sustainability

Due date 2009-02-28

Actual submission date 2009-04-01

Start date of project 2008-05-01

Duration 24

Revision 2009-12-15

Organisation name of lead contractor for this deliverable

International Society for Environmental Protection (IGU)

Project co-funded by the European Commission within the Seventh Framework Programme (2007-2013)

Dissemination Level
PU Public

PP Restricted to other programme participants (including the Commission Services)

RE Restricted to a group specified by the consortium (including the Commission Services)

CO Confidential, only for members of the consortium (including the Commission Services)

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 Framework and System Model of ICT in Environmental Sustainability

Disclaimer
This document contains material, which is copyright of certain ICT-ENSURE consortium parties and
may not be reproduced or copied without permission.
The commercial use of any information in this document may require a licence from the proprietor of
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Neither the ICT-ENSURE consortium as a whole, nor a certain party of the ICT-ENSURE consortium
warrant that the information contained in this document is capable of use, nor that use of the informa-
tion is free from risk, and accepts no liability for loss or damage suffered by any person using the in-
formation.
This document does not represent the opinion of the European Community, and the European Com-
munity is not responsible for any use that might be made of its content.

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Full project title:
Title of work package:
Document title:
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Work package leader:
List of authors:
Administrative Co-ordinator:
Scientific Co-ordinator:
Quality assurance:
European ICT Environmental Sustainability Research
WP 2: System Model
Framework and System Model of ICT in Environmental Sustainability
2009-12-15_D2.2r1_ICT Framework and Model_IGU_V6_ICT-ENSURE
IGU
Werner Pillmann (IGU)
Karl-Heinz Simon (Center for Environmental Systems Research)
Francisco Perez-Trejo (Nextstep, FAO)
Prof. Dr. Klaus Tochtermann
Dr. Werner Pillmann
Francisco Perez-Trejo, Elisabeth Mrakotsky

Copyright notice
© 2009 ICT-ENSURE consortium

Document History
Version Date Reason of change
1 2009-01-15 Document created
2-7 - 2009 03 31 Interim Versions
3 2009-04-01 Internal distribution; final
4 2009-11-28 Including contributions (K.-H. Simon; a part of F. Pérez-Trejo)
5 2009-12-08 Including additional information from the authors
6 2009-12-15 Revision 1

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 Framework and System Model of ICT in Environmental Sustainability

Executive Summar y

The task in work package 2 of ICT-ENSURE is the development of a “Framework Model” for
the role of ICT in environmental sustainability. In this paper a conceptual Meta-model is pre-
sented which provides a graphical representation of the complexity of topics in environmental
sustainability. It is focused on key properties of the system, combined with information flows
and services relevant for Environmental Informatics and ICT application areas. The model pro-
vides a layered representation of the complexity that can help to structure the different levels of
detailed information for any given component. The aim of the model is to support an organisa-
tional/business infrastructure that can interface more effectively with the implementation of dis-
tributed interoperable services. The full title of the model: Conceptual environmental related
“Multi-Sector, Multi-Facets Meta-model”, called Meta-model in the report, is characterized in a
more integrated visual representation of systems dynamics.
Following the introduction in Chapter 2, the prevailing organising principle DPSIR (Driving
Forces - Pressure - State - Impact - Response Model) generally used for integrating environ-
mental information is discussed in Chapter 3. References to several workshops dealing with
ICT and the environment and a categorisation of ICT applications in this field are also included.
Chapter 4 addresses the question of relevance of a modelling approach. The description of
available model classes and the rationale for the model selection is presented. The premise for
the structure of such a Meta-model is that an integrated graphical representation can provide a
framework that may guide the developers of a complex information system, as well as the us-
ers of the information system. The developer community can recognize information needs and
gaps for building useful relationships between data and information components. For the user,
the Meta-model can provide a more comprehensive access to the view on environmental prob-
lems and sustainability strategies. The Meta-model brings together substantial information
about environmental indicators from different areas and organisations, knowledge about levels
of action, and scales of spatial resolution. In order to fulfil this task, the Meta-model is dis-
cussed including aspects of simplification, coherence, representation of dynamics, and techni-
cal feasibility.
The Systems Model presented in Chapter 5 is new in this form. It provides a basic structure for
interlinking complex, time dependent information flows. It represents the natural environment
as a separate component from the man-made industrial, agriculture etc. and household sec-
tors. In three graphics, subsystems of the basic structure are depicted. This concerns the In-
put/Output subsystems “Environment” (air, climate, ecosystems etc.), the production and proc-
essing chain of environmental information and the informatics application areas. Finally the
presented Meta-model is applied as an organising principle in the design of the ICT-ENSURE
project itself.
Results from other scientific disciplines can be integrated into the Meta-model as sub-models
to explain the diverse information dependencies e.g. relevant for Energy, Climate, Resource
use and Biodiversity. This can help to explore the linkages of the Meta-model approach to the
different components of the policy process, which is crucial in enhancing the impact of envi-
ronmental research on sustainable development. An IT supported application aiming to support
semantic interoperability will allow the incorporation of sub-models from experts involved in
environmental research, modelling, simulation and informatics. The Meta-model presented
here is intended as a first stage of an eventual structuring principle for a SISE.

