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GENERAL INFORMATION

FROM:
ARDHI UNIVERSITY
P. O. BOX 35124
DAR ES SALAAM
PHONE: 255 022 277 12 72

TO:
UNIVERSITY OF DAR ES SALAAM
ENTERPRENEUSHIP CENTER
P.O. BOX P.O. Box 110099
DAR ES SALAAM

EXPERTISE - PREPARED BY;


HELENA ELINEWINGA - INNOVATIVE ARTWORKS
P.O. BOX 34423, DAR ES SALAAM, TANZANIA
Tax Registration TIN Code: 105 -159-501
Business License Tax Clearance Certificate: 879878
Phone: +255 787 717 790
Email: innovativeinfotz@yahoo.com

WORKING OFFICE - ENVIROCARE


P.O. BOX 9824, DAR ES SALAAM, TANZANIA
Phone: +255 022 2775592 Fax: 255 022 27701407
Email: envirocare@bol.co.tz

TITLE OF THE PROJECT


A BUSINESS PLAN COMPETITION FOR ENTERPRENEWURS THAT
DELIVERS ACCESS TO CLEAN ENERGY IN EAST AFRICA

SPECIFIC INFORMATION
INNOVATION SERVICES AND TOOL-KIT DEVELOPMENT FOR ENERGY
DECENTRALIZATION, INTELLECTUAL RIGHTS MANAGEMENT TRANSIT
AND BUSINENESS EXCHANGE PROGRAMS

TIME FRAME 24 MONTHS TOWARDS INDEPENDENT OPERATIONS

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REFERENCES
No Author, Title, Year Major Findings Knowledge Gap
1. Jagjit Kaur Plahe, The Multilateral In 1960s -70s, there was Sales of products from West
Agreement on Investment: Regulation large amounts of Aid on Streets could be parts of
of Governments and the De-regulation approved as lucrative consistent draught which
of Investors, Eco News, option for powerful force rural urban migration,
Africa May 1999, p. 14 developed countries and for the cause of creating
MNCs. salesmen and women to be
part of the cheap
international labor. Results
are impossible to create
independent minds in
leadership.
2. Heikki Patomaki and Teivo Teivainen, Historical and Causality of hunger, poverty,
Global Political Parties: Toward a futurological imagings of and draught could be
Research Programme, Network world diasporas could be controlled internally and
Institute for Global Democratization, that politics is historically externally due to power of
NIGD Working Paper 1/2006 p. 30 connected to the notion satellites, and nuclear arms.
of a would-be world However, there are different
state, as dictating world ways of finding the truth
politics. about internal and external
causes of draught, and
international products sales
on streets.
3. Scientific Technological Advice Agro-fuels contribute to Supporting of forestation
(SBSTTA), Do agro-fuels really deforestation. projects, related to energy
mitigate climate change? Biological decentralization by creating
Diversity, Paris, 2-6 July 2007 subsistence economies for
poverty reduction. However,
psychological fear regarding
religions, poverty and
hunger is a problem.
4. M.G. Angstreich, M.Jackson, (2008), More than 90% of heat in Tailoring in efficiency and
TaTeDO Integrated Sustainable traditional 3-stones is usability in specification of
Energy Services for Poverty being wasted. dishes, time management
Reduction and Environmental and energy efficiency.
Conservation Program, Norad Efficiency of used
Reviews, 30/2007. improved charcoal stoves Involvement of basic
ranging from 22%-32%. standards of stoves.
Reduction of charcoal Involvement of community
goes from 50%-60%. building projects for
Reduction of collection subsistence economies and
of wood from 5 days to 1 different sources of incomes.
day a week.
5. _____, Organic Agriculture Working FAO has proclaimed The missing gaps are steps
Groups, OA, FAO Inter- organic agriculture as one of training towards socio-
Departmental Organic Perm-felts, of its Priority areas sustainability, the quality of
www.fao.org/organicag life without dictating its
formation.

