PROFIBUS PA System On

Introduction
The field of industrial com- PROFIBUS and PROFINET are communication systems is because
munications continues to develop standardized solutions charac- it offers such an extraordinary
at an astonishing pace with the terized by their unusual ability to breadth of applications. Appli-
result that the field of automation combine total integration with high cation-specific requirements have
technology is constantly changing. a high degree of application been incorporated into application
Initially, automation focused almost orientation. With its standard profiles and these have been
exclusively on production; protocol, PROFIBUS encompasses combined as a whole to create a
however, it has now grown to all sub-processes found in factory standardized and open commu-
include service and maintenance, and process automation, including nication system. This provides the
warehousing, resource optimization safety-related communication and basis for ensuring extensive
and the provision of data for MES motion control applications. It protection for the investments of
and ERP systems in addition to the thereby provides the ideal basis for both end users and manufacturers.
actual task of automation. Fieldbus ensuring horizontal automation
technology, which has facilitated system integration. PROFINET The application profile for PA
migration from centralized to also features a standard protocol devices (PA profile) plays a key
decentralized automation systems which, in addition to horizontal role in process automation. It
and supports the use of distributed communication, also supports defines manufacturer-independent
intelligence, has been the driving vertical communication, thereby device parameters and function-
force behind this development. linking the field level with the alities for devices used in process
corporate management level. engineering, e.g., transmitters,
Ethernet-based communication Therefore, both communication actuators and analyzers. The
systems provide a link between systems are able to facilitate profile provides the foundation for
automation technology and network-wide, integrated solutions harmonized applications, simplified
information technology, thereby that are optimized for the relevant engineering and increased
enabling consistent communication automation tasks. availability by means of stan-
from the field level to the corporate dardized diagnostic information.
management level. The main reason that PROFIBUS
stands out from other industrial
Contents
Introduction..................................................................1 4.4 Operating profile devices............................ 14
4.5 PROFIBUS in safety-related applications... 14
Contents ......................................................................2 4.6 Functions for device identification and
maintenance support (I&M) ........................ 14
Content ......................................................................2 4.7 Device diagnostics...................................... 15
1. Industrial communication with PROFIBUS ...........3 5. Device integration.............................................. 17

1.1 Consistent communication with PROFIBUS..3 5.1 Device master data file (GSD).................... 17
1.2 PROFIBUS for process automation 5.2 Electronic device description (EDD) ........... 17
(PROFIBUS PA)............................................4 5.3 Device type manager (DTM) and field
1.3 PROFIBUS for all system components .........5 device tool (FDT) interface ......................... 17
1.4 Integration of existing systems ......................5
6. System technology ............................................ 18
2. Transmission technology and installation .............6
6.1 Paradigm shift in process automation......... 18
2.1 Power and communication via a single 6.2 PROFINET in automation technology......... 18
cable ....................................................................6
2.2 Topology .......................................................6 7. Conformity and certification ............................... 20
2.3 Connection of DP and PA .............................6
2.4 PROFIBUS PA in hazardous areas...............7 7.1 Quality control through certification ............ 20
2.5 Bus diagnostics .............................................7 7.2 PA device certification ................................ 20
2.6 Redundancy ..................................................8
2.7 Remote I/O....................................................8 8. User benefits ..................................................... 21
3. PROFIBUS communication protocol ....................9 9. PI – PROFIBUS & PROFINET International...... 22

3.1 Device classes ..............................................9 9.1 Responsibilities of PI .................................. 22
3.2 Configuring a PROFIBUS system ...............10 9.2 Technological development........................ 22
3.3 Cyclic communication..................................11 9.3 Technical support ....................................... 22
3.4 Acyclic communication ................................11 9.4 Certification ................................................ 22
9.5 Training ...................................................... 22
4. The PA profile.....................................................12 9.6 The Internet: An information hub ................ 22
9.7 Further reading........................................... 22
4.1 Structure......................................................12
4.2 Block model and signal flow .......................12
4.3 Device parameters ......................................13 Index ................................................................... 23
Content
This document describes the care has been taken in the drafting Chapter 7 outlines the test
essential aspects of PROFIBUS of this brochure, only the official PI procedures required for
used in process automation and (PROFIBUS & PROFINET certification.
takes into account the level of International) documents are to be
technology available at the considered definitive and binding. Chapter 8 explains the advantages
beginning of 2007. Its objective is of using PROFIBUS PA.
to provide a comprehensive Chapter 1 provides an
description of PROFIBUS and introduction to PROFIBUS and its Chapter 9 concludes the
PROFINET, the world’s leading use in process automation. document with information about PI
fieldbus systems, without entering and its range of products and
into specific details. Chapters 2 to 4 deal with the services.
core aspects of PROFIBUS PA.
This brochure not only offers This chapter is followed by the
sufficient information to readers Chapter 5 offers a brief outline of index.
with a basic knowledge who are engineering.
interested in obtaining an overview,
but it also introduces experts to Chapter 6 deals with the
more extensive specialized integration of existing structures
literature. In this context, we should into PROFIBUS PA and the
like to point out that although every transition to PROFINET.
2 PROFIBUS PA technology and application, August 2007

1. Industrial security and investment protection At the heart of the system is the
for both the users and PROFIBUS DP protocol, which is
communication with manufacturers of these tech- identical for all applications (see
PROFIBUS nologies. Both PROFIBUS and Chapter 3). Various data
PROFINET are characterized by transmission media are available:
their support for both factory and RS485 for standard applications,
Since the cost-pressure associated process automation and, in RS485-IS for areas with explosion
with the operation of production particular, by their ability to protection, MBP for intrinsically-
facilities is so high, achieving facilitate implementation of hybrid safe transmission with device
maximum system availability and applications. power supply via the bus, fiber
minimum total cost of ownership optics, radio-based transmission
have high priorities. Therefore, PROFIBUS consistency is based (see Chapter 2), infrared- and
holistic approaches not only take on the standardized “PROFIBUS laser-based transmission, slip
into account the procurement and DP” communication protocol. It rings, etc.
maintenance costs associated with supports a wide variety of
system components but also the applications in factory automation In order to ensure the
costs of optimizing process control. and process automation as well as interoperability of devices by
In process engineering, ideal motion control and safety-related different manufacturers that is so
process control should support tasks, thus facilitating planning, vital to a wide range of applications
monitoring and controlling of a assembly and service. Additionally, and to transmit extensive
process in the most cost-effective training, documentation and information from complex devices
way given the requirements of the maintenance are only required to in accordance with defined
process and system. This requires support a single technology. standards, application profiles
extensive information about the have been specified for
process and the system. Today, Users with “hybrid” automation PROFIBUS. These profiles specify
this information is made available applications (see Chapter 1.3) in application-typical device features
by intelligent field devices and particular benefit from the unique which “profile devices” must exhibit
communicated via fieldbuses. The ability of PROFIBUS technology to as a mandatory requirement.
problem-free and consistent seamlessly integrate process- These profile features might span
availability of all necessary data is oriented and factory-oriented tasks. multiple device classes, e.g.,
an important prerequisite for This is of particular relevance in the safety-relevant behavior, or
optimized processes. pharmaceutical and foodstuffs features that are specific to a
industries. particular device class, e.g., to be
exhibited by process devices or
The modular structure drives. Devices with different
1.1 Consistent of PROFIBUS profiles can operate on the same
communication with PROFIBUS technology has a bus system. Very simple devices,
PROFIBUS modular structure, comprised of e.g., decentralized binary I/O
mutually compatible technology devices, do not usually use
Operators of process engineering components which can be selected
systems find themselves facing a application profiles. PI has
and combined in accordance with specified the profile for PA devices
whole range of very different application requirements – in much
technical challenges and are (“Profile for Process Control
the same way as a modular system Devices” or PA profile) for process
looking to achieve standardization (Figure 1).
wherever possible. Accordingly, automation (see Chapter 4).
“Integration instead of interfaces”
and “One technology instead of
multiple technologies” are the
requirements to be met by
fieldbuses to support such
standardization. PROFIBUS is the
homogeneous technology meeting
these requirements, thereby
generating significant added value
throughout the life cycle of a
system.
PROFIBUS is the fieldbus-based

automation standard from PI
(PROFIBUS & PROFINET Interna-
tional). It offers comprehensive
solutions encompassing actual
communication, application
profiles, system integration and
engineering. The standard for
PROFINET, an Ethernet-based Figure 1: The PROFIBUS modular system
automation fieldbus, was recently
released by PI. PROFIBUS and
PROFINET use identical profiles,
thereby creating investment
PROFIBUS PA technology and application, August 2007 3