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 Framework and System Model of ICT in Environmental Sustainability

Table of Contents

Executive Summary .............................................................................................................. iii

Table of Contents ................................................................................................................... v

1 Introduction........................................................................................................................ 1
1.1 Purpose of this document........................................................................................... 1
1.2 Scope of this document .............................................................................................. 1
1.3 Related Documents .................................................................................................... 1

2 ICT, the Environment and Sustainability - an Integrated Perception ........................... 2

3 Integrated approaches for environmentally relevant issues......................................... 3

4 Design principles of a Meta-model interlinking ICT and the Environment .................. 5

4.1 Aim of a Meta-model .................................................................................................. 5
4.2 Model Options for ICT in Environmental Sustainability .............................................. 5
4.2.1 Models related to environmental issues ......................................................... 5
4.2.2 Criteria for Decision ........................................................................................ 7

5 Systemic presentation of the Meta-model framework ................................................... 8

5.1 The “Environment”.................................................................................................... 10
5.2 Environmental Data, Information and Communication ............................................. 11
5.3 Environmental Informatics ........................................................................................ 12
5.4 Meta-model view of the ICT-ENSURE project.......................................................... 13

6 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 14

7 References and Abbreviations ....................................................................................... 15

8 Expert response to ICT-ENSURE deliverable D2.2....................................................... 18

9 Annexes............................................................................................................................ 19
9.1 PSR - DPSIR framework .......................................................................................... 19
9.2 Certain Approaches towards Structuring Meta-Information...................................... 20
9.3 Contribution to the Modelling Initiative in ICT-ENSURE for a “Single Information
Space in Europe for the Environment” ..................................................................... 24

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 Framework and System Model of ICT in Environmental Sustainability

1 Introduction

1.1 Purpose of this document

This document introduces a “Framework and System Model dealing with the role of ICT in Environ-
mental Sustainability”. With this system approach the attempt is made to provide an organising princi-
ple for the heterogeneous areas of environmental sustainability research in the European Research
Area ERA. The model on the main level is also meant to structure and support services for information
access in a Single Information Space in Europe for the Environment, using sectoral models on a sub-
level.
In this study the aim of the model is defined, and the demand for selecting a model type from different
model classes as well as the criteria for this decision is explained. The document could be useful to
provoke communication and research interest regarding structuring access to environmental informa-
tion, integration of sustainability indicators and development of ICT methods and tools in this area.
Target groups are scientists, research programme managers and national environmental information
practitioners.

1.2 Scope of this document

Following existing approaches of modelling and integration like the DPSIR model, a conceptual envi-
ronmental Multi-Sector, Multi-Facet Meta-Model is introduced, as framework for structuring results in
environmental sustainability research.
The multidimensional systems dynamic model is envisaged as a basis for linking environmental infor-
mation in different environmental sectors, relevant for sustainability. In combination with Work package
8 “Scientific Surveys”, research results can be structured concerning ICT for environmental sustain-
ability research. In combination with Work package 7, it might be the basis to serve for data integration
in an
Single Information Space in Europe for the Environment (SISE).
Shared Environmental Information System (SEIS) and in the

1.3 A workshop is planned in January 2010 in Vienna, to evaluate the

Meta-model. Related Documents
EnviroInfo 2009 Berlin: Conference Proceedings of “Environmental Informatics and Industrial Envi-
ronmental Protection: Concepts Methods and Tools”. Wohlgemuth V., Page B., Voigt K. (eds.),
Shaker Verlag, 2009, Aachen.
Towards eEnvironment Prague 2009. Conference Proceedings of “Towards eEnvironment - Opportu-
nities of SEIS and SISE: Integrating Environmental Knowledge in Europe”. Hrebicek J. et al.
(eds.). Prague, March 25-27, 2009. http://www.e-envi2009.org/?proceedings
Pillmann W. (2002): Modelling European Environmental Communication. Information Flows Support
Decisions Towards a Sustainable Development. Conference Proceedings of the 16th EnviroInfo,
International Conference on Informatics for Environmental Protection: Environmental Communica-
tion; Keynote Paper, 2002.

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 Framework and System Model of ICT in Environmental Sustainability

2 ICT, the Environment and Sustainability

- an Integrated Perception

To encompass “environmental sustainability research” we are defining here research that is beneficial
for the environment, taking into consideration economic, social, and ethic aspects. The word ‘Envi-
ronment’ has evolved during the last four decades to a more or less all-embracing term. Sustainability,
in addition, is a concept of high relevance for the global development, but today is often used as a
buzzword.
At present, the “environment” often is understood as a segmented area, specified by environmental or
sustainability indicators. Within this work package the attempt is made to structure ICT environmental
applications from a systems perspective, to support the Single Information Space in Europe for the
Environment (SISE), and to foster the development of a Shared Environmental Information System
(SEIS). The recent conference “Towards eEnvironment” discussed these European developments in
all details (Hrebicek, Pillmann 2009; ICT-ENSURE Workshop Prague 2009).
However, a certain lack of a regulatory concepts or standards for the integration of environmental in-
formation can be clearly felt as well as real research results to select and introduce measures for a
more sustainable development in a systemic manner. Also, the further development of the European
Research Area (ERA) and the Shared Environmental Information System (SEIS) need a universal
framework, in which single subject areas can be assigned to sustainability. The same is true for the
further development of the Single Information Space in Europe for the Environment (SISE), which is
more open on one hand in the technical IT implementation and on the other hand for networking public
organisation participation.

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 Framework and System Model of ICT in Environmental Sustainability