2
REFERENCES

No Author, Title, Year Major Findings Knowledge Gap

6. Amanda Leigh, Haag, (2008), Envirofit to invest $10 mil, to Projects are done
Environfit’s Effort to produce produce 300,000 stoves by randomly, as pilot
300,000 stoves on Pilot Scale, SHELL Foundation for Indian projects for selling
Colorado State University, Fort Market. Plans are Investments of products very fast,
Collins, New York Times, Jan 23, $25 mil to sponsor stove effort. without community
2008. works projects.
7. ______, (2001), Access to Energy 2 billion people without access Creating methods for
Services for the Rural Poor – Case to modern form of energy. increasing ways of
Studies Bolivia, Vietnam, Tanzania, - Institutions and usability of affordability towards
www.easeweb.org/pdf/article_acess_ energy and water efficient community building
to-energy.pdf . technologies goes through land projects.
lords and feudal lords.
Continuation of vicious circle of
efficient energy and poverty.
8. _____, ( 2008 - 2010), Biofuels So many variations of energy Finding out main
International Expo, Conference efficient technologies listed from reasons for lack of
Reviews Prague – A----Z, but no users. usability of given
www.biofuelsinternationalexpo.com Technologies do not get into technologies, and
users, due to poor institutional increasing of massive
structures. technology waste.
9. Enerst &Young Quality Assurance, BP working with NGOs and Institutional training
(2008), BP working with NGOs and CBOs, because of recognition and creation of transit
CBOs in India, BP – Reviews, for legitimate interest in to bio-fuels must
Generic Articles Section. operations. involve socio-economic
development aspects,
affordability of
products and poverty
reduction; instead of
expansion through land
lords.
10. ____, (2008), Norwegians pulling out Usability of Gas and Biofuels Transit or not transit
from Mnazi Bay Gas Investments, are good for the green house towards bio-fuels?
ARTUMAS Press Reviews, gases reduction. Investors are Data Archive for TPDC
http://www.artumas.com pulling out due to bad socio- illustrates interests of
economic practices. Norwegian Petroleum
____, (2009) Sweden Pulling out of Drilling. Answers
Sekab Plantations for Biofuels, would be through
SEKAB Press Reviews, Norwegian
www.sekab.com representative in
Tanzanian Energy
Department.
11. Olav Kjorven, Not Just Another Many people in developing Street Beggars could be
Commission: How Legal world continue to live and in street for different
Empowerment Could Energize the struggle outside the protection reasons, representation
Fight against Poverty, Legal and opportunities of a of litigations which are
Empowerment a Way Out of functioning rule of law has not impossible, which turns
Poverty, Norwegian Ministry of featured as a major concern in to be their life cycles.
Foreign Affairs, Dec. 2007 – issue the development community. The missing gap is poor
No. 4. urbanization, and lack
of grooming towards
maturity and
independent life.

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ABRIVIATIONS

AFDB ---------- African Development Bank


BP ---------- British Petroleum
CBOs ---------- Community Bases Organizations
COSTEC -------------- Commission for Science and Technology
EU ------------ European Union
MKUKUTA --------- Mpango wa Kukuza Uchumi Tanzania
MKUZA -------- Mpango wa Kukuza Uchumi Zanzibar
NSGRP --------- National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty
MDGs --------- Millennium Development Goals
MNCs --------- Multi National Corporations
NGOs ---------- Non Governmental Organizations
IFM ---------- Institute of Financial Management – Dar es Salaam
IMF --------- International Monetary Fund
SACCOS ---------- Savings and Credit Cooperative Society
TANESCO ---------- Tanzania Electric Supply Company
TANGO ----------- Tanzania Association of Non Governmental Organizations
TPDC

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EXCHANGE PARTNERS - Working Institutions
Immediate Partners
Energy through Enterprise E+Co
FMO
GVEP
Barclays
Jump up