1.2 PROFIBUS for
process automation
(PROFIBUS PA)
integrated into PROFIBUS only from the point of view of the
Defined in general terms,
installations with ease. PROFIBUS controller but also from the
“PROFIBUS PA” designates a
PA installations have shown perspective of asset management.
specific selection of PROFIBUS
evidence of very high availability Furthermore, the interoperability of
technology components (modular
even in the harsh conditions of like devices from different
system components) meeting the
day-to-day operations. However, manufacturers facilitates the
particular requirements of process
the use of diagnostic tools, e.g., to exchange of devices on the bus.
automation. PROFIBUS PA
monitor voltage levels and jitter and The best way to appreciate the
encompasses all technology
detect evidence of wear at an early wide and varied range of PA
components used to connect
stage (see Chapter 2.5), is devices, control systems and asset
intelligent field devices to
recommended during management systems available on
controllers, control systems and
commissioning and periodically the market is to take a look at the
engineering stations and offering once a system is in operation. “Online product guide” at
ideal solutions for process www.profibus.com.
Redundancy solutions for
automation.
PROFIBUS PA to increase system
availability (see Chapter 2.6) are The diagnostics concept defined in
MBP (Manchester-encoded, Bus
available for applications with high the PA profile also provides the
Powered) technology, a 2-wire
availability requirements. backbone for comprehensive asset
technology which combines the
management. PROFIBUS PA can
functions of data transmission and
The PA profile classifies the utilize these concepts to tap into
power supply, is usually used on
devices used in process the enormous potential for cutting
PROFIBUS PA. MBP-IS (IS =
automation as transmitters, costs, since necessary mainte-
intrinsically safe) is available for
actuators, devices for digital inputs nance operations can be planned
use in hazardous areas. With
and outputs, or analyzers. For each in line with the production schedule
short-circuit protection and power and/or scheduled downtimes.
device class, the profile specifies
limitation, the installation tech-
the associated functions and
nology supports the explosion- PROFIBUS is internationally
parameters which can be used to
protected operation of field devices standardized in IEC 61158/61784
adapt the device functions to the
in Zones 0, 1 and 2 and/or Class and is the most successful and
individual application and process
I/Div.1 and Class I/Div. proven fieldbus technology on the
conditions. The specification is
based on function blocks and market. More than 20 million
The simple topology of PROFIBUS
parameters types are classified as installed PROFIBUS devices make
PA pays off as early as the
input, output and internal. The PROFIBUS the most successful
planning phase: The scope of
profile also specifies how the communication standard in the
documentation can be reduced by
services of the PROFIBUS world. Of this total, over 3.5 million
up to 90% when compared to a 4-
communication protocol are used. are in use in the process industry
20 mA installation. During the
For example, process data and more than 700,000 devices
commissioning phase, loop checks
exchanged cyclically is based on a conform to the PA profile and
can be completed much more
standard format for all process utilize MBP communication. Users
quickly, significantly reducing the
automation devices. In addition to from all sectors of industry can use
total time line from planning to
the measured value and/or PROFIBUS to significantly improve
commissioning. The flexibility of
manipulated value, this format also their production processes and
PROFIBUS installation also makes
features a status byte providing dramatically reduce the total cost of
adding more devices, retrofitting or
information about the quality of the ownership. Supporting PROFIBUS,
replacing devices easier once
value and possible limit violations. PI is an organization with
operation is underway. When add-
representation at national levels,
ons or expansions affecting older
The device functionality specified in with competence centers and test
systems are required, 4-20 mA
the PA profile facilitates standard laboratories in countries all over
devices or HART devices can be
handling of process devices not the world (see Chapter 7).

1.3 PROFIBUS for all Some typical examples are: The use of PROFIBUS enables all
system components areas within a production facility to
• In the pharmaceuticals be automated with a single
industry, the manufacture of technology. Production facilities
Many production facilities run
medicines is a process control with heterogeneous fieldbus
process control procedures that are
procedure, but packaging, solutions for different areas and
characterized by continuous
e.g., of tablets, is a discrete their associated additional
measurement and control pro-
manufacturing procedure expenditures for engineering, data
cesses alongside sequences that
using complex packaging storage and documentation, and
rely heavily on manufacturing
machines. the additional costs involved in
technology that is very much based
on discrete process stages. In such • In a brewery, the process training, have become a thing of
systems, the overall process control tasks typical of the the past.
comprises three stages: inbound brewhouse and fermentation
logistics (pre-production), produc- cellar are followed by discrete For comprehensive planning and
tion itself and outbound logistics manufacturing tasks. Such optimization, the consistency of a
(post-production). Inbound logistics tasks might include bottle communication system at the field
includes processes such as cleaning and filling as well as level should also take into account
handling of incoming goods, the stacking of crates for the capability for vertical integration
warehousing and supply of delivery, a task for which into the corporate management
materials. Outbound logistics robots may be used. level utilizing, for example,
includes the packaging and • In vehicle construction, the Ethernet-based communications
shipping of finished products, for paint shop, with its process technology. Network transitions
example. control requirements, is part of from PROFIBUS to PROFINET
a production chain that is enable PROFIBUS systems to be
otherwise typical of discrete linked “seamlessly” to PROFINET
manufacturing. and thus into the corporation
management level (see Chapter 6).
1.4 Integration of
PROFIBUS PROFIBUS PROFIBUS existing systems
Inbound Production Outbound These days, a significant share of

Logistics Processes Logistics the investments made in process
engineering is spent on expansion
Identifying Mixing Filling and modernization. Many projects
Checking Heating Packing have proved just how suitable
PROFIBUS is for such situations.
Storing Separating Storing The “Remote I/O” and “HART on
Conveying Drying Conveying PROFIBUS” profiles support the
integration of installed 4-20 mA
devices into a PROFIBUS
communication system without
requiring changes to be made to
cables, thereby allowing maximum
Figure 2: Integrated PROFIBUS solution in a production facility benefit to be derived from the
advantages of a fieldbus system
(see Chapters 2.7 and 6.1).

2. Transmission case, since all components used
comply with FISCO standards • Converts the asynchronous
technology and simple comparisons of power RS485 bus physics into the
installation voltage and current eliminate synchronous MBP bus physics
further calculations (see Chapter • Supplies voltage for the PA
2.4). segment and limits the
2.1 Power and segment current supply
• Decouples the transmission
communication via
2.2 Topology speeds of RS485 and MBP
a single cable bus physics
Like conventional 4-20 mA or PROFIBUS PA offers quite flexible • Optional: Provides isolation
HART communication technol- installation concepts which, thanks and power limitation for
ogies, fieldbus technology supports to the advanced installation hazardous areas
the simultaneous transmission of technologies available on the
power and communication data via market, can lead to incredibly
robust systems. In principle, all An essential feature of segment
a single cable, even in potentially
topologies are supported. couplers is the ease with which the
explosive atmospheres. Further-
However, in practice, the trunk & entire network can be configured.
more, with wiring overheads
spur topology (Figure 3) has All PA devices are visible by
significantly reduced, it meets the
established itself as the de facto address (transparent solution) on
requirements for simpler and safer
standard due to the fact that it is so the DP side. The couplers
installation and boasts all the
clear and easy to understand and themselves do not need to be
benefits of digital transmission.
maintain. The total length of a configured.
IEC 61158-2 defines MBP segment in the most ideal situation
The DP/PA link appears on the DP
(Manchester-encoded, Bus must not exceed 1,900 meters.
bus as a separate modular slave
Powered), as a transmission Transmission conditions for
device with the connected PA
technology satisfying all PROFIBUS PA can be optimized
devices appearing as plug-in
requirements of and developed by using type A cable consisting of
“modules”. An essential feature of
specifically for the needs of a single shielded, twisted pair. All
the DP/PA link is the provision of a
process automation. This segments must be terminated
totally isolated address space for
transmission technology makes it correctly with terminating resistors
its connected PA devices (non-
possible to supply power to the (“T” in Figure 3). These
transparent solution). It has to be
connected devices directly via the terminations are very important for
configured separately and restricts
bus medium. MBP is characterized reliable operation due to their effect
the total amount of data which can
by the following features: on signal quality.
be transferred to and from the
connected PA devices to 244
• Transfer rate: 31.25 kbps
bytes. The cyclic data from all the
• Transmission technology: Half-
2.3 Connection of connected PA devices is
duplex, synchronous, self-
clocking, with Manchester
DP and PA compressed into a single DP
telegram.
biphase L encoding The connection between a
• CRC (cyclic redundancy PROFIBUS DP and a PROFIBUS The faster DP segment enables a
check) PA segment is accomplished using number of PA segments to be
• Data security: Preamble, fail- segment couplers or DP/PA links. integrated into a DP network via
safe start-end delimiters Essentially, both components segment couplers or links.
• Cable: Shielded, twisted pair perform the following tasks:
line (type A or type B)
• Topology: Line and tree PROFIBUS DP
topology with termination;
combined topology possible
• Number of stations: Up to 32 Segment Coupler/Link
stations per segment and Power Supply
• Ignition protection: Several T

methodologies and Fieldbus Distribution Terminator
technologies PROFIBUS PA
Trunk T
Explosion protection is Spur

implemented via power limiting of
the incoming bus supply as well as
installation components in the field. Field devices
Live maintenance on field devices

during plant operation is made
possible, for example, by means of Figure 3: Trunk & spur topology
intrinsically safe explosion
protection. The easiest way to
verify intrinsic safety of a segment
is to use the FISCO model. In this