3 Integrated approaches for environmen-

tally relevant issues

Early developments of methodologies to organize environmental statistics were taking place in the
70ies at Statistics Canada. The Stress Response Environmental Statistical System STRESS was pro-
posed by Anthony Fried and David Rapport. This and essential further developments to a Pressure-
State-Response Model (PSR) and to the extended Driving forces-Pressure-State-impact-Response
model (DPSIR) is given e.g. in Stanners et al. (2008). In “Framework for Environmental Assessment
on Indicators at the EEA” also a short history of the PSR model used at OECD and the further devel-
opment and application of the DPSIR Model at EEA are given.
The PSR model was initially developed by the OECD to structure its work on environmental policies
and reporting. It highlights the cause-effect relationships between economic activities, environmental
and selected social conditions, and helps decision makers and the public see environmental and eco-
nomic issues as interconnected. The PSR model has the advantage of being one of the easiest
frameworks to understand and use (Towards Sustainable Development, 2000).
An interim insight of the development of the integrated approach in the DPSIR Model development is
provided in the Environmental Pressure Indices Project, conducted by Eurostat in co-operation with
the EEA and financed by the European Commission, Environment DG. In this project a comprehen-
sive description of the most important human activities that have a negative impact on the environ-
ment is assembled. The first indicator publication “Towards Environmental Pressure Indicators” (Euro-
stat 1999) covers 60 indicators, which are depicted in annex 5.5.
Within the DPSIR framework, Eurostat (the Statistical Office of the European Communities) focuses
on the Driving forces, Pressure and Response categories and the European Environment Agency
(EEA) has the lead in the State and Impact categories. In practice, both organisations cooperate
closely with a considerable but inevitable overlap (Jesinghaus 1999) and lay down their main focus on
the indices and indicators in the sectoral but rarely in the trans-sectoral environmental segments.
Including ICT in the environmental perspective more and more expanded environmental data corpora
are available from local, national or continental data sources, even coming up to a global extent. From
the European perspective the European Environment Agency and Eurostat are the most important
environmental information sources and data holders for sustainability indicators.
While the term ‘sustainable development’ attracts public interest, ICT applications are discussed under
the aspect of the environment. In two workshops (Washington DC 2003 and Bangalore 2004) a
“Global Research Agenda on ICT for Sustainable Development” was discussed (Tongia et al. 2005).
In this workshop documentation a multitude of thematic areas of sustainable development issues are
thoroughly treated: infrastructure development (water, energy, transportation), basic human needs
(food, agriculture, healthcare, education) economic growth and employment.
A workshop on “ICT’s and Environmental Challenges” (2008) was taking place in Eigtveds Pakhus,
Copenhagen, Denmark, organized by the Danish Ministry of Science, National IT and Telekom and
the OECD. Main topics of the presentations were on the impact of ICT in the knowledge economy,
pollution and resource management, and cleaner technologies.
In the publication “ICTs for e-Environment - Guidelines for Developing Countries with a Focus on Cli-
mate Change” (2008) the International Telecommunication Unit (ITU) prepared a comprehensive
overview about ICTs as an instrument for environmental protection and the sustainable use of natural
resources (Fig. 2.1). The objective of this assignment is to produce guidelines to help developing
countries take full advantage of e-Environment applications and practices in national development
planning.

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 Framework and System Model of ICT in Environmental Sustainability

Fig.2.1: Categories of ICT

applications referring to
the environment (ICTs for
e-Environment, ITU 2009)

In the report ICTs for e-Environment (2008) six categories are reviewed.
1. Environmental observation:
terrestrial (earth, land, soil, water), ocean, climate and atmospheric monitoring, remote sensing,
telemetric systems, meteorological observations, sensor applications in general and geographic in-
formation systems (GIS) to geo-reference data.
2. Environmental analysis: computational and processing tools for the analysis and comparison of
available data (land, soil, water and atmosphere, emissions, biodiversity data).
3. Environmental planning at the international, regional and national level (protected areas, biodiver-
sity, pollution, environmental conditions in general, risk and disaster management etc.
4. Environmental management and protection: environmental policy and strategic direction set during
planning towards an implementation phase. This includes mitigation with focus on emission reduc-
tion and adaptation with focus on technologies and practices that reduce the vulnerability of popu-
lations to environmental change.
5. Impact and mitigating effects of ICT utilization itself.
6. Environmental capacity building, for improving environmental conditions with efforts to increase
public awareness on environmental issues and integration of environmental content into formal
education.

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 Framework and System Model of ICT in Environmental Sustainability

4 Design principles of a Meta-model

interlinking ICT and the Environment

A meta-model allows dealing with complexity of information in a twofold manner: (i) it reduces com-
plexity for the user in focusing on general structural characteristics of the varied information in the
system, and (ii) it preserves complexity for the user in allowing entering the information contents via
the meta-model. Therefore, the meta-model approach is an efficient tool for information management
in fields of application where large numbers of different information contents (entries and type) ought
to be integrated.
The proposal responds to the diagnosis that, up to now, only rudimentary search and navigation helps
are available, but is not about the mere extension of information portals with additional metadata (like
keywords etc.). The concept is to provide an additional mode of access to information, based on a
systemic view on the area under investigation, extending the structural relationships in ontologies and
thesauri.

4.1 Aim of a Meta-model

Differing from the use of meta-models in software engineering, the approach here is not for providing a
structure that will be specified step by step in further software development processes but supports
the organization of large amounts of heterogeneous information and the access to information in as-
sociated and related areas. Occurrences of heterogeneous information types and systemic relation-
ships are specific challenges when dealing with environmental problems beyond simple situation with
only few factors considered (complex vs. elementary environmental problems).
We distinguish two perspectives: that of
● the developer of the system and of
● the user of the system.
Both will get support as has been mentioned above, whereby the developer’s support is mainly to get
indications what information entries are missing and how relationships between entries have to be
organized. The user’s support is mainly that he/she is guided in searches for more comprehensive
information about a problem. Linkages are established that can be followed in order to advance, for
example, from information about a specific fact to that about the causes behind the fact and to regula-
tions or criteria which help assess the relevance of that fact. Furthermore, in a meta-model information
allows to define system boundaries, and to provide a basis for communication between experts.

4.2 Model Options for ICT in Environmental Sustainability

Since the early 1970ies, models have been used to describe complex systems in nearly all scientific
fields. Application of the so-called „System Dynamics“ for environmental studies is closely connected
to names like N. WIENER, J.W. FORRESTER, E. PESTEL, D.L.&D.H. MEADOWS, H. BOSSEL, F. VESTER and
M. MESAROVIC.