Inter University Partners University of Dar es Salaam Business School


London School of Design
London Museum of Design
Leiden University Political Science and Social Economic Studies
Dar es Salaam Institute for Diplomatic Studies (International and National Migration)
Bergen University
Technology and Design Institutes in the Netherlands
Cambridge University (UK)
Harvard School of Public Health, Cambridge Massachusetts (Boston, USA)
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Boston, USA)
University of Colorado – Fort Collins
University of Dar es Salaam - Institute for Resources Management
NIMRI - Infections Disease Preventions and Malaria Prevention Institute – focusing
Gender Studies and Discrimination in craftsmanship
Veta – Dar es Salaam Vocational Training Institute
Sido, TateDO, and other Machine Tools Parent Companies
Envirocare & Association for Sustainable Energy - Organizations
Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology
Delft Institute of Technology
University of Diehl
Ardhi University
Dar es Salaam School of Engineering
Troidhem University
Danish Institute of Technology
Helsinki University
Stockholm University
Consortium of industries e.g LG, Koehler, Philips, Russell Hobbs, and other stove maker
Bajaj and Bajaj Group/ Association of Fuel Efficiency and Nano-Cars
London Association of Tax-Drivers
Stat Oil Hydro
Local Parent Companies – e.g; Machine Tools and Subsidiaries in Sub-urban areas
Finance for Development
East African Partners; Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Kenya, Tanzania
African Partners
Transit from Oil/ Nuclear Power to Renewable Developing world and Copying Strategies
mechanisms; Nigeria, Algerian, Uganda, Angola, Egypt, Sudan, Tunisia, Ghana, Rep of
Congo, South Africa, and others___.

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GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT

Management of Energy Decentralization, and Intellectual Rights Transfer and


Development of Energy Efficient Products and Services namely:

1) Method of Energy Decentralization for Building Projects.


2) Method of Reducing Traffic and Congestion from motor vehicles, train, buses,
trucks, bicycles, driving training, training of associations in transport sector.
3) Method of finance transfer and Inter continental technology exchange.
4) Energy Efficient Stoves Units for Rural Areas, design of efficiency and usability
5) Energy Efficient Units, efficient use for Small and Medium Scale Businesses.
6) Method of Inter-continental spear parts trading and technology exchange
7) Method of Inter-continental training and grooming of business leaders.
8) Method of Inter-continental craftsmanship training and grooming.
9) Method of Investment opportunities and affordability of Energy Services
Efficient.
10) Method of monitoring Energy Efficient and distribution and Utility bills
11) Efficient Cooking Appliances.
12) Domestic Hydraulics Rocket Stove – Iron Age Technology ( MAKUMBUSHO)
13) Medium Scale Rocket Stove (MAKUMBUSHO).
14) Energy Efficient Air Conditioning installments units and marketing distribution.

The general description of the proposed project is focusing on expertise on


mitigation of energy efficient product development, and services which would discourage
unnecessary rural-urban migration, by controlling rapid population growth, income
inequality; expansion of cities and poor urbanization. The purpose is to achieve National
Millenium Development Goals (MDGs), indicating strategies of poverty reduction, as
well as debt relief, and partnership through carbon reduction trading. In another outlook,
the National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty (MSGRP) focus on growth.
The word growth goes together with rapid urban rural migration, increasing of sales of
used-products with minimum standards of carbon emissions, as well as increasing
probabilities of starting a family at a very young age, for job securities and settlements.

Intensions are creation of projects from local levels towards national, and regional
levels such as; AFDB, then going global with continental collaborators EU, America,
Middle East, Asia including China & India together with the IMF and the World
Bank, having acceptable copying strategies and higher probabilities of loan
repayments. Thereafter, conclusions of the survey would put-out solutions needed to

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correct existing methods of mitigation, since some companies are pulling out of zero-
carbon energy investments as well as discouraging purchasing decisions.

SPECIFIC INFORMATION

Specific information of the project is the creation of business plan of products and
services which supports energy efficiency, being an Umbrella between Research
Institutions, Civil Societies Private Companies and Corporatives. Revenues created
from goods and services are for Inter-University and Inter-Continental carbon trading
research, with the main goal of avoiding overlapping of projects which are not
sustainable. There are examples of foreigners pulling out from green energy production
such as Norway pulling out from Mnazi Bay Gas Exploration and Drilling, having a joint
venture with Canada, (ARTUMAS). Swedish Investors have pulled out from Bagamoyo
Bio-fuel Sugarcane Plantation, having a joint venture with Brazilian Investors (SEKAB).
There is something that domestic energy suppliers need to learn from this, which is re-
grouping the way they conduct energy efficient businesses to reduce existing dilemma of
directions which are still standing in a limbo. The work-out is assuring the transits
towards from oil drilling to sustainable renewable energy. The final output is enabling
affordability of energy efficient services.