Power limiting in potentially Since the incoming power supplied
2.4 PROFIBUS PA explosive atmospheres can via the Ex-e-protected trunk is so
in hazardous areas significantly restrict cable lengths high, this concept is also referred
and the number of configurable to as the “high-power trunk”
Significant care must be taken field devices per segment. The concept.
when designing segments if high-power trunk concept
PROFIBUS PA is to be used in overcomes this obstacle by means
hazardous areas. The FISCO of the spatial distribution of the 2.5 Bus diagnostics
(Fieldbus Intrinsically Safe "fieldbus power supply" and
Concept) model referred to above "protection via intrinsic safety" Fieldbus diagnostics enables the
can make planning, installing and functionalities. This concept is physical layer to be measured on a
expanding PROFIBUS networks in based on the typical practice that segment- and field device-specific
hazardous areas significantly service operations and/or device basis. Bus diagnostics consid-
easier. The model is based on the expansions are usually performed erably simplifies commissioning.
concept that a network segment on field devices and their Once installation is complete, the
can be considered intrinsically safe connecting cables (spurs) and only loop check can be carried out at
(with no separate intrinsic safety rarely on the main trunk line the touch of a button (subject to
calculation required) if the voltage, between the control room and the appropriate software
current, power, inductance and
capacitance values of the relevant
components (cable, segment PROFIBUS DP Safe Area
couplers, bus terminators) are

within the boundaries of prescribed Segment Coupler/Link
FISCO limits and all field devices and Power Supply
are FISCO certified. T
High Power Supply, non-Ex
The FISCO model is based on the

following principles: Ex Area
Terminator
• Each segment only has one PROFIBUS PA
Smart installation technology
power source (the supply unit). T

Trunk, without
• Each field device consumes a energy limitation
constant basic current of at Spur, energy
least 10 mA. limited
• The field devices always act
as passive current sinks. Field devices
Even when a station is
transmitting, no power is fed
into the bus. Figure 4: Fieldbus barriers with High Power Trunk
• There is a passive line
terminator at each end of the
main bus line. distributors in the field. Based on support). Extensive expert
• Line, tree and star topology this typical practice, it is therefore knowledge about waveforms and
networks are possible. possible to split the fieldbus possible causes are no longer
installation into two different types always required for commissioning.
of explosion protection.
Components and instrumentation Although no evidence of artificial
by various manufacturers can be The trunk between the safe area ageing was detected during
operated on the same segment and the fieldbus distributors is laboratory testing, there are other
provided that all of them meet the designed with Ex-e (“increased substantive reasons for permanent
requirements described. Intrinsic safety”) and, unlike Ex-i (“intrinsic monitoring. The most common
safety is considered proven if all safety”), imposes virtually no causecauses of changes on a
stations on an electrical circuit restrictions in terms of power fieldbus areis authorized or
have been certified in accordance limitations. The "fieldbus barriers", unauthorized interventions in the
with FISCO as defined in IEC which support the connection of up context of maintenance or
60079-27. A simple comparison of to four field devices, then act as assembly operations. All
current, voltage and power of the distributors mounted in Zone 1. parameters affecting transmission
supply and the field device is Connecting several fieldbus quality are monitored using
required to validate explosion barriers in series enables the diagnostics tools to ensure that
protection. For Zone 2, energy can possible cable length and number they remain within permissible
be limited to Ex nL (non-incendive). of stations per segment to be limits.
Both concepts have been included multiplied many times over in
in the revised version of IEC comparison with either the Entity or By integrating diagnostics into the
60079-27. (“Entity” is another the FISCO model. Here too, the power supply technology, it
intrinsically safe model which is FISCO or Entity concept is applied becomes possible to monitor
used in the USA and regions with to each spur to verify Ex-safety; systems permanently rather than
close ties to the United States.) each output is verified separately, just sporadically, thereby facilitating
with the fieldbus barrier as power the identification of errors which
source and the field device as sink. might otherwise go unnoticed

during operation. This also makes
it possible to detect changes on the Host Host Host
physical layer and rectify errors
which might cause the bus to fail. DP-Master DP-Master DP-Master
Bus diagnostics also makes
troubleshooting much easier, as
maintenance personnel are
PROFIBUS DP
PROFIBUS DP
provided with detailed information,
Segment coupler Segment coupler
often with content in plain text,
about possible errors.
(Note: Chapter 4.4 deals with Segment coupler Segment coupler

diagnostics relating to the state of
field devices.)
PROFIBUS PA PROFIBUS PA
2.6 Redundancy Segment coupler redundancy Flying Redundancy combined with

with single host Segment Coupler Redundancy
Redundant systems are generally
used for applications requiring
increased availability, e.g.,
continuous processes. In such Figure 5: Segment coupler redundancy (left) and flying redundancy (right)
systems, both the master and the
communication system (media and
segment couplers) are designed
with redundancy. There are various
redundancy concepts:
DP/PA Link
• Master redundancy: The
PROFIBUS DP
(redundant) Active junction boxes

control system/controller is
designed with redundancy,
e.g., flying redundancy (Figure
5, right).
• Media redundancy: The cable
routes are designed with
redundancy.
• Segment coupler redundancy: PROFIBUS PA
The segment couplers are
designed with redundancy
(Figure 5, left). If one DP-PA
gateway fails, the other will Figure 6: PA ring redundancy
take over its function bear no relationship to the low
seamlessly. The master is 2.7 Remote I/O overall costs of the device. In such
unaware of the switchover and cases, when existing systems are
no frames are lost. PROFIBUS PA devices can be being modernized, use is made of
• Ring redundancy: In addition used in a wide range of existing equipment wherever
to the redundant design of the applications. Some devices are, possible and installed field devices
DP-PA couplers, the ring able to transmit multiple measured continue to be used. Remote I/O
structure also enables media values, thereby reducing the need technology provides a means of
redundancy to be achieved on for additional instruments. They are integrating devices of this type into
the PA side (Figure 6). supplied with power via the bus, PROFIBUS PA installations.
• Slave redundancy: The field thus helping to reduce wiring Analog and binary input and output
devices/PROFIBUS interface overhead. Digital transmission signals are collected by a remote
in the field device are helps to increase system accuracy I/O device that is in turn connected
designed with redundancy. and avoids the potential scaling to the control system via the
errors common with 4…20 mA fieldbus. Where HART-compatible
Concepts for slave redundancy are technology by differentiating remote I/O are concerned,
described in the PROFIBUS between the settings in the control parameter data is transmitted via
specification titled “Slave Redun- system and those in the field the bus to the remote I/O device,
dancy”. Field devices designed device. Devices can be where it is converted into HART
with redundancy must negotiate parameterized via the bus and commands on the appropriate input
between themselves which is to act typically have a reduced footprint. or output channel. In this way, the
as the primary station and which as field devices can be configured
the secondary station. Manu- However, there are some process from the control system or by use
facturer-specific solutions are signals and/or devices which do of a parameterization tool via
available for transmission media not have a direct PA connection PROFIBUS and the downstream
and master redundancy. and for which the costs associated HART communication system.
with a fieldbus interface

3. PROFIBUS
communication
protocol The major features of the three are 3.1 Device classes
as follows:
PROFIBUS devices can be
PROFIBUS devices communicate • DP-V0 supports the basic categorized into three device
using the standardized PROFIBUS functionality of the PROFIBUS classes:
DP (Decentralized Periphery) protocol. In particular, this
communication profile which includes cyclic I/O Class 1 PROFIBUS DP
defines the rules governing communication and diagnostic master
communication. At the heart of the reporting. A class 1 DP master (DPM1) is a
communication profile is what is • DP-V1 adds optional functions master which uses cyclic
known as the master/slave for acyclic communication and communication to exchange
concept, whereby a master (active alarm handling (enhancements process data with its associated
communication peer) polls the to diagnostic reporting) to the slaves.
associated slaves (passive PROFIBUS protocol.
communication peers) cyclically. • DP-V2 adds optional functions Class 1 masters are usually
When polled, a slave will react by to the PROFIBUS protocol integrated into a programmable
sending a response frame to the which are needed particularly logic controller or form part of the
polling master. A request frame in the field of drive control. automation station on a process
contains the output data, e.g., These include functions for control system.
setpoint speed of a drive, and the producer-consumer
associated response frame communication between slave
contains the input data, e.g., the devices, time synchronization Class 2 PROFIBUS DP
latest measured value from a and time stamping. master
sensor. In one bus cycle, the A class 2 DP master (DPM2) was
master polls, e.g., exchanges I/O originally defined as a master to be
Field devices for process
data with, all associated slaves. used as a tool in the context of
automation are typically slave
This polling cycle is repeated as PROFIBUS device and system
devices which support the basic
fast as possible. commissioning. In the course of the
function of the PROFIBUS
DP-V1 and DP-V2 functional
communication protocol (DP-V0)
In parallel with this type of expansions, a DPM2 has been
and are also capable of acyclic
communication, which is described more specifically defined as a
communication for the reading/
as cyclic and supports the regular master which can be used to set
writing of device parameters (DP-
exchange of input and output data device parameters via acyclic
V1).
between a master and its slaves, communication over what is known
parameter data, e.g., device as the MS2 channel.
settings, can also be transmitted
via PROFIBUS. This action is
initiated by the master (typically
under user program control) PROFIBUS DP PROFIBUS DP
between I/O cycles to read and/or Token
Master Class 1 Master Class 2
write slave parameter data. This
type of communication is referred
to as acyclic communication.
There can be more than one

master on a PROFIBUS system. In
such systems, access rights are
passed from one master to the next
(token passing). DP Slave 1 DP Slave 2 DP Slave 3
In order to meet the specific

requirements of the various fields
of application in the best ways Cycle: .....
Slave 1 Slave 2 Slave 3 Slave 3
possible, the PROFIBUS
communication system has been Cyclic Access of Master 1 Acyclic Access
of Master 2
expanded beyond its basic
functionality to include a number of
additional levels supporting special
functions. There are currently three
such protocol levels: DP-V0, DP-
V1 and DP-V2. Figure 7: Cyclic and acyclic communication on DP-V1

