E x a m p l e 16 10 .

A b a la n c e d br idge h a s th e f o 1l o w in g
c o m p o n e n t s c o n n e c t ed b e t w e e n it s fiv e n o de s A ,
B C, D
,

a n d E
B e t w e e n A an d B 1, 00 0 Q r e s ist a n c e B e t w e e n B a n d
C 1,000 Q r e s ist a n c e .

B e t w e e n C a n d D a n in d u c t o r B e t w e e n D a n d A
218 Q r e s ist a n c e .

B e t w e e n A a n d E 469 Q r e s ist a n c e B e t w e e n E a n d
B 10 LF c a p a c it a n c e .

B e t w e e n E a n d C : a det e c t o r B e t w e e n B a n d D a

p o w e r su p p ly a e
D e r iv e t h e e q u a t io n o f ba la n c e a n d h e n c e dedu c e th e
r e s ist a n c e a n d in du c t a n c e o f th e in d u c t o r .

LR a j a s tha n T echn ica . U n i u E 1e c t r i c a / M e a s t Ar e m e n ts ,

200 T

So lu t io n Fr o m E qs (1 6 2 1) a n d (16 2 2) w e ha v e

'
, © 9 (2 1 8 + 1, 0 0 0) + 2 18 × 1 , 0 QOj

= 7 892 H A 11 e .
 T h e br i d g e i s n o t s u i t e d f o r t h e m e a s u
r em en t of lo w q I n t hi e pr o ble m
fa c t o r o f t h e i n du c t o r s be c a u s e in t
ha t ,
ca se the t er m
c R in t he de n o m i n a to r be c o
nt A R 50 0 Q , L
,
2
1
= = 0 18 H R2 = R3 = 1 000 Q ,
m es v er
y i n 1p o r t a
(o 1
n d 5 000
f =

2 Tt

只 500
R C 一 上
4 4 2
ü) L

4
f 1 , ) Ol
= 1 11 11 × 10
r esista n c e o CD N o n r e a c t iv
e r e s ist a n c e
o f 8 3 Q
in s e r ie s w i t h a s t a n d a r d c a p a c i t o r o f o 3 Fr o m Eq (t )
8 Ft F D A i s a n o n
r e a c t iv e r e s i s t a n c e o f 1 6 80 0 Q I f t h
, e s u p p 1 fr e L 2
50 H z , d e t e r m i n e t h e i n d u c t a n c e
y qu e n cy is
C4 - 1 (l + (0 C R )
a n d r e sist a n c e
a t t h e
ba l a n c e c o n d i t i o n R R
2 3

S o 1u t i o n I n t h e b a l a n ce co n di t io n f br i dg e fr
o o m E q s (1 6 2 8)
a n d ( 16 2 9 ) w e h a v e

R R C
2 3 4
L -
1 2 1 000 × 1 000
l + m c R
= 0 2 3 5 5 pLF A n s
1,000 > 16 800 × 0 38 × 10 6
R C 4
2
= 6 32 H 4 4
1 1111 × 10
1 + (2 7【 x 60 ) x (0 38 × 10 6
)2 ( 833 ) 2 a n d R
4
- . . 4 72 Q A n s
C4 6
0 2355 × 10
2
R 2R R m c
3 4
R -
2
1 + m C:R 16 7 0 W E N B R 1D G E

1 000 16 80 0 833 2 6 2
× × × ( 2 ït x 50 ) x (0 38 × 10 ) T h e b r i d g e c ir c u i t a l s o d e t e r m i n e s t h e u n kn ow n in du c t a n
= ce
2 6 2 2
l + ( 2 tt x 50 ) x (0 38 × 10 ) ( 833 ) i n t e r m s o f r e s i s t a n c e a n d c a p a c i ca n ce The a dv a n t a ge o f
= 1 9 7 4 9 £2 A n s this m e t h o d i s t h a t t h e i n du c ta n ce s ov er a v er i de
y w r a n ge
ca n be de t e r m in e d by t h i s m e t ho d, e m ployin g ca p a c ito r s
o f r ea son a b le s iz e

l4 V

F i g 16 2 1
d tw k , A B is a r e s ista n c e
6 12 I n a ba la n c e n e o r

f 0 18 H BC a n d DA
8 e n
B e s w it h a n in du c t o r o ,

f 1, 0 0 0 Q e a c h a n d CD
a r e n o n in d u c t iv e r e s iót a n ee s o
ito r C A
c o n s is t 8 o f a r e s is t a n c e R i n s e r i e s w it h a c a p a c
f 5 0 0 0/2 n i s
po te n t ia l d iffe r e n c e o f 5 V a t a fr e q
u e n c y o ,