4.2.1 Models related to environmental issues

Due to the specific nature of environmental (and sustainability oriented) research interdisciplinary and
integrated approaches have been followed from the very beginning. Therefore, a profound basis for
modelling and systems analysis on these issues is at hand and the experiences made there are help-
ful to give this ICT-ENSURE framework model approach more concrete contours. However, an im-
mense number of studies and publications with different suggestions for structuring information are

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 Framework and System Model of ICT in Environmental Sustainability

available. Only a short list is presented here, selected on the basis of subjective judgement about the
importance of the concept.
(1) “Classic” System Dynamics Studies: Forrester’s Urban Dynamics; the World Model exercises by
Meadows et al. with several applications in ecology etc.
(2) Approaches based on “cybernetic” concepts: the Sensitivity Model approach and the “Überle-
bensprogramm”; Goldsmith’s “Blueprint for Survival”(1972).
(3) Approaches based on Systems Theory: Bossel’s Earth at the Crossroads (1998) and Orientor’s
Approach (1999); the Mesarovic/Pestel “multilevel” model (1974).
(4) Metabolism applied to integrated systems: Baccini et al. and the “Zürich” approach on “Umwelt-
tätigkeiten”.
(5) Integrated models: DPSIR, and numerous modelling exercises in environmental sciences, e.g.
Millennium Assessment or Ecosystems etc.
Some of the mentioned approaches are “historical” concepts that have in part found its successors;
others have been ignored.
The approaches can be ordered at least in three categories: (1) Dynamic models, (2) Static (balance)
models, and (3) Integrated assessment models.
Dynamic models
Beside numerous modelling exercises based on differential/difference equations about processes in
different environmental media, (water etc.) the system dynamics philosophy is the most influential.
Closed loops and feedback relationships (Richardson 1991) between components are the crucial
components of such models (Meadows D.H. 2009). Especially the idea to run through a systematic
development process, starting from sketches about the interrelationships (digraphs) and specifying
step-wise the particular model contents (supported by modern software packages like STELLA or
VENSIM) allows for a powerful model development and evaluation process.
The cybernetic approaches build on these “philosophy” and try also to include dynamic interrelation-
ships to focus on the mutual influences in complex systems. In the case of hierarchical approaches
interrelationships are ordered in different levels.
With respect to the meta-modelling approach the concept of system structure, represented by compo-
nents and their interrelationships, is of importance on the main level of the multi-scale, multi framework
meta-model.
Static models
are used in life cycle assessment (“eco balances”) and evaluation schemes (hierarchically ordered
evaluation criteria).
Integrated models
are now applied in several environmental studies that deal with complex problem areas, like sustain-
ability strategies or environmental problems caused by interplay of processes in natural and human
systems. Examples are problems like air quality, forest ecosystem dynamics, biodiversity, waste man-
agement, environmental effects of tourism etc. For several of these problem areas a thorough analysis
of the components and interrelationships exists, which can be further included in the meta-model
framework. According to the proposal for the multi-scale, multi framework meta-model, these schemes
would be reformulated by distinguishing the level of ecosystem dynamics (in a narrow sense) and the
other levels (time and space characteristics) including the human strategies level.
With respect to the meta-modelling approach the idea of sectoral models to be combined under a
common umbrella and the relevance of human activities is here introduced and seems from the au-
thors’ point of view of high importance for further implementation in IT supported form.
The recommendation for a multi-scale, multi framework meta-model tries to integrate concepts from
different approaches because none of the reviewed schemes can be completely adequate for fulfilling
the demands for a meta-model for ICT-ENSURE. Therefore, a more complex architecture should be
implemented, integrating concepts of several, up to now unrelated approaches. For this task in a next

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 Framework and System Model of ICT in Environmental Sustainability

step, a blueprint of the architecture should be described in depth and discussed with selected experts
in environmental science and politics.

4.2.2 Criteria for Decision

Models are used to represent the essential characteristics of an area under investigation. The follow-
ing requirements are taken into consideration for designing the model framework:
Simplification – As with modelling exercises in general the representation is far more abstract than the
phenomena considered. Phenomena, here, does not only mean the man-made sphere and environ-
mental facts but also the information, represented in scientific texts and diagrams. In order to be help-
ful the “surface” of the information system should not be overloaded and focus on the most crucial
structural interrelationships. The concept of several layers is a means for reducing complexity.
Comprehensiveness – On the other hand, the relevant information must be included, also on a struc-
tural level. Therefore, the openness of the system is of great significance – relevant information must
be allowed to be added. Also the layers defined as the meta-model should comprise the crucial as-
pects of the problem situation – especially connect natural science information with information about
human activities.
Dynamics – The meta-model must represent the interconnectedness of several compartments and
sectors as well as their dynamic interactions. As it is the case with other requirements, also the dy-
namic characteristics are to be represented on a rather high abstraction level.
Technical support – As well as for the integration of the mentioned elements (sectors, facets) as for
the system diagrams the existence of approved measures for implementation would be helpful.

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 Framework and System Model of ICT in Environmental Sustainability

5 Systemic presentation of the Meta-

model framework

To analyze the role of ICT in environmental information and communication, a systems diagram is
used. In this model main sectors are characterized as processes, represented as (dynamic) multi-
input/multi-output systems. Fig. 2 outlines a draft of such a simplified framework for the environment
and man-made sectors in environmental sustainability research, where ICT and Environmental Infor-
matics play a relevant role.

Fig. 2: Systems diagram of natural and man made environments, with interlinked
information paths, considering especially the role of environmental informatics
in building a Single Information Space in Europe for the Environment.
(Pillmann 2005; extended).

The main parts are the (natural) environment and the production/distribution/transport sectors includ-
ing agriculture, forestry and public and private households. These sectors are coupled with “the envi-
ronment” with material flows (resources and pollution). This model separates artificially the eco-
nomic/societal environment (industry, households) the environmental system, to better illustrate the
effects of production, consumption and resource depletion on the natural environment.

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 Framework and System Model of ICT in Environmental Sustainability

The lines within the diagram are highlighting the origin, the transfer and/or the exchange of environ-
mentally relevant information, which can be characterized by a set of basic dimensions.
These dimensions are
1. the field of interest/application area (natural/built environment, economic activity, society rele-
vant data, regional structure, material balances, resource conservation, legislation etc.)
2. the spatial dimension (coordinates of point sources, local areas, regions, river basins, states,
continents etc.)
3. the temporal dimension (time, date, observation interval, time series etc.)
4. the representation of information (written material, formulation of political demands and objec-
tives from decision makers, teaching, personal communication, digital information: databases,
images, multimedia material, Web sites; etc.)
5. the sender and receiver of information (scientists, environmental agencies, governments,
NGOs, companies, consumer protection agencies, concerned citizens etc.)

