c Energy is also transported from one circuit to another with air core transformers.

With air core

transformers, two cable wire-like coils referred to as windings are enfolded onto some form of core
substance. In most circumstances, the wire coils are wound onto a rectangular cardboard-like
structure which, in fact, the core substance is air resulting in the transformer being referred to as an
air core transformer. In addition, with air core transformers, "all" of the current (electrical energy) is
considered to be an exciting or electrifying current, and the current stimulates or induces a
secondary voltage that is comparative to a mutual inductance or shared stimulation of transported
energy. A functioning air core transformer can be created easily by simply placing the windings very
close to one another. With many air core transformers the coils are wound on a core substance
created with material that has superior magnetic permeability. This high magnetic material within the
core substance causes the magnetic field which is induced by the electrical current in the primary to
become intensely stronger and therefore increases the effectiveness of the air core transformer. As
a result there are no power losses and the ratio of primary voltage to secondary voltage is identical
to the ratio of the number of turns within the primary winding coil to the number of turns within the
secondary winding coil.

J




c Air Core Coil

Transformers function according to two principles. One principle is that electrical currents generate
or produce magnetic fields which are called electromagnetism. The second principle is that a
changing or altering magnetic field inside a coil of wire induces or stimulates a voltage from one end
to the other end of the coil. This is referred to as electromagnetism induction. . When the current
(electrical energy) passes through into the primary coil, the strength of the magnetic field is also
changed. The transformers core has provided a pathway for the magnetic lines of flux, change or
fluctuation in electrical energy. The secondary winding coil receives electrical energy from the
primary winding coil and therefore delivers the energy into what is called the load. The term "load" is
often referred to as the quantity of power used by a circuit. There is also an enclosure mechanism
that protects the above components from moisture, dirt and any mechanical harm.
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The ?
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 were originally reserved internationally for the
use of radio frequency (RF) energy for industrial, scientific and medical purposes other than
communications. Examples of applications in these bands include radio-frequency process
heating, microwave ovens, and medical diathermy machines. The powerful emissions of these devices
can create electromagnetic interference and disrupt radio communication using the same frequency, so
these devices were limited to certain bands of frequencies.[citation
needed£
In general, communications
equipment operating in these bands must accept any interference generated by ISM equipment.

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a (a a) computing or networking is a distributed application architecture that partitions tasks

or workloads between peers. Peers are equally privileged, equipotent participants in the application. They
are said to form a peer-to-peer network of nodes.
Peers make a portion of their resources, such as processing power, disk storage or network bandwidth,
directly available to other network participants, without the need for central coordination by servers or
[1£
stable hosts. Peers are both suppliers and consumers of resources, in contrast to the traditional client±
server model where only servers supply, and clients consume.

The peer-to-peer application structure was popularized by file sharing systems like Napster. The peer-to-
peer computing paradigm has inspired new structures and philosophies in other areas of human
interaction. In such social contexts, peer-to-peer as a meme refers to the egalitariandistributed social
networking that is currently emerging throughout society, enabled by Internet technologies in general.