i t h e v a lu e s o f
d C Deter m n e
a p p 1i e d b e t w e e n
p o in t s A a n
Rand C F +g 1 6 . 2 2 C i r c t 1i t D i a g r a m f° · O w en B r idge
So l u t i o n E q s ( 16 2 8) a n d ( 1 6 2 9) f t h e b r i d g e i s s h o w n i n F i g 16 2 2
n o m The a r r a n ge m en t o

W 4 in w h ic h t h e u n k n o m i n du c t a n c e L p w h o s e r e s is t a n ce i s
L =
R i s c o n n e c t e d i n s e r i e s w i t h a n o t h e r v a r i a b 1e n o n
1
2
C R ï ,
+ (D
UCD . e r e s is to r R T he c a pa cit a n c e
C2 i s a l s o c o n n e c t e d
R2 R3R4 (O
~
c ~ in ser i w it h a n o n in du c t iv e v a r a
e s
i b l e r e s is t or R , R i s a ï a
a n d R -
1
1 + (D
2
c }R} kn o w n n on in du c t i v e r e s is t o r a n d C4 i8 k n o w n s t a n da r d
R e fe r t o E q (16 2 7)
or R 2
R4C4L ca p a c it o r T h e b r i d g e i 6 Ba l a n c e d b y s u c c e s s i v e l y v a r y i n g
- {u 1
1
R a n d R2 i n t h e c i r c u i t T h e p h a s o r di a gr a n 1 i s s h o w n h 1
R 1 (i i ) F i g 16 2 3
or R C =
Z
4 4 (0 1
:
 So l u t i o n B Je f e r t o c i r c u i t i a gr a m e h o w 11 i n F l g 1 6 2 9 1(a )
R = 1, 0 0 0 0 R2 = 1, 000 Q R3 = 2,0 0 0 8 4
= 2 , 000 0
1 $
6 1 0 12
C
,
- 1 × 10 F (D - 2 +【 f = 2 × 3 14 × 1 , 0 00 = 6 . 28 0 r
1
=

否 Un kn o w n ca pa cit a n ee ,

。
、
1 , 90 0
C2 = = 1 × 10 6 X
产
R2 1, 00 0

争
1 ,00 0 (2 0 0 0 + 10 ) 1 ,000 × 2 000
-
, . 10 0
1 000

Pha se an gl e er r or ,

6
61 = ü) r C1 - 6 280 × 10 × 1 × 10- r a di a n s
1

180
6 A
= 6, 2 80 × 10 × l × 10 x = 3 i 1s
3 14
Si m i l a r l y
(a ) C i r c t Ai t D i a g r a m
180
C = 6 280 × 10 × 1 × 16 x = 3 A n s
冗

p l e 16 16 T h e fo a r 1n s

V A r n c1 a b a n im p e r fe c t c a p a c it o r c 1
C w it h a 11 e q u iv a len t
B
se r ie s r e sist a n c e o f '
19
A r m be a n o n in du c t iv e r e s ist a n c e R
39
A r m c d a n o n in du c t iv e r e s ist a n c e R
4
Ar m da a n i n 1p e r fe c t c a p a c it o r C2 w ith a n e q u iv a le n t

l v s e r i e s r e s i s t a n c e o f ' i n s e r i e s w it h a
l 2
r e s ist a 11c e R 2
( b) P h a D ia g f 4 50 H is giv b t th t 1i n a ls
so r r a m A su p p ly o z e n e w e e n e e m a

ty s B idg e d n d t h d t t is c o n n e c t e d b e t w e e n b a n d d
F ig 16 29 M o d i l 1e d D E S a u r a n e a e e e c o r

A t ba la n c e R2 = 4 8 R - 2 R = 2 8 5 C2 - 0 5 }AF
3 4
a n d '
2
- 0 4 Q
a l cu l at e t he v a l ue o f Cp 1 n d a l so c a l cu l at e
' a
d is sip a t io n fa c t o r o f this c a p a c it o r De d u c e t h e e x p r e ss io n

u s e d [W B Un iu o f T e c h 11 o l o g y E l e c t r i c a l a n d
E lec tr o n ics M ea s u r e m e n t D ec e m be r 2 0 0 81