Class 2 masters are usually part of devices into the functional classes ported a fixed rate of 93.75 kbps
an engineering station used for outlined above. and/or 45.45 kbps and sometimes
device configuration. A DPM2 does required that the bus parameters
not have to be permanently be modified to manufacturer-
connected to the bus system. 3.2 Configuring a defined values. The slave device’s
watchdog is used in monitoring
PROFIBUS system
cyclic communication and must be
PROFIBUS slave When a PROFIBUS system is set significantly higher than the
A PROFIBUS slave is a passive configured, slaves with which the time required for one bus cycle. If a
communication peer which reacts master is to communicate cyclically slave does not receive a request
to polling by the master by sending are assigned to a class 1 frame for a period of time longer
a response frame. Devices in this PROFIBUS DP master. During the than the set watchdog time, it will
class are usually field devices configuration process, master and revert to its initial, power-up state
(remote I/O, drive, valve, slave addresses are assigned, the and cyclic communication will have
transducer, analyzer) which bus parameters are defined, the to be reestablished. If the master
acquire process variables or play a types and numbers of modules (in does not receive a valid response
part in the process by means of the case of modular slaves) are from a slave within the configurable
manipulated variables. specified, user-selectable param- slot time, it will resend the request
eter choices are made, etc. frame as many times as it can up
There are two different types of to the maximum retry limit. The
slave devices, compact devices PROFIBUS protocol message target rotation time is the
and modular devices. A modular frames have a source and target configuration tool-calculated time
device comprises a head station address by means of which the for the token to traverse the token
containing the fieldbus interface sender and receiver can be ring. It should be set to the same
and a number of slots into which uniquely identified. The PROFIBUS value on all masters in a multi-
various modules can be inserted. device address range runs from 0 master system. A master
By combining different modules, to 126 and, within a single calculates its own token holding
modular slaves can be configured PROFIBUS network, device time by taking the difference
to satisfy the specific I/O addresses can only be assigned between the target token rotation
requirements of the user. Compact once. Broadcast address 127 can time and the measured rotation
devices have a fixed I/O be used to address multiple slaves time.
configuration – comparable to a simultaneously. The device
modular device with one address can be set using the In the case of modular slaves, the
permanently installed module. physical address switches on the individual slave modules must be
device or the PROFIBUS message configured. The configured
Slave devices for process for address setting, e.g., sent from modules should match slot-for-slot
automation may have discrete or the configuration tool. The physical those which are physically present
word I/O. The majority of such address assigned to the device in the device. In the case of
devices provide measured values must match the address assigned PROFIBUS PA slaves, the slave
as input(s), with some being single- to the device in the configuration will have a default, power-up
variable and some being multi- setup. If a DP/PA link is being used configuration of virtual modules.
variable devices. Multi-variable as the coupler, it has a slave The types and numbers of virtual
devices can be thought of as address on the RS485 side and a modules are either profile- or
modular devices on which, rather master address on the MBP side. manufacturer-specified depending
than being physically present, the Addresses on the RS485 side are upon whether the device is
individual modules simply exist in independent of those on the MBP operating in profile- or
the device software (virtual side, i.e., the two sides have manufacturer-identifier mode. The
modules). Access to the associated separate address spaces. Rather configured modules determine the
input and output data, e.g., than being limited by the number of size and format of any I/O data
measured values, setpoints, etc., available addresses, the scope of a exchanged during cyclic
are activated when cyclic PROFIBUS PA system is usually communication.
communication is established. The restricted by physical properties
process I/O data (virtual modules) A configuration tool (usually
such as cable lengths and device
associated with a process provided by the manufacturer of
current consumption (see Chapter
automation slave device are the class 1 PROFIBUS DP master)
2).
specified in the profile for PA is used for building a bus
devices. Major bus parameters are transfer description. The configuration tool
rate, watchdog time, slot time, and takes the device-specific prop-
Frequently, PROFIBUS master target token rotation time. As erties, e.g., the transfer rates sup-
devices support the functions of PROFIBUS masters usually have ported or the available modules,
both a DPM1 and a DPM2. an RS485 interface, the transfer from the device master file (GSD)
Similarly, there are also automation rate can be set to a value between of a slave device. This is an ASCII
devices which are able to operate 9.6 kbps and 12 Mbps. Although file describing the communication-
as both masters and slaves. In most modern couplers can operate specific and I/O properties of a
practice, it is not always possible to at any transfer rate on the RS485 PROFIBUS device that is provided
unequivocally categorize physical side, some older models only sup- by the device manufacturer.

3.3 Cyclic are valid, the master will initiate Since a slave can exchange cyclic
communication cyclic I/O data communication with I/O data with only one master at a
the slave device. time, it follows that a slave can only
Once the configuration (bus have one MS1 link. If supported by
description) has been loaded into PROFIBUS diagnostics comprises the device (indicated in the GSD
the class 1 master with the help of both the required standard file), the MS1 link is established
the configuration tool, the master diagnostics and the optional when cyclic communication is
establishes cyclic communication extended diagnostics. The latter established with the device.
with the specified slave devices via contains device-specific diagnostic
the MS0 channel. During this data, for example, analog over- It is possible for a slave to have an
phase, the slave adopts a two- voltage, operating temperature MS2 link with a number of masters
stage approach to checking the exceeded, output short circuit, etc. simultaneously. Each MS2
configuration data received from Any changes in device-specific connection must be established
the master. diagnostics data will be indicated explicitly by a master. Each MS2
by a flag in the response frame connection has its own time
First, the parameters set in the during cyclic communication. The monitoring mechanism and will be
configuration, e.g., watchdog time master will respond accordingly in closed if it is not used for a set
and PROFIBUS ID number, are the next bus cycle by polling for the period of time. Unlike cyclic
transferred to the slave and diagnostic data instead of the communication, a configuration
checked. The ID number is unique process data. based on the device master file is
for each device type and is not required for acyclic
assigned by PI (PROFIBUS & A DP slave can only enter into communication. Typically, the
PROFINET International). Cyclic cyclic data exchange with one address of the device is all that is
communication can only take DPM1. This ensures that a slave needed to establish an MS2 link
place if the ID number from the can only receive output data from from the master.
configuration matches the ID one master, thereby avoiding
number stored in the slave. inconsistent output control. Device parameters are addressed
in a slave device by means of slot
Next, the description of the number and index. The virtual or
configured I/O modules is physical “slot” is identified by a slot
transferred to the slave and 3.4 Acyclic number (0 – 254) on a modular
checked. Cyclic communication communication device. On PA devices a slot
can only be established if the addresses a function block (see
A key part of the acyclic data
modules which are physically Chapter 4). An “index” (0 to 254)
exchange process is the writing or
present match those specified in into the slot addresses a parameter
reading of device parameters on
the configuration or, in the case of of the function block.
demand by a master. These device
PA devices, if the device can
parameters can be used to tailor Devices conforming to PA profile
assign virtual modules to match the
the configuration of a field device to 3.0 and higher must support an
configuration received.
exactly match the application MS2 channel, although the MS1
Successful establishment of I/O requirements. Two different chan- channel is optional. In practice,
data communication is then verified nels, MS1 and MS2, exist for very few PA profile devices
via the requested diagnostics data. acyclic communication. An acyclic implement an MS1 channel.
Invalid parameter or configuration communication link between a Therefore, the MS2 channel is
data is indicated by corresponding master and a slave (MS1 link for used almost universally for acyclic
error indicators in the standard short) can only be established if data transmission in process
PROFIBUS diagnostics. If both the cyclic data exchange is taking automation devices.
parameter and configuration data place between that master and the
slave.

4. The PA profile PROFIBUS communication proto-
col. Specifications to be made by
the manufacturer from the point of 4.2 Block model and
The PROFIBUS profile for PA view of the PROFIBUS protocol are signal flow
devices standardizes the core indicated here for the benefit of
functionalities of devices in process process device uniformity. These The PA profile uses what is known
automation. Process devices are include, for example, specific as a block model to describe
categorized into individual device configuration bytes for each device device functionality. The model
classes with functionality as class. This ensures that in the encapsulates individual functions in
described in detail by the profile. context of manufacturer- blocks and then represents the
Users benefit from the common independent cyclic I/O data overall function of a device by
manufacturer-independent core exchange, PA devices in the same means of links between these
functionality of the devices in a class communicate using the same blocks. These function blocks
device class due to the identical data formats. The data format describe the flow of the
way in which those devices specified for transmitters and measured/actuating signal within
operate. A generic, profile-specific actuators consists of five bytes. the device, i.e., how it is processed
device driver (see Chapter 5) can The first four bytes contain the from sensor to fieldbus interface or
be used to integrate a device of measured or manipulated value as from fieldbus interface to physical
this type into a control/asset a 32-bit floating point number and actuator.
management system and operate it the fifth byte, the status byte,
Figure 8 illustrates signal flow and
within the functional scope provides information about the
function blocks using the example
specified in the profile, i.e., in quality of the measured value. Part
of a transmitter. The digital sensor
profile mode, without the need for 2 also contains specifications
signal is processed initially in an
manufacturer-specific drivers. regarding uniform support of any
associated transducer block (TB).
optional PROFIBUS commu-
Structured according to various
nication services, a specification of
measured variables and mea-
the encoding of device-specific
4.1 Structure surement principles, the trans-
diagnostic information and a list of
mitter-specific part of the profile
The PA profile is structured the communication services which
describes the functionality and
according to the functional must be used to transfer the
associated parameters of the
classification of the process parameters specified in the
transmitter. Examples of TB
automation devices. protocol.
functions, for example, include the
Parts 3 to 8, also referred to as conversion of the sensor value via
Part 1 contains the basic
data sheets, provide very detailed linearization characteristics (which
specifications. In this part, the
specifications for the functionalities may depend on the sensor used or
device model illustrated below is
of transmitters, devices with digital the properties of the process), the
based on function blocks. The
inputs, devices with digital outputs, selection of the measurement unit
standard parameters available in
actuators, analyzers, and multi- or interference compensation.
each block are defined and the
basic functions, e.g., saving and variable devices.
The TB’s output signal (primary
transfer of a linearization table, are value) is then transferred to the
The remaining parts of the profile
specified. Part 1 also contains input of an analog input function
deal with the functionality of the
tables with codes for manufacturer block (AI), where the measured
individual process device classes.
names, technical units of value is processed independently
In addition to this division, the
measurement, etc. of the specific measurement
profile also draws a distinction
between class A and class B procedure. If this process does not
Part 2 describes the PROFIBUS-
devices. A class B device has result in a correct value, the AI
specific properties of a process
additional functions not supported function block will automatically
device and the relationship
by a class A device. switch to a preset substitute value
between the profile and the
Sensor and Transducer Function Digital