Currently, there are so many energy renewable companies with unsustainable measures
towards poverty reduction like so many Bajajis causing traffic congestion in the city
including: Plastic Shredders – from China, Solar and Wind Energy Whole Sellers and
Retailers, as well as garbage to briquette, and garbage to energy companies. There are
also arising bio-fuel technologies such as bio-digesters, in which their designs and
budgeting still do not meet standards of usability and affordability. The project proposal
is going to have innovative financial systems for debt relief through carbon trading, using
intellectual rights tracing, trading and compensations; increasing economy of scale
and affordability; as well as trading trade-secrets and royalties amongst countries,
companies, and civil societies located in developing and developed countries. Since the
financial crisis has brought a lot of trauma, and since products do not stay in the hands of
manufacturer but possibility of being rotten in the hands of shop keepers are enormous,

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therefore, expertise opportunities to avoid yet another crisis is essential if the business
plan concept and competitive programs keep on going.

Product development and services would also focus on monitoring pilot projects,
which are done randomly. These projects do increase energy efficiency, and also part of
increasing technology-waste. Poverty reduction is impossible in these projects because
funds circulate in the hands of few people. Probable examples are that of renewable
energy pilot projects, of making briquettes, hospital incinerations, bio-fuel, small
charcoal stoves; in which others can not make start up projects while others who win the
business plan could create quick start-up plans. There is a lot of funding from different
sources supporting NGOs and CBOs, example of Envirofit plan for creating 300,000
stoves under the support of SHELL Foundation. Many organizations which are working
randomly and differently, lack a vision towards community building projects, creating
poor urbanization, and decreasing efficiency in savings due to narrow markets, low
quality of products having a short time of durability.

Research Institutes such as Ardhi University would work on initial experiment, after
having a product ready; therefore having collaborative work with foreign partner for
mass-production. Other methods of expertise are services provided to cooperatives and a
private companies merging with the local associations for the purpose of decreasing
income inequality and increasing affordability of services. These technologies which are
under going research developments are: Energy Efficient Air Conditioning & Heating
Systems, Flammable Briquette pallets with a mixture of hydro-carbons – plastic
bags, Domestic Hydraulics Rocket Stove – Iron Age Technology, Community
Hydraulics Rocket stoves - Iron Age Technology. The Engineering Department (EE)
and the Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology (DIT) in collaboration with foreign and
domestic Research Institutions and Civil Societies and companies intends to increase
efficiency products future community building projects. Qualitative analysis through
measurements of technology waste, copying strategies is important; this is for the
purpose of monetary compensation, or debt relief through carbon trading, obtaining funds
for ecological building projects in both developed and developing countries.

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Existing Problems/ Problems to be addressed: is the understanding, and
misunderstanding of the meaning of sustainable development, towards mitigation of
energy resources. The existing procedures of doing business is that, MNCs have created
bullying green projects, having bias operations based on religion, economic status, ethnic
background, race, et cetera. These projects are not sustainable. There must be
mechanisms of leading and guiding local communities NGOs, CBOs, as well as domestic
and foreign companies working on sustainable mitigation of energy resources. The focus
of the project is also to create financial structures of (consortium, collective or basket)
funds amongst civil societies, and local governments, working with companies. This is
to avoid allocation of random projects, and poor urbanization. The current system is
that, only those who win the business plan or the given proposal receive a chance to
create energy efficient project. The end-result is that, only the few receive funding
opportunities through pilot projects, the rest of population persist under poverty.
Comparative Examples are Tanzania/Uganda cases of SPGS which supports Private
Forestation, which seem to bring a Psychological fear of some religious groups to be
willing to accept green projects, and getting out of oil exploration.

Establishments of energy efficient projects would target on community building


projects, having supervisions from Research Institutions and Association of Civil
Societies for the purpose of having equal financial distribution and implementation
of intended projects in intended communities. Climate impacts of strategies of
addressing the problem is through; re-structuring institutions in solving socio-
economic problems. The shift towards renewable energy has been that of hide and seek,
and indeed a zero-sum game. Solutions are that, checks and balances of government
audits must be through community from the grass roots and local communities without
bias of religion, race or ethnicity. Currently, only few organizations receive these
opportunities. Impacts are; increasing numbers of renewable energy products, and
decreasing number of users who could afford services and products. The strategy impact
is to reduce the gap of affordability.