The input/output presentation should reveal that this is a highly dynamic system with a multitude of
discrete and continuous-time elements, feedback/feed forward loops, disturbances, uncertainties,
nonlinearities and unstable processes. This model representation is chosen as a basis for a tentative
further computer assisted integration of the environmental and sustainability relevant information
space.
The left hand side of the diagram indicates some addressees of environmental information in politics,
administrations and organisations. Environmentally related goals (e.g. pollution reduction, national
environmental action plans, Agenda 21, Eco Management and Auditing Scheme - EMAS) are influenc-
ing politics, administrations and enterprises. Legislation and other measures (taxes, fostering envi-
ronmentally friendly technologies, information, research, international agreements etc.) should repre-
sent the indirect impact of environmental information on industry and the public at large1.
Since the described model is an environmental one the interfaces to further levels, essential for sus-
tainability, like Economy and Society are only insinuated.

1
The idea for a Meta-model of Environmental Informatics dates back to 1990. In the proceedings of the confer-
ence “Informatik für den Umweltschutz” a forerunner of EnviroInfo conferences, an early regulatory concept for
assigning the papers to subject areas was published (Informatik für den Umweltschutz 1990). In 2002, a gen-
eral framework structure for the scientific contributions to the EnviroInfo conference proceedings can be found
in Pillmann (2002).

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 Framework and System Model of ICT in Environmental Sustainability

5.1 The “Environment”

Fig. 3 shows a system diagram of inputs to and outputs from the environment. Human influences and
natural effects are causing environmental changes in several spheres, which can be observed and
condensed into information and indicators.

Fig. 3: Environment presented as Input-Output system (Pillmann, 2005; modified)

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 Framework and System Model of ICT in Environmental Sustainability

5.2 Environmental Data, Information and Communication

A segment of the communication structure, describing the transition from sources of environmental
data to information recipients is depicted in Fig. 4. Data from measurement systems (air/water pollu-
tion, meteorology etc.), environmental statistics, publications, remote sensing and mapping, eco-
auditing, product information, programs from governments and political parties, further environmental
education etc. are partially organized in information systems. Results were used in research consulta-
tion, trials/hearings, licensing procedures, epidemiology and many other fields. Access to these im-
mense fields of specific information can be facilitated through meta-information or national metadata
catalogues.

Fig 4: Communication segment with sources of environmental information

and information system output

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 Framework and System Model of ICT in Environmental Sustainability

5.3 Environmental Informatics

In order to obtain a valid and consistent classification of environmental issues a draft topic list has
been compiled for the ICT-ENSURE „Web based research programme information system“. As a ba-
sis for the classification of ICT relevant topics the IST ERA Taxonomy is used (Revision of June 2008),
which is based on the ’codification of technological areas” of the Innovation Relay Centre. This taxon-
omy was enlarged by a few categories of special relevance for the complete object area „ICT for envi-
ronmental sustainability“. Both lists developed and prepared by the consortium members Werner Gei-
ger and Lisa Maurer are reproduced in Pillmann (2009).

Fig. 5: Environmental Informatics application areas

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 Framework and System Model of ICT in Environmental Sustainability

5.4 Meta-model view of the ICT-ENSURE project

During the preparation of the ICT-ENSURE project the idea arises to structure the work packages in a
systemic manner. Following this idea, the work packages of ICT-ENSURE are assigned to the compo-
nents of the Meta-model. The scientific surveys in selected areas (8) provide a survey in environ-
mental topics. The regional workshops (3) and the EnviroInfo conferences (4, 5) serve as a communi-
cation platform for scientists and practitioner in environmental informatics. A concept of a Single In-
formation Space in Europe for the Environment (7, SISE) requires an analysis of programmes, pro-
jects, networks and sources on environmental information, and knowledge of ICT requirements and
trends in access to distributed environmental information sources. The information loop is enhanced
with an information system on national research programmes in the field (9) as well as a literature
information system with conference papers (6). In work package 10 a proactive dissemination of pro-
ject results is realised. The framework for the Meta-model (2) describes the overall system including
the project management task (1).

Figure 6: Systemic view of work packages in the FP7 Project ICT-ENSURE -

ICT for Environmental Sustainability Research.
WP1 Management
WP2 Framework Model
WP 3-5 Networking in regional workshops and conferences
WP 6, 9 Development of information systems for literature and research programmes
WP7 Concept for a SISE
WP8 Scientific surveys in selected fields
WP10 Dissemination

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 Framework and System Model of ICT in Environmental Sustainability

6 Conclusion

The core tasks of the FP7 project ICT-ENSURE is to better network and structure the various national
and international research programmes and communities in Europe. In this deliverable information is
presented on
ƒ the different dimensions of ICT for e-Environment to be considered
ƒ the aim of a meta-model and model options in order to structure information and information
access
ƒ a meta-model framework, taken from different sources including the categorization of envi-
ronmental informatics as a tool for dealing with knowledge about complex environmental inter-
relations and
ƒ recommendations to develop a structural richer meta-model, based on several conceptual ex-
amples in the Annexes.
The report includes examples of conceptual frameworks that provide elements for a structural richer
meta-model. With the objective to support the structuring of the development and use of an Integrated
European Information Space, conceptual frameworks are selected which distinguish certain spheres
including construction principles from
● DPSIR Driving forces, Pressure, State, Impact Response
● IHDP with its environmental and human systems and
● dynamic interrelations (like in system dynamics based models),
as well as structural (Vester 1982), hierarchical (Mesarovic), and sectoral (Baccini) relations.
These conceptual frameworks are tested in other scientific problem areas. Here, a new synthesis is
introduced, concentrating on dynamic (temporal) characteristics. An IT supported application aiming to
support semantic interoperability needs further sub-models in various scientific disciplines coupled to
the Meta-model from experts involved in environmental research, modelling, simulation and informat-
ics as well.