sensor signal Block Block value
Figure 8: Functional structure of PA devices

or to the last valid measured value. FB output parameters can be the parameters as well as their
The measured value is subject to linked to the input parameters of attributes, e .g., data type, length,
continuous limit value monitoring. If other blocks. They can also be read/write access rights,
it undershoots or overshoots these read via PROFIBUS, e.g., in order input/output or internal parameters,
limits, the alarm information will be to provide information about the memory characteristics and
set accordingly and a limit violation current status of the device.Block- information about whether the
will be indicated in the associated internal parameters are assigned parameter is required or optional.
status byte. Simulation mode values used in internal FB The profile also specifies whether a
disconnects the AI from the TB and calculations and can usually only parameter can only be transferred
a specified simulation value is be read via PROFIBUS. acyclically or both cyclically and
processed by the AI. acyclically. Typically, only
Where profile parameters are individual output parameters
The measured value made concerned, a distinction is made associated with an analog input
available at the AI output is between parameters which must and digital input block or input
determined by the setting of the be supported by every profile parameters associated with an
channel parameter in the AI; it device in the associated class and analog output and digital output
assigns the AI to a TB and can - on parameters which are optional. block are communicated.
devices with multiple sensors - be Furthermore, the manufacturer of a
converted to a different TB. device is free to implement other Parameter addressing is
parameters in a device, e.g., in accomplished using the slot and
In addition to transducer and order to support the execution of a index model specified for acyclic
input/output blocks, every PA manufacturer-specific device reading and writing. The profile
device features an implementation function. Every block also has only defines the relative position
of what is known as the physical fixed, standard parameter (relative index) of a parameter
block (PB). It is not part of the components, e.g., the type of block within the block. The number and
signal flow but contains information and the device class. The PA types of implemented blocks, the
about the device itself, e.g., profile specifies the function blocks slot and index of the first
manufacturer code, serial number, which must be implemented for parameter, as well as the number
installation date and diagnostic each device class. In addition to of parameters per block are all
information. A complete overview the functional description of the encoded in the directory object
of a PA device in the block model function block, a list of associated (DO) which can be read from slot
including data flows via the three block parameters is also specified. 1, index 0 and following indices on
data channels MS0, MS1 and MS2 This list contains the sequence of all PA devices.
appears in Figure 9. For more
detailed information, see the book
titled “Profibus PA" referenced in
Chapter 9.
MS0 (cyclic) MS1 (acyclic) MS2 (acyclic)
4.3 Device parameters Profibus
The individual data sheets of the

PA profile define a set of profile Profibus-DP/PA
Prozess value,
Status
parameters for each device class.
Each of these parameters is
associated with a function block. Parameteri-
Function
Depending on the type of Function
Device Management
Block(s) sation
Block(s)
Physical Block
parameter, a distinction is made

(Directory)
between input, output and internal Operator

FB parameters. views
Transducer Block
Input parameters can be assigned (Physical/Electrical) Diagnosis
their value by the output events
parameters of another block or by

Directory
the user. Input parameters are Device = DPV1-Slave
used to adapt device functionality
to a specific application. They can
usually be set by a central station Process
Process
on PROFIBUS and saved there for
archival and documentation
purposes. Figure 9: PA device represented in the block model

related communication data via the In process automation, safety-
4.4 Operating profile same communication medium. The related applications must take into
devices implementation of the PROFIsafe consideration issues that go far
profile is independent of both the beyond functional safety.
The uniform, core functionality of physical transmission technology
PA devices in a device class and the application layer. This • The required high availability
significantly facilitates the means that the PROFIsafe of the sensors affects the
integration of PA devices into technology is equally compatible details and sequence of device
control systems/plant asset for use on process devices with the development and
management systems. Device- PA profile and for factory • The term or property known as
independent drivers (profile GSD, automation devices. "proven performance" (IEC
profile EDD and profile DTM) 61511) is of great significance
mapping the functionality specified PROFIsafe has four ways of in this respect. User guidelines
in the profile enable devices to be detecting data transmission errors: such as the NAMUR
operated without device-specific recommendations NE 79 and
drivers. Cyclic data traffic can be • Sequence numbering NE 97 define requirements in
configured with a profile GSD. A • Time monitoring this respect.
profile GSD can be used to • Unique identification of
facilitate the operation and communication peers
interchange of devices in the same • Cyclic redundancy check It was already common practice in
class from different manufacturers. (CRC) the use of 4-20 mA technology to
In order for this to be possible, the use “proven-in-use” field devices
ID number of the device must be for safety applications. In order to
These safety measures are facilitate such use for more
set to the profile ID number
implemented in the device software complex fieldbus communication,
(parameter ID number selector in
in the form of a safety layer "proven-in-use" devices can be
the physical block). Profile GSDs
superimposed on the PROFIBUS provided with a bus interface and
can be obtained from the PI Web
site (www.profibus.com). protocol, which remains an "on/off" PROFIsafe layer. This
unchanged. The safety layer allows users to continue to rely on
checks the additional safety-related one and the same device type for
data received during cyclic data standard or safety applications.
4.5 PROFIBUS in safety- exchange, indicating errors when
related applications any are detected. In the sending of
data, the safety layer generates the
Automation equipment having an 4.6 Functions for device
safety-relevant data.
effect on or safeguarding plant identification and
safety is subject to strict approval The device parameters transferred maintenance support
requirements in respect of the safe during acyclic communication are (I&M)
performance of its safety function. not subject to the data safety
These requirements are not simply mechanisms specified in the Identification and maintenance
restricted to automation devices PROFIsafe protocol. In order to functions (I&M for short) describe a
such as sensors, actuators and meet the requirements of functional concept for identifying PROFIBUS
controllers but also extend to the safety with respect to device devices and accessing device-
communication system connecting parameters, Appendix 1 of the PA specific information online via the
these devices. profile (“Amendment 1, PROFIsafe Internet. I&M parameters describe
for PA Devices”) specifies a device-identifying parameters such
The PROFIsafe profile increases procedure for starting up PA as manufacturer code, serial
the transmission safety of the devices under acyclic number, order number, hardware
PROFIBUS protocol and has been communication conditions. As part and software version. Both the
officially approved for applications of this procedure, the safety-related format of the parameters and the
up to Safety integrated Level 3 (SIL device parameters have a communication services used to
3). checksum generation performed read them are identical for all
both in the device and in the PROFIBUS devices. An operator
With PROFIsafe, PROFIBUS was tool accessing I&M parameters can
configuration tool. Only when both
the first communication standard to then use the manufacturer code to
checksums match can the device
have a communication layer access the device manufacturer's
be operated in a safety-related
developed in accordance with the Web site. The assignment between
application with its current settings.
requirements of international manufacturer code and Web URL
It is not possible to change device
standard IEC 61508 and, therefore, is published on PI's Web site and
settings during safety-related
supporting the transmission of used by the operator tool. Other
operation.
safety-related and non-safety-

