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ABSTRACT
Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition
Large reductions in low-load NOx emissions can (HCCI) has emerged as a technology with potential for
be obtained by replacing conventional Diesel or spark reducing engine-out emissions and significant research
ignited combustion by HCCI combustion in reciprocating efforts have been directed at understanding the
engines. Currently, HCCI combustion is limited to fundamental mechanisms of this combustion mode in
operating conditions with lean air/fuel ratios or large recent years. HCCI combustion of most fuels displays a
amounts of EGR. However, a numerical model shows peculiar two-stage heat release, as shown in Figure 1.
that, even if high equivalence ratio HCCI operation were The first stage of the heat release curve is associated
satisfactorily attained, the NOx reduction potential vs. DI- with low-temperature kinetic reactions (cool and/or blue
Diesel combustion would be much smaller. Thus, high- flames), and the time delay between the first and main
load HCCI operation may best be obtained through highly heat releases is attributed to the “Negative Temperature
boosted fuel-lean operation. Alternatively, HCCI Coefficient Regime” of these reactions (Furutani et al.,
combustion may be suited well for “dual mode” engine 1993, Pucher et al., 1996). Low-temperature kinetics
applications, in which spark ignition or conventional have been studied for some time, as this chemistry is
Diesel combustion is used to obtain full load. Avoiding responsible for knock in spark-ignition engines (e.g.
wall impingement with heavy fuels is critical for achieving Green et al., 1987, Addargarla et al., 1989). Research
good emissions and fuel consumption, and it appears that conducted with the use of optical diagnostics has shown
a large degree of mixture inhomogeneity can be tolerated that HCCI combustion initiates simultaneously at multiple
from a NOx benefit standpoint. sites within the combustion chamber and that there is no
discernable flame-propagation (e.g. Furutani et al., 1993;
INTRODUCTION Iida, 1994; Aoyama et al., 1996). It has been reported
that, despite the absence of a flame front, the HCCI heat
Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition release rate is not controlled purely by chemical reaction
(HCCI) combustion is achieved when a mixture of air, fuel rates. One group has postulated that turbulent mixing
and recycled combustion products is compressed until it may play an important role in limiting the heat release rate
auto-ignites. This results in heat releasing reactions that (Kong et al., 1992), although this view is not embraced by
initiate simultaneously at multiple sites within the all researchers in the field. Since the combustion
combustion chamber and occur at the global equivalence reactions are not initiated by a spark and are not limited
ratio. Unlike Diesel (diffusion-controlled) combustion, by traditional flame-sheet physics, leaner mixtures can be
HCCI reactions are not necessarily limited by the mixing consumed by HCCI combustion than is possible through
rate at the interface between the fuel jet and oxidizer. other methods. In general, HCCI combustion consists of
HCCI combustion differs from spark-ignited combustion in distributed, fuel-lean reactions and is devoid of localized
that it has no discernible flame front and is devoid of a high-temperature regions or flame fronts.
localized high-temperature reaction region. Thus, HCCI
combustion is generally characterized by distributed, low-
temperature reactions that occur relatively fast.
HCCI engines have demonstrated very low
emissions of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and particulate
matter (PM), as well as high thermal efficiency at part
load. However, there are some difficulties in applying
HCCI combustion to internal combustion engines. This
paper discusses the potential benefits of HCCI engines
and the obstacles that must be overcome to realize those
benefits.
SUMMARY
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