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 Framework and System Model of ICT in Environmental Sustainability

7 References and Abbreviations

(Web access 2009/12/15)

Baccini, P., Bader, H.-P. (1996) Regionaler Stoffhaushalt. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg
Bossel, H. (1998): Earth at a Crossroads – Paths to a Sustainable Future. University Press, Cambridge
Bossel, H. (1999): Indicators of Sustainable Development: Theory, Method, Applications. International Institute for
Sustainable Development, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
Forrester, J.W. (1969): Urban Dynamics. MIT Press, Cambridge (Mass.)
Goldsmith E., Allen, R. (1972): A Blueprint for Survival. Penguin Books, London
GRI (2006): Global Reporting Initiative - Environmental performance indicators
http://www.globalreporting.org/NR/rdonlyres/F9BECDB8-95BE-4636-9F63-F8D9121900D4/0/G3_IP_Environment.pdf
Hrebícek J., Pillmann W. (2009): Shared Environmental Information System and Single Information Space in
Europe for the Environment: Antipodes or Associates? Conference Proceedings CD, “Towards eEnvironment
- Opportunities of SEIS and SISE: Integrating Environmental Knowledge in Europe”, Masaryk University, Brno,
Czech Republic, ISBN 978-80-210-4824-9, p. 447-458
Hrebícek J., Pekarkova L. (2008): Key Performance Indicators for Sustainable Reporting According to NACE. In:
Proceedings Enviroinfo 2008, Möller A., Schreiber M. (Eds.), Shaker Verlag, Aachen
ICT-ENSURE Workshop Prague 2009: ICT for Environmental Sustainability Research. 3rd ICT-ENSURE Regional
Workshop, March 26, 2009, Prague within the conference “Towards eEnvironment”. Shaker Verlag 2009.
ICT’s and Environmental Challenges. May 22-23, 2008, Eigtveds Pakhus, Copenhagen, Denmark - Workshop
Summary. http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/34/20/40808014.pdf
ICTs for e-Environment - Guidelines for Developing Countries with a Focus on Climate Change” (2008): Interna-
tional Telecommunication Unit (ITU) http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/cyb/app/docs/itu-icts-for-e-environment.pdf
Informatik für den Umweltschutz. 5. Symposium Wien, 1990, Pillmann W., Jaeschke A. (Hrsg.)
Informatik Fachberichte 256, Springer Verlag, Heidelberg 1990
Jesinghaus J. (1999): Indicators for Decision-Making JRC/ISIS/MIA, Ispra (VA, Italy).
http://esl.jrc.it/envind/idm/idm_e_.htm
Meadows D.H. (2009): Thinking in Systems A Primer. Earthscan Publisher, London
Meadows D.H., Randers J., D.L. (2004): Limits to Growth: The 30-Year Update. Earthscan Publisher, London
Meadows D.L. et al. (1974): Dynamics of Growth in a Finite World. Wright-Allen-Press, Cambridge (Mass.)
Mesarovic, M.D. et al. (1970) Theory of Hierarchical, Multilevel, Systems. Academic Press, New York and London
Mesarovic, M.D., Pestel, E. (1974): Menschheit am Wendepunkt. DVA, Stuttgart
Modelling tools for the 2010 State of the Environment and Outlook Report (2009). European Environment Agency.
http://scenarios.ew.eea.europa.eu/fol079729
Pestel, E. et al. (1978): Das Deutschland Modell – Herausforderungen auf dem Weg ins 21. Jahrhundert. DVA,
Stuttgart
Pillmann W. (2009): Assessment of opportunities and risks of ICT for Environmental Sustainability.
ICT-ENSURE Deliverable 2.1, http://www.ict-ensure.eu Æ Downloads Æ Deliverables (WP2)
Pillmann W. (2007): Environmental System Models - From technical models to world models. Proceedings of the
EnviroInfo 2007, Warsaw Poland
Pillmann W. (2005): The Integration of Environmental Knowledge. Proceedings EnviroInfo Brno 2005.
Hřebíček J., Ráček J. (Eds.). Masaryk University 2005
Pillmann W. (2002): Modelling European Environmental Communication. Information Flow Supports Decisions
Towards a Sustainable Development. Proceedings of the 16th EnviroInfo, International Conference on Infor-
matics for Environmental Protection: Environmental Communication, Pillmann W., Tochtermann K. (Eds.),
ISEP 2002
Pillmann W. (1995): Austausch von Umweltinformation. In: Handbuch Umweltinformatik - Informatikmethoden für
Umweltschutz und Umweltforschung. Page B., Hilty L.M. (Hrsg.), Oldenbourg Verlag München
Richardson G. P.(1991): Feedback Thought in Social Science and Systems Theory. University of Pennsylvania
Press, Philadelphia
Stanners D., Bosch P., Dom A., Gabrielsen P., Gee D., Martin J., Rickard L., Weber J.-L. (2008): Frameworks for
Environmental Assessment and Indicators at the EEA. In: Sustainability Indicators: A Scientific Assessment
(Chapter 8). Island Press 2008

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 Framework and System Model of ICT in Environmental Sustainability

Stern, P.C. et al. (1992) Global Environmental Change – Understanding the Human Dimensions. National Aca-
demic Press, Washington D.C.
Tongia R., Subrahmanian E., Arunachalam V.S., Ndu T. (2005): Information and Communications Technology for
Sustainable Development. Defining a Global Research Agenda. Workshop Report Washington DC, 2003 and
Banglore, 2004. http://www.cs.cmu.edu/%7Ertongia/ICT4SD_Full_Book.pdf
Towards Sustainable Development (2000): Proceedings of the OECD Rome Conference.
http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/36/39/33703694.pdf
Vester, F. (1978) Das Überlebensprogramm. Fischer Verlag, Frankfurt
Vester, F. & Hesler, A.v. (1982): Sensitivity Model. Umlandverband Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main.