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DEVELOPMENT IMPACTS
Development impacts would be future prospects towards poverty reduction, by
innovating methods of increasing savings and efficiency in financial and energy
resources. Prospects are to reduce even a ¼ of the 2 billion population-gaps left out
without access of efficient energy resources. The scope of Information, costs and
justification of costs Requests are USD 150,000 Results of financial and energy savings
would create financial resources through consortium funds in civil societies, and finance
for ecological community building, in terms of houses, and infrastructure.

WHY SO MANY PATNERS


There are so many partners because of reducing margins of trading-derivatives for
those who rush first on the project and leave others behind. The flag of Tanzania was
drawn on large rectangles at first place, but then changed to triangular scales for the
purpose of monitoring triangular derivatives of trade and social economic development.

EXAMPLES OF METHODS OF EXPARTIES SERVICES


No Provided Service Current Method New Method Revenues & Adaptation
1. Method of Energy Insufficient energy supply caused Creation of community Collecting revenues from
Decentralization for every builder to have a standby generators for provided services and
Building Projects generator for emergency during permanent electric expansion of trade.
of solving the power-cuts times. This is possible power to be fed in the Creation of means of
problem for only those who could afford. national grid. revenue distribution for
Locations are sub- sustainable research
wards and sub divisions projects and permanent
of wards. Creation of partnership.
means of affordability
and trade exchange.
2. Method of Reducing Random entry of markets through Training transport Collecting revenues from
Traffic and survival of the fittest, e.g train sector associations. provided services and
Congestion from crashes, truck crashes, crush of Creation of sustainable expansion of trade.
motor vehicles, buses. trading mechanisms. Creation of means of
buses, trucks, train, revenue distribution for
bicycles et cetera. Only minimal training is given Restructuring sustainable research
example Bajaj drivers could use associations in transport projects and permanent
roads without have driving sectors through partnership.
licenses, and move into tax driving assurance and
and bus driving with insufficient insurance. Example Adaptation could be
training. Structures of business are driving training by age restrictions in reducing
through families, causing rapid groups and a number of efficiency by extended
population growth. years, e.g a tax driver in training and usability by
London receives age groups, e.g. the Masai
Owners of a Bajaj in most cases training for two years. are trained through age
must bring a driver from the family groups.
ties; a driver stays in poor urban

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areas, bringing a wife and house Restructuring methods Examples of age 15-25
girl and a child on board for road of vehicles and spear are good for bicycles; Age
security reasons. 100 Bajaj could parts supplies. This is 25 -35are junior starters.
increase up to 5000 people in the including used cars Age 35-45 could have
city. importation and the use responsibilities in
of spear parts tiny investments and
motors vehicles. leadership; Age 45 -55 are
Introducing alternative senior leaders towards
training to compensate retirements, however
terms of trade loss. there are minor intrusion
Negotiating factors which need to be
compensation of monitored.
starting power.

Psychology of training
by age groups starts
from child-hood
psychology of learning
e.g. 2-3 year olds are
good random pencil and
color drawings- without
following borders.
3. Method of finance Survival of the fittest. Random Creation of umbrella to Collecting revenues from
transfer and Inter PPP projects. Poor urbanization, control random projects provided services and
continental miscommunication of product to restrict poor expansion of trade.
technology exchange, acceptance and waste of time. urbanization.
and Other consortium groups receive Monitoring partnerships
partners, while others don’t and intellectual rights.
because of holding each other in
hostage. .

JUSTIFICATION OF SPENDINGS IN DETAILS

BUGDET AND JUSTIFICATION OF SPENDINGS IN DETAILS


EXPERTS INPUT OUTPUT BUGDET & TIME
IN USD
City Council, Innovative Artworks, Innovating new strategies, to avoid Documenting database of
Ardhi Univ, AFDB, Urban - waste of resources, eg. Technology research assignments,
Regional Plan Frame works and waste. EU Investors, EU, Asia, & giving illustration of
transformation. East Africa, and rest of African expected results. Social,
partners. Environmental & Economic
investment goals. ------------ 10,000 (24 months)

COSTEC– Intellectual Rights Testing applications, of intellectual Managing intellectual rights 10,000 (24 months)
Expert in Intellectual Rights Trading rights transformation for individual transformation towards
amongst MNCs. and cooperatives and associations, international city standards.
eg. Tax drivers & owners, bus drivers
& owners, truck drivers and oweners, Managing community based
monitoring the entry and out letting innovations into Intellectual
in their markets, over-all system of rights and business
management and movement of development.
transactions. The goal is cleaning the
city, and maintaining the city in