Manufacturer PROFIBUS Adaptation to VDI/VDE and
Web Server Web Server NAMUR
Device-specific diagnostics and its
targeted distribution to various
users without additional measures
having to be taken is a very
XML attractive feature of fieldbus
ID Company Web Cust. Service
technology in comparison with
42 Siemens www.siem... 0911-8... http://.../ conventional analog signal
Engineering transmission. The PA profile makes
Tool provision for a diagnostics
MANUFACTURER_ID: 42 capability of this type (see
PROFILE_ID: F600
ORDER_ID: 6ES7 141-1BF00-0XB0
“Amendment 2, Condensed Status
and Diagnostic Messages”). In
terms of content, specific care was
PROFIBUS
taken to ensure compatibility with
MS2
the requirements of VDI/VDE 2650
and its NAMUR equivalent NE107,
closing a significant information
PROFIBUS
Device
gap between fieldbus and control
technology.
VDI/VDE Guideline 2650 Sheet 1

and its NAMUR equivalent,
Figure 10: I&M functions supporting asset management recommendation NE107, require
that the diagnostics information
provided by the field device be
categorized into what are known as
"status signals" which must be
I&M parameters and parameters made available permanently by the
from the context of the operator 4.7 Device diagnostics device. The four status signals are
tool are used by the tool in analogously:
accordance with specific Consistent “diagnostics" of
regulations in Web URLs to machines, systems and automation
facilitate dedicated access to devices provides huge potential for Function check (C):
device-specific online information savings in the context of their Output signal temporarily invalid
such as device documentation, operation, maintenance and repair. (e.g. frozen) due to ongoing work
GSD files or replacement parts. In “Intelligent” field devices provide on the device.
this respect, I&M functions affect good requisite conditions since, in
not only the functionality of the addition to measured and Maintenance Request (M):
PROFIBUS device but also create manipulated variables, they are Although the output signal is still
a concept spanning the also able to provide operational valid, the wear margin is almost
functionality of operator tools, the status information, e.g., remaining exhausted or, due to application
content of Web URLs and the wear margin, number of operating conditions, e.g., caking, a function
provision of information on a Web hours or even process-specific will soon be restricted.
site. states. This type of status and
diagnostic information must be Out of Specification (S):
Appendix 3 of the PA profile unambiguous to provide a basis for The device is operating outside of
("Amendment 3, Identification and making relevant and sound its specification, e.g., the
Maintenance Functions”) describes decisions. permissible physical measurement
the relationship between I&M range has been exceeded, and/or
parameters and their corre- In principle in an automation
is operating under process
sponding profile parameters system, there are three possible
conditions which may lead to
(usually physical block users of field device information:
deviations from measured values
parameters), thereby linking the the controller, the system operator,
or setpoints, e.g., bubbling in the
I&M specification with the PA e.g., for availability and validity of
context of flow measurements.
profile. I&M functions are specified process values, and maintenance/
independently of the profile for all service personnel, e.g., for location Failure (F):
PROFIBUS devices supporting an and cause of faults needed for
Output signal invalid due to
acyclic communication channel. equipment replacement.
malfunction in the field device or its
peripherals.

PA devices transfer the measured which will be removed during the functions in the control system or
value status cyclically together with next cleaning cycle. In this case, plant asset management system
the process value in the form of the “Out-of-Specification” status (PAMS), to provide information on
easy-to-interpret information about signal would be more appropriate. an individual basis to various
the state of the field device. There addressees, e.g., operators and
are four specific values In order to adapt the assignment of maintenance personnel, via
corresponding to the four status diagnostic events to measured parameterization.
signals listed above. value status in line with specific
The new diagnostics concept of
application conditions, the concept
PROFIBUS PA is a decisive step
also supports an option to adapt
on the road to comprehensive
Parameterization for the the "Diagnostic event - Measured
asset management and a
current application value status” assignment made by
significant shift from preventive or
The assignment of diagnostic the manufacturer via parameteri-
reactive maintenance to proactive
events to a specific measured zation.
maintenance or condition
value status is often only possible monitoring. This provides a huge
subject to the evaluation of the More detailed diagnostic potential for cutting costs, since
measurement point with regard to information field devices susceptible to wear,
the specific application. For The two guidelines cited above e.g., actuators or ph value
example, volume build-up on a also propose going beyond the analyzers, can be virtually fully
level limit switch would typically be scope of the classification of a utilized since necessary service
assigned to the “Maintenance” diagnostic event as described and operations can be scheduled in line
status signal. However, in another making available additional and with the production schedule
specific process application, more detailed diagnostic and/or regularly scheduled
volume build-up might relate to a information. This in turn makes it downtimes.
known, process-specific build-up possible, by means of appropriate
a) Control system PAMS b) Control system PAMS

Control system level
Value status
Messwertstatus Value status
Messwertstatus Value status Value status
M C S F M C S F M C S F M C S F
PAMS
individually
configurable
allocation
PROFI-
BUS
Field instrumentation
Value status
Messwertstatus Value status
M C S F
configurable configurable
allocation a allocation
Diagnosis events Diagnosis events
Figure 11: Assignment of a diagnostic event to a value of measured value status

5. Device integration
possible device diagnostics 5.3 Device Type Manager
A particular advantage of provided (if included by the (DTM) and Field Device
PROFIBUS is its openness, which vendor). The GSD alone is
Tool (FDT) interface
in turn brings with it compatibility sufficient to specify the cyclic I/O
across a large number of device data exchange of measured values Sharing the principles of the GSD
and system manufacturers. and manipulated variables between and EDD technologies but
However, this does mean that the field device and automation executable-software-based rather
benefit of numerous different system. than description-based, FDT/DTM
device and systems suppliers is technology created a method of
countered by a correspondingly 5.2 Electronic Device device integration permitting a
high number of different available Description (EDD) variety of different devices from all
HMIs. Standards for the central manufacturers to be integrated and
and uniform integration of The GSD alone is not sufficient to managed using a single piece of
fieldbuses into automation systems describe the application-specific operator software. The DTM is an
have been developed in order to functions and parameters of executable software component
ensure that a disproportionate complex field devices. A powerful communicating with the engi-
amount of time and effort is not language is required to support the neering system via the FDT
required with respect to installation, engineering system in handling the interface. The ongoing devel-
version management and device parameterization, service, mainte- opment of FDT/DTM technology is
operation. Devices are usually nance, and diagnostics of the in the hands of the FDT Group and
integrated by means of mapping devices. The Electronic Device is subject to international
their functionality to operator Description Language (EDDL), standardization (IEC 62453).
software. The process is optimized standardized in IEC 61804-2, is
by consistent data management used for this purpose. It has been A DTM is a device operator
throughout the life cycle of the further developed by the ECT program by means of which device
system, with identical data (EDDL Cooperation Team), a functionality (device DTM) or
structures for all devices. All cooperative effort including PI, the communication capabilities (com-
standards cited in the following HART Communication Foundation, munication DTM) are made
sections can be used in the Fieldbus Foundation and the operational. It features the
conjunction with PROFIBUS. OPC Foundation. standardized FDT (Field Device
Tool) interface with a frame
An EDD is a text-based device application in the engineering
description which is independent of system. The DTM is programmed
5.1 General Station an engineering system's OS. It in a device-specific fashion by the
Description (GSD) provides a description of the device manufacturer and contains a
functions handled by acyclic separate user interface for each
The GSD is provided by the device communications, including any
manufacturer and is the electronic device. DTM technology is very
graphics-based functions. It also flexible in terms of how it can be
data sheet for the communication provides device information such
properties of any PROFIBUS configured.
as order data, materials, main- The FDT interface is a
device. It is standardized in ISO tenance instructions, etc.
15745 and supplies all information manufacturer-independent, open
necessary to specify the cyclic I/O interface specification which
The EDD provides the basis for the supports the integration of field
communication with a PROFIBUS processing and display of device
master and for the configuration of devices into operator programs
data by the EDD Interpreter. The using DTMs. It defines how DTMs
the PROFIBUS network. A GSD EDD Interpreter is the open
file is in the form of a text-based interact with an FDT frame
interface between the EDDs and application in the operator tool or
description. It contains key the operator program. It provides
information about the device, e.g., engineering system.
the operator program with data for
communication baud rates sup- visualization with a standard look &
ported, possible I/O configurations, feel, regardless of device or
any special features supported and manufacturer.

6. System technology • The “Profile for HART on (TCP/IP, http, SMTP, etc.) with the
PROFIBUS” specification for requirements of industrial com-
the integration of the large munication (real time, determinism,
number of installed HART etc.). In so doing, PROFINET turns
6.1 Paradigm shift in devices into PROFIBUS the success of nearly 20 years'
process automation systems experience of Industrial Ethernet to
its advantage. Real-time
applications and non-time-critical
Process automation is charac- The “Profile for HART on programs (Internet browsers, e-
terized by a number of specific PROFIBUS” specification defines a mail clients, etc.) from the office
features which determine the use profile which is implemented on world can run on the same network
of automation technology to a master and slave above layer 7 cable. The use of Ethernet results
significant extent: the service life of and as such supports the mapping in a uniform company-wide
systems is frequently more than 20 of the client/master/server model of networking technology for both
years; such systems often feature HART onto PROFIBUS. Full office and production. The system
high risk potential and, therefore, compatibility with HART speci- supports communication through-
demand that specific safety fications has been assured by out the production chain…from the
requirements are met; the use of collaboration with the HCF in delivery of materials through the
proven-in-use devices and systems drafting the specification. various phases of the production
is preferred; old and new process and beyond to packaging
technologies must coexist in such a The HART client application is and dispatch.
way that they are functionally integrated in a PROFIBUS master
compatible. and the HART master in a PI has specified the PROFINET
PROFIBUS slave, the latter serving technology as the Ethernet
This coexistence of old and new as a multiplexer and taking over standard for industrial automation.
technologies is a particularly communication with the HART
relevant requirement where devices. A communication channel Potential benefits
communication between field which works independently of the
devices, in-process components
of PROFINET
MS1 and MS2 links has been PROFINET facilitates vertical and
and control systems is concerned. defined for the transmission of
The most frequently used standard horizontal communication from the
HART frames. One HMD (HART field level to the corporate man-
for transferring measured values or master device) can support a
manipulated variables is agement level, thereby significantly
number of clients.
consistently the 4-20 mA signal,
often superimposed with the HART
communication technology proto- PROFIBUS master PROFIBUS slave HART device
col. HART (Highway Addressable
Remote Transducer) is a com-
munication system stan-dardized HART client HART HART
by the HART Communication application master server
Foundation (HCF) which supports
the transmission of additional data, HART profile HART profile HART HART
e.g., limit values, diagnostics data, comm comm
and error messages via the 4-20 7 7
mA signal. 2 2
Where newer systems or system
expansions are being installed, the 1 1
HART communication
use of 4-20 mA technology has
given way to fieldbuses such as
PROFIBUS PA or FF (Foundation
Fieldbus). In order for these PROFIBUS DP
technologies to run side-by-side in Figure 12: HART devices operating via PROFIBUS
a single system, integrated
communication concepts are
required.
6.2 PROFINET in
PROFIBUS offers a particularly automation technology simplifying the link between
effective integrated communication production processes and systems
solution for process automation Industrial Ethernet has been used for production planning and control,
which is essentially based on the in automation technology since the e.g., manufacturing execution
following technologies and mid-eighties to network computers systems (MES) and enterprise
concepts: and controllers. Now, PROFINET resource planning (ERP).
provides an Ethernet-based PROFINET uses globally
• The standard PROFIBUS DP
communication system which is established standard IT services
protocol
able to combine the benefits of and offers scalable real time
• The various profile definitions
office communication communication for all applications
• The “Remote I/O for PA”
specification