S OB u t me cir c u i c 4 i a gr a 1n iß s how n i n F i g 16 3 0
R e fe r to Eq (16 4 5)
= (u (C 1 R 3 C 2 R 4)

l f o n e c a p a cit or
m om t he a b o v e e q u a t i o n t h e l o b s a Lr g e o
f the other
can be d e t e r m i n e d i n t e r m s o f t h e p h a ó e a n g1 o
on e
t g iv e a ccu r a te r esu lt e fo r 0 5 p F
The a bo v e m e t ho d do e s n o
dep en ds on di &e r e n oe o f
lo 88 it s v alu e
an gl e o f ca p a cit or as

F i g 16 30

U n k 11o w n ca p a c i ca n ce

!
D is s ip a tio n fa c t o r

= 2n x 4 50 × 0 7 12 5
.
× 10
4 × 3 64 9 = 0 00 73 5 1 A 11 a .
H M a x w ell
,ro m e a s «
'
I c a pa c l t a n c e
r e a B1 u n kn o w n
b r i d ge
i n du c t a n c e i n
s h o rt u n

com pa r iaon to ith c a pa c i t a n c e , T he s a r io u 5 s a l u es a t ba l a n c e ,

R - 4 0 0 【1 R - 60 0 0 ; R = 10 00 n c4 = 0 5 pF
2 3 4
, ,

C a l c u l a t e the 1) a 1u e B o f R
,
an d .
C a l c u t a t e a l s o t h e u a hBe o f
sto ra ge ( ( l a c to r of co il i f l r e q u e n c y i s 1 0 00 H z .

So l u t i o n .
A t ba lan ce,

Se p a r a t i n g t h e rea l an d im a g in a r y te r m s, w e hav e

49 0
R = = = 240 Q
1 10 00
R y
4

an d \ = R 2 R3 C A

40 0 × 60 0 × 0 5 .
× 10 = 0 12 H
. .

St o ra ge f a c t o r,

12
Q =
(O
; .
.

· 3 14
. .

R 2 40
l
 w h e n t h i s b r i d ge i sf edBom
a eo u r c e o í 5 00 H z ba q
, n ce i
s
So l u d o n N o w R1 20 n ; 0 22 H
de r Jo l l o l u i n g c o n i t i o n s
d
- =

o bt a i n ed u n
R = 750 0 R - 40 0 l = 0 1 H
4 3 3 R3 T5 0 n c¥ = 0 35 1t F R 64 5 0
2 4 1O n = =
R2 = 4
A t ba la n ce, ( R 1 +j o\ ) R 4 R (R + j o »1
3)
-
2 3
it o r 0 40 C a l c 1B1a t e
T hu s t h e tw o b a l a n c e e qu a tio n s a r e T 11e ser ies r e s is t a n c e o f c a pa c =
t he
f t h e c h o ke c o il
a t Bd i n d u c t a n ce o
R - an d =
RZ r es i s t a n c e
1
R be t t o e m a arid c arut t he de t e c t o r i
R c o ï m e c t ed
4 4 T he su pp l y i s s

Fr o m abo v e , w e hav e be t w e m b an d d

ム 主 。 _
R
< s o l u ti o n w nen w e dr aw the ske tch o f t his
i H a ) e s b r i d g e s h o w n in
l
3
R
4
R
3 b i i d ge , w e fi n d t h a t i t s
f H a y s b r i d g e i s d o n e in
V a lu f R F i g 16 5 T h e a n a l y s i s o
e o
2
re qu i r e d f o r b a l a n ce
A r t 16 5 3 o n p a g e 4 8 4
R
2
= R4 . T5 o ×
0 1
. 16 5 o n N ow fr o m Eqn s 16 2 1 an d 1 6 2 2, i n d u c t a n c e an d
r e s is ta n c e o f the co il ar e

12

N ow ex am in e th e v a lu e o f rat i of or t h e e x is t in g 6
2 4 10 × 750 × 0 35 × 10
cir c u i; hav 5
w e e l + (2 t r x 5 00 × 0 35 × 10 × 64 9 )