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international city standards. 30,000 (24months)
Dar es Salaam Business school and Accountings of SACCOS, Assurance Monitoring transformation
Management Accounting - (IFM), and Insurance, of working with Inter- of intellectual rights, and
CBE, Coordinator of Civil Societies University SACCOS and construction of new
& Companies Cooperatives for future usability and technologies
affordability.
20,000 (24 months)
Dar es Salaam Computing Center Practical applications of simple Management of biometrics
& NIMRI Center for disease control biometrics method for resources and and controlling epidemics of
time management. Biometrics diseases via human-anatomy
Applications on monitoring human- and statistical databases to
anatomy eg. Back-pains, malaria, pin -point sources of
breast pains, et cetera. problems. Reducing income
inequality.
20,000 (24 months)
Dar es Salaam College of Transforming innovations from Iron- Building innovations into
Engineering, & Age into built used technology. products, Monitoring
Dar es Salaam Institute of Knowledge of pattern transformation transformation -of
Technology for Inter-University trading. intellectual rights, such as
ready made machinery,
inventions, patterns and
industrial designs.

30,000 (24 months)


Ardhi Univesity , & Dar es Salaam Monitoring and training, and re- Training and re-training of
College of Resources Management, training human resources and human resource by age-
& Moshi Cooperative College. efficient use of technology and groups. Monitoring success
management of technology waste, by and failures of associations
encouraging the formation of and know-how of
association and a know how of intellectual rights.
intellectual rights transfer.

30,000 (24 months)


Creation of Research Centers for Monitoring efficiency in the use of Efficiency in the use of
Land, Financial and Human resources. Both human resources, -----resources, such as land
Resources Management regional financial resources and land use due use, the use of efficient
-wide, such as: Mwalimu Nyerere to creation of rapid educational technologies and of human
Academy University, Mzumbe centers and creation of intellectual capital as the cause of rapid
University, Dodoma University, minds eventually to end-up in slums. expansion of cities. Special
Tumaini University and other education on technology
Universities in Tanzanian regions. Un-willingness of living in rural waste management is
areas because of bad infrastructure inevitable to reduce random
and availability of modern services. private projects. Also a
Creation of availability of services good source of fund raising
and infrastructure to avoid migration. through books created by
association of Inter-
Universities.
Total USD 150, 000

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DUMMY DETAILS OF INITIAL
ACTIVITIES OF MARKETS AND SOURCES OF REVENUES

1. Coordinating training of sources of markets and cost estimates


EXPERTISE SOURCES OF SOURCES OF REVENUES COST ESTIMATES INCOME SURPLUS
SERVICES MARKETS ESTIMATES AFTER TAX

DETAILS OF ACTIVITIES AND COST IN GIVEN SERVICES


EXPERTISE COST PER EXPECTED TOTAL INPUT AND TIME RESPONSIBLE OUT PUT
SERVICES QUANTITY COSTS SCHEDULE EXPERT AND TIME
ITEM SCHEDULE

DETAILS OF INITIAL ACTIVITIES IN THE BUGDET AND GIVEN MARKETS

1. Coordinating training through Inter Universities, Colleges, Associations of


Business Groups and their trainees without chances getting into college, and
creation of database of their activities, database of finance, database of auditing,
database of stock keeping and of sales, database of human resources expenses,
insurance and assurance expenses, database of revenues and distribution of
revenues, as well as database of tax payments and distribution of tax payments
from local community, district, regional and the central government.

Example of Working Schedule

Finance Training Auditing Stock Purchasing Sales Insurance Revenues Taxes Distribution of
Activities Human Expenses keeping Products & Revenues
Estimates Resources and services Assurance amongst
trainers and
medium scale
associations
1.
2.

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2. Coordinating training and transformation of intellectual rights through Inter
Universities, Colleges, and Association of Business groups, and Trainers who are
not in the Academic Fields.

Example of Working Schedule

Finance Training Auditing Stock Purchasing Sales Insurance Revenues Taxes Distribution of
Activities Human Expenses keeping Intellectual & Revenues
Estimates Resources rights and Assurance amongst
patterns trainers
through
books &
lecture
1.
2.

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