in the automation sector. Both technology. This is because devices today that cannot be
real-time and TCP/IP-based installed PA devices can be used in expanded short-term to offer
communications can run PROFINET systems with no equivalent PROFINET-compatible
concurrently on the same cable. changes. To ensure the ability to devices.
The technical integration of integrate these devices into control
process data into the IT systems or asset management There are currently no plans to
infrastructure of the company is systems, mapping onto PROFINET develop PROFINET-compatible
thus much easier than is the case has been added to the PA profile. devices for intrinsically-safe areas
with fieldbus solutions. of process automation due to the
lack of “power over the bus”
Integration of PROFIBUS PA solutions for Ethernet that would
PROFINET for
into PROFINET facilitate the intrinsically-safe
process automation supply of power to devices similar
Now that PROFINET is firmly The focus of the requirements on
the use of PROFINET in process to that supported by 2-wire MBP-
established in factory automation, IS.
its use is being introduced in automation is the consistent
process automation too. The integration of PROFIBUS PA into
strengths of PROFIBUS which have PROFINET. The proxy concept, PROFINET as a
served it so well over the years, which is responsible for conversion communication medium
e.g.., consistent communication between the two communication
systems at both the physical and
between control systems
methods for process and factory In addition to using PROFINET in
automation, the safety and drive communication layers, is part of
this integration. This means that it terms of the above scenarios,
technologies, and application PROFINET is of great importance
profiles for all important applications remains possible to use the
properties of the PROFIBUS PA in the exchange of data between
have all been adopted by control systems. In this respect,
PROFINET. transmission technology developed
specifically for process automation PROFINET in automation systems
The integration of PROFIBUS PA without having to sacrifice the will also perform the task of a
into PROFINET targets the benefits of PROFINET technology. communication backbone which
protection of investments in In addition, there are industry- will interconnect PROFINET
existing PROFIBUS PA specific product offerings of devices directly and PROFIBUS
installations while also exploiting PROFIBUS PA-compatible process PA devices indirectly via proxy
the advantages of the PROFINET solutions.
HMI HMI ES
Controller Controller
FD
G G G
FD
FD FD FD FD
FD FD FD
FD FD FD
HMI: Human Machine Interface

FD
ES: Engineering station
FD: Field device
G: Gateway (Proxy) PROFIBUS PA PROFIBUS PA PROFIBUS DP
Figure 13: PROFINET-based automation system

7. Conformity and
certification
For products of different types and
from different manufacturers to be Device
able to perform various tasks in the under Test
automation process correctly, they
must exchange information over
the bus without errors. A
prerequisite for this is a standards-
compliant implementation of the
communication protocols and
application profiles by the device
Test campaign in
manufacturers. test laboratory
Certificates are issued to prove that
the many devices available (which
vary considerably from
manufacturer to manufacturer and
in terms of their functional scope)
No OK ?
conform to the communication and
profile specifications. Certificates
are issued by the PI certification
body on the basis of a test report Yes
from an accredited PITL. This
provides the user with added
peace of mind with respect to the
interoperability and interchange- Certification
ability of products.
through PI
7.1 Quality control through

certification
Figure 14: Test procedure for certification
To ensure that products are
developed in accordance with the
standards, PI has established a
quality assurance system whereby action before devices are installed The test procedure and sequence
certificates are issued for products in the field. The test also examines for certification are described in the
that meet the necessary the device’s compatibility with other guidelines.
requirements as indicated in a test certified devices. Upon successful
report. completion of the test, the
manufacturer can apply for a 7.2 PA device certification
The aim of certification is to provide device certificate.
users with an assurance that
devices from different Figure 14 shows the basic
The certification procedure is certification procedure for a
manufacturers are capable of fault- based on standard EN 45000. In
free operation when used together. PROFIBUS device (device under
accordance with the requirements test). The devices undergo
The devices are tested by of this standard, the test
independent test laboratories in automated testing based on test
laboratories accredited by PI are scripts. All the results from the
accordance with the approved test not associated with any specific
procedures. This makes it possible individual test steps are recorded
manufacturer. Only these automatically in the device test log.
to identify any misinterpretation of accredited test laboratories are
the standards by developers at an The quality system and
authorized to carry out the device accreditation procedure together
early stage so that manufacturers tests that form the basis for
can take the necessary remedial ensure a consistent level of test
certification. quality at the PITLs.

8. User benefits based on NE72 (NAMUR The PA profile describes how
recommendation 72: “Validation of process devices communicate with
Process Control Systems“), GAMP PROFIBUS masters. In addition to
The concepts of “integration (“Good Automated Manufacturing process variables, status and
instead of user interfaces” and Practice”, UK Pharmaceutical diagnostics information, or
“One technology instead of multiple Industry Computer Validation parameters, can be transferred.
technologies” mean that Forum) and FDA 21 CRF Part 11 The specifications of the profile
PROFIBUS is able to generate (U.S. Food and Drug ensure the interoperability of
significant cost reductions Administration 21 Code of Federal devices from many manufacturers
throughout the life cycle of a Regulations, Part 11: “Electronic within a single system. The best
system: during planning, Records; Electronic Signatures“). way to again a perspective of the
installation, operation and wide and varied range of PA
maintenance, as well as in the PROFIBUS PA meets the devices, host systems and asset
context of system expansions or particular requirements of process management systems available on
upgrades. The provision of automation. It encompasses all the market is to take a look at the
additional information such as technology components used to “Online product guide” at
diagnostics data or supplementary connect intelligent field devices to www.profibus.com.
measured values increases system controllers, control systems and
availability and productivity. engineering stations. These The new diagnostics concept
include, for example, defined in the PA profile paves the
PROFIBUS integration is based on way for comprehensive asset
the standardized “PROFIBUS DP” • 2-wire transmission management and for a shift from
communication protocol, which technology, which facilitates preventive or reactive maintenance
supports a variety of applications in data transmission and power to proactive maintenance or
factory automation and process for devices even in hazardous condition monitoring. PROFIBUS
automation as well as motion areas using easy to handle PA can, therefore, tap into
control and safety-related tasks. concepts (FISCO) and enormous potential for cutting
This integration proves its worth • the PA profile, which describes costs, since field devices
during planning, assembly and the transmission of measured susceptible to wear, e.g., actuators
service while training, values, diagnostics and or ph value analyzers, can be
documentation and maintenance parameters, ensuring the virtually fully utilized and necessary
are required to support only a interoperability of many service operations can be
single technology. Users with different devices. scheduled in line with the
“hybrid” automation tasks in production schedule and/or regular
particular benefit from the unique The simple, transparent topology of downtimes.
ability of the PROFIBUS PROFIBUS PA pays off as early as
technology to seamlessly integrate the planning phase. The scope of Both PROFIBUS and PROFIBUS
process-oriented and factory- documentation can be reduced by PA have been internationally
oriented tasks. This is of particular up to 90% when compared with a standardized by the IEC and are
relevance in the pharmaceutical 4-20 mA installation. During the the most successful and proven
and food industries. commissioning phase, loop checks fieldbus technologies on the
can be completed much more market. Supporting PROFIBUS, PI
These industry sectors also face quickly, significantly reducing the is an organization with
the additional challenge of total time line from planning to representation at national levels,
validation. The US FDA (Food and commissioning. Therefore, competence centers and test
Drug Administration) has set legal PROFIBUS is able to reduce to laboratories in all corners of the
quality requirements that must be time to market. The flexibility of the world. Users from all sectors of
met by these sectors. Accordingly, PROFIBUS installation also makes industry can use PROFIBUS to
the ability of the communication the addition of devices, retrofitting significantly improve their
system used for production to or device replacement easier once production processes and
communicate electronic data with operation is underway. Where add- dramatically reduce total cost of
integrity must be validated. To ons or expansions affecting older ownership.
support this quality validation systems are concerned, 4-20 mA
process, PI has drafted a guideline devices or HART devices can be
describing PROFIBUS functions to integrated into PROFIBUS
support validation. The guideline is installations with ease.

9. PI – PROFIBUS & The Advisory Board of PNO
Germany oversees development 9.5 Training
PROFINET activities. Technological devel-
International opment takes place in the context PI Training Centers (PITCs) have
of more than 50 working groups been set up with the specific aim of
As far as maintenance, ongoing with input from more than 500 establishing a global training
development, and market experts. standard for engineers and
penetration are concerned, open installation technicians. The fact
technologies need a company- that the Training Centers and the
independent institution that can experts who are based there must
9.3 Technical support
serve as a working platform. As for be officially accredited means that
the PROFIBUS and PROFINET PI supports more than 35 quality is assured, not only with
technologies, this was achieved by accredited PICCs worldwide. respect to the PROFIBUS and
founding the PROFIBUS These facilities provide users and PROFINET training offered but
Nutzerorganisation e.V. (PNO) in manufacturers with all types of also of the associated engineering
1989 as a non-profit interest group advice and support. As institutions and installation services. An up-to-
for manufacturers, users, and of PI, they are independent service date list of PITC addresses can be
institutions. The PNO is a member providers and adhere to mutually found on the PI Web site.
of PI (PROFIBUS & PROFINET recognized regulations. The PICCs
International), an umbrella group are regularly audited for their
which was founded in 1995 and suitability as part of an individually 9.6 The Internet:
which now has 25 regional user tailored accreditation process. An An information hub
organizations (RPA: Regional PI up-to-date list of addresses can be
Associations) and approximately found on the PI Web site Up-to-date information about the PI
1,400 members. Thus, it is (www.profibus.com). organization and PROFIBUS and
represented on every continent and PROFINET can be found at
is the world’s largest interest group www.profibus.com. This includes,
for the industrial communications for example, an online product
field. 9.4 Certification
guide, a glossary, a variety of web-
PI supports 8 accredited PITLs based training content and the
worldwide which assist in the download area containing
9.1 Responsibilities of PI certification of products with a specifications, profiles, installation
PROFIBUS/PROFINET interface. guidelines and other documents.
The key tasks performed by PI are: As institutions of PI, they are
• Maintenance and ongoing independent service providers and
development of PROFIBUS adhere to the mutually agreed 9.7 Further reading
and PROFINET. regulations. The testing services
• Promoting the worldwide provided by the PITLs are regularly For more information, please refer
establishment of PROFIBUS audited in accordance with a strict to the book titled “PROFIBUS PA”
and PROFINET accreditation process to ensure by Ch. Diedrich and Th.
• Protection of the investments that they meet the necessary Bangemann; published by the
of users and manufacturers quality requirements. An up-to-date Oldenbourg Industrieverlag (ISBN
through influencing list of addresses can be found on 978-3-8356-3056-7).
standardization efforts the PI Web site.
• Representation of the interests
of members to standards
bodies and unions PI (PROFIBUS & PROFINET International)
• Providing companies with
worldwide technical support Regional PI PI PI
through PI Competence PI Competence Test Training
Centers (PICCs). Associations Centers Laboratories Centers
• Quality control through product
certifications based on
conformity tests at PI test
laboratories (PITL).
• Establishment of a worldwide
training standard through PI
Training Centers (PITC).
9.2 Technological
development
PI has given responsibility for
technological development to PNO
Germany.
Figure 15: PROFIBUS & PROFINET International

Index
Intrinsic safety ............................................. 6, 7
A
M
Acyclic communication ..............................9, 11
Application profile ............................................3 Maintenance ........................................... 15, 16
Asset management..........................................4 Master ............................................................. 9
Asset management system .............................4 MBP ................................................................ 6
Measured value status............................ 13, 16
B MES .............................................................. 18
Block model ...................................................12 Modular devices............................................ 10
MS0/1/2 channel ..................................... 11, 13
C
N
Certification..............................................20, 22
Client/master/server model............................18 NAMUR ......................................................... 21
Commissioning ................................................4 NAMUR NE 107............................................ 15
Compact devices ...........................................10
O
Condition monitoring......................................21
Configuration .................................................10 Operating profile devices .............................. 14
Control system.................................................8 Outbound logistics .......................................... 5
Cyclic communication................................9, 11 Out-of-Specification ...................................... 15
D P
Device integration..........................................17 Parameterization........................................... 16
Device parameters ........................................13 PI ...................................................................22
Diagnostics ..........................................7, 11, 15 PICC.............................................................. 22
Diagnostics concept ..................................4, 16 PITC .............................................................. 22
DP/PA connection ...........................................6 PITL............................................................... 22
DP/PA link........................................................6 PNO .............................................................. 22
Process data ................................................... 4
E PROFIBUS DP............................................ 3, 9
EDD ...............................................................17 PROFIBUS PA................................................ 4
ERP ...............................................................18 Profile for Process Control Devices ................ 3
Explosion protection ........................................6 PROFINET .............................................. 18, 19
PROFIsafe .................................................... 14
F Proxy concept ............................................... 19
Failure............................................................15 R
FDA................................................................21
FDT/DTM .......................................................17 Redundancy.................................................... 8
Fieldbus barrier................................................7 Remote I/O.................................................. 5, 8
Fieldbus diagnostics ........................................7 RPA............................................................... 22
FISCO..............................................................7
S
Function blocks................................................4
Function check ..............................................15 Safety-related applications ........................... 14
Segment couplers ........................................... 6
G Slave ............................................................. 10
GAMP ............................................................21 Slot .......................................................... 11, 13
GSD .........................................................10, 17 System availability .......................................... 4
H T
HART .....................................................5, 6, 18 Technology components............................. 3, 4
Hazardous area ...............................................7 Topology ......................................................... 6
High-power trunk .............................................7 Total cost of ownership ............................. 3, 21
Trunk & spur ............................................... 6, 7
I
V
I&M ................................................................14
IEC 61158/61784.............................................4 VDI/VDE 2650............................................... 15
Inbound logistics ..............................................5
Z
Index ........................................................11, 13
Interoperability ...........................................3, 20 Zones 0/1/2 ................................................. 4, 7

PROFIBUS PA technology and application
System description
August 2007
Order number 4.332
Publisher
PROFIBUS Nutzerorganisation e.V.
Haid-und-Neu-Straße 7
76131 Karlsruhe
Germany
Phone : +49 721 96 58 590
Fax : +49 721 96 58 589
info@profibus.com
www.profibus.com
Exclusion of liability
Although the PROFIBUS Nutzerorganisation has taken the utmost care in compiling the information contained in
this brochure, it cannot guarantee that the content is completely error-free and the PROFIBUS Nutzerorganisation
can assume no liability, regardless of the legal basis for any potential claims. The information in this brochure is
reviewed on a regular basis. Any necessary corrections will be made in subsequent editions. We would be
grateful for any suggestions as to how the content could be improved.
Any designations that appear in this brochure could potentially constitute trademarks. Any use of such trademarks
by third parties for their own ends risks infringing the rights of the proprietors concerned.
This brochure is not intended as a substitute for the applicable IEC standard or for the PROFIBUS & PROFINET
international guidelines and profiles; in cases of doubt, reference must always be made to these official sources of
information.
©Copyright by PROFIBUS Nutzerorganisation e.V. 2007. All rights reserved.

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Introduction

1. Industrial communication with PROFIBUS ...........3 5. Device integration.............................................. 17

3. PROFIBUS communication protocol ....................9 9. PI – PROFIBUS & PROFINET International...... 22

2 PROFIBUS PA technology and application, August 2007

PROFIBUS is the fieldbus-based

PROFIBUS PA technology and application, August 2007 3

4 PROFIBUS PA technology and application, August 2007

Inbound Production Outbound These days, a significant share of

PROFIBUS PA technology and application, August 2007 5

• Ignition protection: Several T

Explosion protection is Spur

Live maintenance on field devices

6 PROFIBUS PA technology and application, August 2007

couplers, bus terminators) are

The FISCO model is based on the

power source (the supply unit). T

PROFIBUS PA technology and application, August 2007 7

(Note: Chapter 4.4 deals with Segment coupler Segment coupler

2.6 Redundancy Segment coupler redundancy Flying Redundancy combined with

(redundant) Active junction boxes

8 PROFIBUS PA technology and application, August 2007

There can be more than one

In order to meet the specific

PROFIBUS PA technology and application, August 2007 9

10 PROFIBUS PA technology and application, August 2007

PROFIBUS PA technology and application, August 2007 11

Sensor and Transducer Function Digital

Figure 8: Functional structure of PA devices

12 PROFIBUS PA technology and application, August 2007

4.3 Device parameters Profibus

The individual data sheets of the

parameter, a distinction is made

between input, output and internal Operator

parameters of another block or by

PROFIBUS PA technology and application, August 2007 13

14 PROFIBUS PA technology and application, August 2007

VDI/VDE Guideline 2650 Sheet 1

PROFIBUS PA technology and application, August 2007 15

a) Control system PAMS b) Control system PAMS

Diagnosis events Diagnosis events

Figure 11: Assignment of a diagnostic event to a value of measured value status

16 PROFIBUS PA technology and application, August 2007

PROFIBUS PA technology and application, August 2007 17

18 PROFIBUS PA technology and application, August 2007

HMI: Human Machine Interface

Figure 13: PROFINET-based automation system

PROFIBUS PA technology and application, August 2007 19

7.1 Quality control through

20 PROFIBUS PA technology and application, August 2007

PROFIBUS PA technology and application, August 2007 21

22 PROFIBUS PA technology and application, August 2007

PROFIBUS PA technology and application, August 2007 23

Order number 4.332

©Copyright by PROFIBUS Nutzerorganisation e.V. 2007. All rights reserved.

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