. . O5
R 40 = 0 63 H
3

The v a lu e f th i s ti o sho u ld be 2 2 fo b o th 2

d in d u c ti v
o

ba lan
r a

d th e r e fo r e
r

nd R 1
Æ R
2 国 R4 R
r e s is tiv e a n e t e an w e m u st =
U V ' " "
a dd a se r ies r e sistan ce to arm ab L e t this se r ie s 4 4

e si

:二二 ' *
- )

i
 a v 1
M d* n
AC

16 2 6 an d 16 24
Fr o m Eq
s

Pe s i s t a n c e ,
1b
ar m ah is t e et s pe c i m en ar m I1c i s R3 = 10 o 0 : ar m a

R] =

R4 200
0 12 4 p F D e r i u c ba l a r 1c e c o n M t i o n a a r i d c a l c u l a t e t h e
In d u c t a n cei
c t i s e i m p e da n c e 可t h e s p c c i ï n e n u n de r t e s t c o n
dl t i o n e

- tr(R 4
+ R
2 )+ R R
2 4 ] S o 1u t i o n Let R
1
an d \ be th e e f fe c ti v e r e al s ta n c e

an d in du c t 1y

n t
s er ie s r es i s ta n c e o fr
ar m bc a non i n d u c t i u e r esi st ance R
3,

an n c d a TTo T1 i n du c t iu e r esis ta n c e R
41

an n da : an im pe r fe c t c呷 a c it o r C
B
t oith an eq u iu al m t
se r ie s r es 7 t a n c e o f f s e r i es w ith a r esi s ta n c e R
z >

A s u p pl y o f 4 5 0 H z i s g i u e n b e h o e e n t e r m i n a l s a a n d c an d
& g 16 26 D 1a g r a m o f Ex a m p le 1 6 9
t 1e de t e c t o r i s c o n n e c t e d be t w e e n b a n d d A t ba l a n c e
l
1
R2 = 4 8n ,
R
3
= 2 00 0 n ,
R
4
- 28 5 0 n an d A t b a 1a n ce ( R1 + j m l l ) Jj c{ù
= R ( R2
3 l +
J{D C 2
4
q = 0 5 pF an d - 04 0
6
R2 R 3 C 4 8 3 4 × 100 0 I 10 H
Ca 1c 1B1a t e t i t e u a Bw o f C an d r a r i d a 1s o o f the di s s ipa t i n g \ = = × ×

r
8 34 m H
fa c t o r fo r t his c a p a c it o r =

C
So 1u d o 1L T h e b D d g e i s sho w n i n F i g 1 6 Ff i d R - R / . 100 * _ 80 7 0
an 1 3
C2 0 124

Rp a c ta n r p o f s p e c im en at 2 kH z ,

3
X1 - 2 rr x 2 × 1000 × 8 34 10 . 104 S n

Im pe d an ce o f spe cim en

a
/ Z, - 4(80 7 ) 2
+ (104 5 )
2
= 132 0

E JM A sh e e t f b $k e l i t e 4 5m th ic k i s t es ted
n p Be 16 1o o m

c t r o d es 0 1 2 m f n di a m e t e r 71w Sc h e r i ï 1g
da r d a ir c a pa c i t o r Cz 10 6 p F
f
b r i d ge em pl oy s a s ta n o

c a pa c i t a n c e , a n o n r ea c t i t ] e r e s i s t a n c e R+ t f 10 0 0 l n 0 i n
+o i t h u a r i a b1e c a pa c i to r C4 0 5 p F, an ä a
pa r a l l e l
-
a

n o n r ea c t i u e o a r i a b 1e r e s i s t a n c e \
Dia g r a m o f Ex a m p l e 16 8 Ba l a n c e is o b t a i n e d w ith C
4
- 0 5 pF an d R
z
= 260 0

A t ba lan ce , ·
) .
,
- + v ) R3 Ca 1c u l a t e t h e c a pa c i t a n ce ,
p e n n i t t i u i l y o f s he e t
po a er Ja c t o r and r el a t io e

S o l u Æo 1L T h e Sc h e r i n g b r i d g e i s s h a w n i n
t e ww
Se p a r a t i n g t h e r eal d im a gin ary
Fi g 1 6 11 w h e r e C r a n d r , r e p r e s e n t t h e c a p a d t a n c e
an

f
1
- (f z + %) e - (0 4 + 4 8
° ' 65 n
A n d 16 "
f h
a n d se d e s r e s is t a n c e o t e c a p
a c i t o r F r o m E qn s 1 6 3 5

R 10 00 12
1( × 106 × 1 0 F = 1 30 p F
Oe !
: