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HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY S-72.333 Physical layer methods in wireless
SMARAD Centre of Excellence communication systems
Sylvain Ranvier Path loss Models
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1. Introduction
2. Macrocell path loss models
2.1 Empirical models
2.2 Semi-empirical models
2.3 Deterministic models
The path loss is the difference (in dB) between the transmitted power and the
received power
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HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY S-72.333 Physical layer methods in wireless
SMARAD Centre of Excellence communication systems
Sylvain Ranvier Path loss Models
Empirical models
Deterministic models
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HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY S-72.333 Physical layer methods in wireless
SMARAD Centre of Excellence communication systems
Sylvain Ranvier Path loss Models
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HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY S-72.333 Physical layer methods in wireless
SMARAD Centre of Excellence communication systems
Sylvain Ranvier Path loss Models
Example
To remove effect of fast fading :
each measurement = average of set of samples : local mean
( small area around 10-50 m )
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HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY S-72.333 Physical layer methods in wireless
SMARAD Centre of Excellence communication systems
Sylvain Ranvier Path loss Models
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HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY S-72.333 Physical layer methods in wireless
SMARAD Centre of Excellence communication systems
Sylvain Ranvier Path loss Models
• Urban area : Built up city or large town with large building and houses
Village with close houses and tall
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HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY S-72.333 Physical layer methods in wireless
SMARAD Centre of Excellence communication systems
Sylvain Ranvier Path loss Models
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HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY S-72.333 Physical layer methods in wireless
SMARAD Centre of Excellence communication systems
Sylvain Ranvier Path loss Models
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HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY S-72.333 Physical layer methods in wireless
SMARAD Centre of Excellence communication systems
Sylvain Ranvier Path loss Models
LdB = F + B log10 R – E + G
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HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY S-72.333 Physical layer methods in wireless
SMARAD Centre of Excellence communication systems
Sylvain Ranvier Path loss Models
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HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY S-72.333 Physical layer methods in wireless
SMARAD Centre of Excellence communication systems
Sylvain Ranvier Path loss Models
Restrictions :
• Frequency f between 800 MHz and 2000 Mhz
• TX height hBase between 4 and 50 m
• RX height hMobile between 1 and 3 m
• TX - RX distance d between 0.02 and 5 km
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HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY S-72.333 Physical layer methods in wireless
SMARAD Centre of Excellence communication systems
Sylvain Ranvier Path loss Models
LOS :
LLOS [dB] = 42.6 + 26 log10 d[km] + 20 log10 f [MHz]
NLOS :
LNLOS [dB] = LFS + Lrts (wr, f, ∆hMobile , Φ ) + LMSD (∆hBase, hBase, d, f, bS )
LFS = free space path loss = 32.4 + 20 log10 d[km] + 20 log10 f [MHz]
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HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY S-72.333 Physical layer methods in wireless
SMARAD Centre of Excellence communication systems
Sylvain Ranvier Path loss Models
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HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY S-72.333 Physical layer methods in wireless
SMARAD Centre of Excellence communication systems
Sylvain Ranvier Path loss Models
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HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY S-72.333 Physical layer methods in wireless
SMARAD Centre of Excellence communication systems
Sylvain Ranvier Path loss Models
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HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY S-72.333 Physical layer methods in wireless
SMARAD Centre of Excellence communication systems
Sylvain Ranvier Path loss Models
Two methods for ray tracing : ray imaging and ray launching
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HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY S-72.333 Physical layer methods in wireless
SMARAD Centre of Excellence communication systems
Sylvain Ranvier Path loss Models
• Using detail map of building heights, shapes and positions trace ray paths
Restriction : only single reflection from wall accounted for
• Diffraction calculated using single edge approximation
• Wall reflection are assumed to be fixed at constant value
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HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY S-72.333 Physical layer methods in wireless
SMARAD Centre of Excellence communication systems
Sylvain Ranvier Path loss Models
Two separate path loss exponents are used to characterize the propagation
Similar approach as plane earth loss but two path lengths not necessarily equal
2
− jkr1 − jkr2
1 λ e
2
e
= +R R = Fresnel reflection coefficient
L 4π r1 r2
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HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY S-72.333 Physical layer methods in wireless
SMARAD Centre of Excellence communication systems
Sylvain Ranvier Path loss Models
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HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY S-72.333 Physical layer methods in wireless
SMARAD Centre of Excellence communication systems
Sylvain Ranvier Path loss Models
L= L1 + 20log r + nf af + nw aw
af = attenuation factor per floor
aw = attenuation factor per wall
L1 = reference path loss at r =1 m
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HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY S-72.333 Physical layer methods in wireless
SMARAD Centre of Excellence communication systems
Sylvain Ranvier Path loss Models
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HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY S-72.333 Physical layer methods in wireless
SMARAD Centre of Excellence communication systems
Sylvain Ranvier Path loss Models
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HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY S-72.333 Physical layer methods in wireless
SMARAD Centre of Excellence communication systems
Sylvain Ranvier Path loss Models
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HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY S-72.333 Physical layer methods in wireless
SMARAD Centre of Excellence communication systems
Sylvain Ranvier Path loss Models
5. Conclusion
Empirical models :
• not always accurate enough
• can be used only over parameter ranges included in the original measurement set
Deterministic models :
• require an enormous amount of data to describe fully the cover area
• very important computational effort
Compromise
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HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY S-72.333 Physical layer methods in wireless
SMARAD Centre of Excellence communication systems
Sylvain Ranvier Path loss Models
References :
[1] S. Saunders, Antennas and Propagation for Wireless
Communication Systems, Wiley, 2000, 409 p.
[2] R. Vaughan, J. Bach Andersen, Channels, Propagation and
Antennas for Mobile Communications, IEE, 2003, 753 p.
[3] H. Bertoni, Radio Propagation for Modern Wireless
Systems, Prentice Hall, 2000, 258 p.
[4] K. Siwiak, Radiowave Propagation and Antennas for
Personal Communications, Artech House, 1998, 418 p.
[5] COST231, final report, 1999.
[6] W. Backman, Error Correction on Predicted Signal levels in Mobile
Communications, master thesis, 2003.
[7] J. Rissanen, Dynamic resource reallocation in cellular networks,
master thesis, 2003.
[8] A. Medeisis, A.Kajackas, On the Use of the Universal Okumura-Hata Propagation
Prediction Model in Rural Areas, IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference Proceeding,
Vol. 3, May 2000, pp. 450-453.
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HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY S-72.333 Physical layer methods in wireless
SMARAD Centre of Excellence communication systems
Sylvain Ranvier Path loss Models
Homework :
2) Using the ITU-R model, calculate the path loss at 0.9 GHz in an
office environment, where the distance between Tx and Rx is 10 m,
and they are separated by 1 floor.
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