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 Framework and System Model of ICT in Environmental Sustainability

Abbreviations
DG INFSO Direction General Information Society and Media
DPSEEA Driving forces, Pressure State, Exposure, Effects, Action (health-related)
DPSIR Driving forces, Pressure State, impact, Response
EEA European Environmental Agency
FP7 EU 7th research framework programme
GEOSS Global Earth Observation System of Systems
GIS Geographic Information System
GMES Global Monitoring for Environment and Security
ICT Information and Communications Technology
This term describes the tools and the processes to access, retrieve, store, organise, manipulate, produce, pre-
sent and exchange data and information by electronic and other automated means. ICT is an umbrella term that
includes any communication device or application, encompassing: radio, television, cellular phones, computer
and network hardware and software, satellite systems and so on, as well as the various services and applica-
tions associated with them, such as videoconferencing and distance learning. (Jørgensen et al. 2006)
INSPIRE Infrastructure for Spatial Information in the European Community (EU directive)
ISEP International Society for Environmental Protection
NACE Nomenclature of Economic Activities (French: Nomenclature générale des activités économiques)
OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
PSR Pressure, State, Response
PortalU® Environmental Web Portal (Umweltportal)
SEIS Shared European Information System
SISE Single Information Space in Europe for the Environment

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 Framework and System Model of ICT in Environmental Sustainability

8 Expert response to ICT-ENSURE deliverable D2.2

K.-H. Simon
University Kassel, Center for Environmental Systems Research (CESR)

The application of a “Multi-Sector, Multi-Facet Meta-model” is recommended in order to guide organi-

sation and retrieval of information.
In sectors the substantial pieces of information about environmental media are organized – facets are
reflecting characteristics like time scale, actors, and layer or space-related properties.
The proposal is based on a thorough review of existing schemes in the context of environmental sci-
ence and sustainability research. Deliverable D 2.2. provides a good starting point for such a review.
However, none of the schemes introduced there and listed in the review seem to be fully adequate for
the demands in ICT-ENSURE. However, these schemes give us valuable ideas what is requested and
how to proceed.

Figure left:
Sketch of a Multi-Sector, Multi-Facet Meta-model

The main level of the Meta-model is representing

the environmental sectors, like water, atmosphere,
soil … - with the crucial relationships between these
sectors. On the main level, these relationships are
formulated in an abstract manner. Sub-levels are
representing space and time characteristics, e.g.
geographical regions and the time slice data are
related to the time of invention. In a further dimen-
sion human inventions are represented, e.g. strate-
gies to solve problems or change systems to
achieve required goals.
The approval of the scheme would, without any doubt, help with the construction of the information
system and would enhance the usefulness of the system. Though, the decision for the adoption of the
scheme would also raise the demands on the preparation and processing of data and information to
be included into the system.
With respect to an implementation strategy, different types of data and information have to be kept
apart: data series, maps and statistics may be referenced in a direct way and attached to certain com-
ponents in the Meta-model or to relationships between components; full-text material has to be ana-
lysed more deeply and, if needed, attached to different components.
The implementation steps are obviously related to knowledge acquisition methodologies, e.g. KADS
(Knowledge Acquisition and Documentation Structuring).

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 Framework and System Model of ICT in Environmental Sustainability

9 Annexes

9.1 PSR - DPSIR framework

PRESSURE STATE RESPONSE

Information

State of the Enviroment Economic and

Human Activities
and of Natural Resources Environmental Agents
Pressures
Air Information
Energy Pollutants
Waste Water Administrations
Transport generation
Land & soils Households
Industry Wildlife Enterprises
Resources
Resource Natural resources Decisions/
Agriculture use National
Human health Actions
International
Others Living conditions
etc.

Societal Responses (Decisions - Actions)

Fig. 5.1: PSR Pressure-State-Response model, originally used for structuring the
OECD environmental indicators core set 1994

riving Forces TATE

Infor-
ressures mation Administration
Human
Enviroment Households
Activities Resources
Enterprises
MPACT

Fig 5.2: Expanded PSR model supplemented by Driving forces and Impacts (DPSIR)

Manifold other views, partly annotated, can be found in Google Image Search using the retrieval terms
“PSR” or “DPSIR”.

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 Framework and System Model of ICT in Environmental Sustainability

9.2 Certain Approaches towards Structuring Meta-Information

Paul Stern (1992) and his co-authors have pre-
sented a general scheme to outline the “Human
Dimensions Program on Global Environmental
Change (Fig. 1) The most interesting aspect of
Paul Stern’s scheme is the differentiation (but also
– in the same way – integration) of environmental
and human systems. The “eigen dynamics” as well
as the mutual interrelationships are emphasized.
The scheme allows also for indicating those “sen-
sitive relationships”, where goal-oriented human
activities might influence the processes (Fig. 2).

Fig. 1:
Interactions between human environmental
Systems (Source: Stern et al. 1992)

Fig. 2:
The role of various
human responses
(Source: Stern et al.
1992)

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 Framework and System Model of ICT in Environmental Sustainability

Fig. 3:
Basic structure of WORLD3
(Source: Meadows et al. 1974)

A Meta-model should represent similar relationships on its main level. However, a higher grade of
abstraction will be chosen and the feed-back loops are used to represent the interrelationships and not
to calculate the course of the system behaviour.
Most of the work of F. Vester is inspired by the system dynamics philosophy. As an example, the
meta-model in one of Vester’s former books is in part reproduced (Fig. 4) which is headlined as: “Mu-
tual relationships between anthropogenic environmental change and caused damages”.
He depicted essential environmental compartments (climate, water, soil …) together with the most
important interrelationships between these compartments. Vester uses that scheme as a central map
of orientation and arranges the particular pieces of information in his „information system“, addressing
certain environmental problems according to the defined relationships. If there is, for example, infor-
mation about waste production and water contamination that information is associated to the relation-
ship Wastes Æ Water. Thus, the scheme allows for systematic integration of pieces of information and
helps in finding requested data efficiently.
According to the remark made above about system dynamics models, the Vester scheme is an exam-
ple that works with system diagrams as a representation of the basic system structure, without trans-
ferring the information in a simulation model to calculate the specific system behaviour.

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 Framework and System Model of ICT in Environmental Sustainability

Fig. 4: Some selected interrelationships in Vester’s top model on the influences of human activi-
ties on the environment (and social consequences) (s. Vester 1978). Not all the relationships are
included.

In the 1980ies the Mesarovic team developed the “multi-level” systems approach.2 The differentiation
of three layers with different characteristics to describe system behaviour is still an interesting concept.
The “causal” layer comprises all phenomena of energy and material flows – in part short-term proc-
esses and more or less strictly determined by a “control” or “decision” layer. On that level information,
activities are located that respond to problem recognition and realize goal attainment (Fig. 5).

These activities are not taking place continuously (as those on the causal layer) and have a short to
middle-term perspective. On a third level the “norm” or “value” layer can be found. On that level basic
values (“orientors” in Bossel’s terms) are located which provide the framework conditions for decisions
on the decision layer. The time perspective is middle- to long-term, and changes occur there only
when problem solving requires new solutions. With respect to a Meta-model all kind of legal texts but
also visions on how the future should be organized are arranged on that level.

2
Mesarovic, M.D. et al. (1970) Theory of Hierarchical, Mulitlevel, Systems. Academic Press, New York and London.

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 Framework and System Model of ICT in Environmental Sustainability

Fig. 5: Multi-level representation of

systems (in accordance with
Mesarovic and Bossel)

Fig. 6: Distinction of Sectors in Baccini'’s Metabolism Approach (simplified version)

Static approaches - e.g. the metabolism analysis of Baccini et al. (1996) – are analysing the problem
by developing simplified models of the material and energy flow within a system (like the artificial
“metaland”) in Fig. 6. With that structure the relevant input and output compartments are identified and
the processing units within the system are emphasized. Other approaches list hundreds of different
(human) activities that have effects on the environment (because of emissions, resource utilization
etc). Examples exist that ordered these activities according to the DPSIR model.

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 Framework and System Model of ICT in Environmental Sustainability

9.3 Contribution to the Modelling Initiative in ICT-ENSURE for a “Single

Information Space in Europe for the Environment”
This short part of the first Interim Report (27.11.2009) focuses on the framework and approach for
enhancing the usefulness of the Meta model proposed in the implementation of SISE for understand-
ing the nature of the independencies that exist among production, consumption, resource use, envi-
ronmental pressures and the linkages to the use of ICT for monitoring, analysis, planning and capacity
building. This contribution supports the main task of the ICT-ENSURE project to provide an integrated
perspective of the environment-economy-society nexus that can serve as a basis for identifying and
developing key strategic themes in ICT in environmental sustainability research.
1. Overall description of the task
Scientific research relies heavily on ICT to achieve the high level of understanding of the complexity
that characterises the interactions between human activity and the environment. One challenge in
ICT-ENSURE might be to propose ways in which ICT for environmental research could have an im-
pact on European and international efforts. An important element of this aim is to put in place the ap-
propriate mechanisms and instruments that will influence the policy process towards achieving sus-
tainable development. One measure it to integrate the diverse networks of national and international
research programmes and communities in Europe so they can have a more effective impact on the
complex policy processes.
The objective of this part is to assess the usefulness of the existing Meta model for policy impact as-
sessment, providing the elements for incorporating in the Meta model the evolutionary nature of the
interactions between the environment, society and the economy and contributing to develop a descrip-
tion which might be intuitively understandable to a interested audience.
2. Modelling the Components of the Policy Process
The amount of available information, data, models and research results on the topics environmental
sustainability and sustainable development provide the potential for improving the effectiveness of the
policy process that is needed to attain sustainability.
The following sub-model is a contribution to the ICT-ENSURE Meta-model for bridging the research-
policy gap by incorporating the evolutionary dynamics of development patterns and to explore ways in
which ICT-Environment research can have a strategic impact on the policy process.
The model in this Work Package shows the linkages between the different economic sectors, the pri-
vate sphere and the environment, and how key informatics applications are used to understand and
address these complex interactions with regards to policy.
Complexity in the policy process is first of all, a result of the interactions among many agents and di-
verse interests, pursuing their own goals and influencing decision-making at many inter-related levels
of governance (local, national, regional, global). The figure below illustrates the complex way society
(including policy-makers) is influenced by the political culture, the economic situation, and to a great
extent by the media, activists in interest groups and political parties and lobbies. These influences on
society can translate into policy issues, which eventually find their way into the decision-making bod-
ies, and are implemented through policy instruments, eventually generating a response by the differ-
ent agents in society, and provoke effects (sometimes unexpected), such as changes in land use, in
resources use and allocation, even migration patterns of the population. As these effects play out,
eventual consequences begin to become apparent, such as land degradation, changes in wellbeing
and quality of life, which might generate new policy issues in the society.
Complexity also arises from the fact that individual agent attitudes tend to incorporate a divergent set
of approaches to issues such as sustainability, productivity and efficiency, all of which reflect various
degrees of similarity and conflict between the respective value systems of land managers, industry,
policy makers, individual citizens and farmers. The policy agenda of the many political and economic

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 Framework and System Model of ICT in Environmental Sustainability

agents, government agencies and civil society expressions may contain potential conflicts between
development, environment and social or financial targets, biodiversity conservation, watershed protec-
tion, or social programmes. While these policy objectives are not necessarily contradictory, the har-
monization of policies that include natural resource management, energy self-sufficiency or the well
being of rural communities presents serious challenges to policymakers, economic agents and target
populations.

Figure: Components of the Policy Process (Adapted from Pérez-Trejo 1994)

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