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A BBINAMENTO S TABILE
SECTION 1.1
Abbinare specializzandi di medicina a degli ospedali
3
Problema dell'abbinamento stabile: input
uno studente per ospedale (per ora)
A. A–Y.
B. B–X.
C. B–Z.
7
Problema dell'abbinamento stabile
10
1. A BBINAMENTO S TABILE
SECTION 1.1
Algoritmo Gale–Shapley di accettazione differita
s rifiuta h.
12
Dimostrazione di correttezza: terminazione
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th
A V W X Y Z V B C D E A
B W X Y V Z W C D E A B
C X Y V W Z X D E A B C
D Y V W X Z Y E A B C D
E V W X Y Z Z A B C D E
n(n-1) + 1 proposte
13
Dimostrazione di correttezza: abbinamento perfetto
Caso 2: h si è proposto ad s.
⇒ s ha rifiutato h (immediatamente o più tardi)
⇒ s preferisce il suo partner hʹ ad h.
h – sʹ
⇒ h–s non è instabile.
gli studenti possono solo
"guadagnare" hʹ – s
⋮
In ogni caso, la coppia h–s non è instabile. ▪
Abbinamento M*
15
Riepilogo
16
Domande cui dobbiamo ancora rispondere
17
Abbinamento stabile: quiz 2
18
1. A BBINAMENTO S TABILE
SECTION 1.1
Comprendere la soluzione
Per una data istanza del problema, possono esistere più abbinamenti stabili.
A X Y Z X B A C
B Y X Z Y A B C
C X Y Z Z A B C
un'istanza con due abbinamenti stabili: S = { A-X, B-Y, C-Z } e S′ = { A-Y, B-X, C-Z }
20
Comprendere la soluzione
A X Y Z X B A C
B Y X Z Y A B C
C X Y Z Z A B C
un'istanza con due abbinamenti stabili: S = { A-X, B-Y, C-Z } e S′ = { A-Y, B-X, C-Z }
21
Abbinamento stabile: quiz 3
6 abbinamenti stabili
A.
{ A–W, B–X, C–Y, D–Z }
A Y Z X W W D A B C
B Z Y W X X C B A D
C W Y X Z Y C B A D
D X Z W Y Z D A B C
22
Abbinamento stabile: quiz 3
6 abbinamenti stabili
A.
{ A–W, B–X, C–Y, D–Z }
A Y Z X W W D A B C
B Z Y W X X C B A D
C W Y X Z Y C B A D
D X Z W Y Z D A B C
23
Comprendere la soluzione
24
Ottimalità per gli ospedali
SECTION 1.1
Estensioni
28
Contesto storico
We report on the design of the new clearinghouse adopted by the National Resident
Matching Program, which annually fills approximately 20,000 jobs for new physi-
cians. Because the market has complementarities between applicants and between
positions, the theory of simple matching markets does not apply directly. However,
computational experiments show the theory provides good approximations. Fur-
thermore, the set of stable matchings, and the opportunities for strategic manipu-
lation, are surprisingly small. A new kind of “core convergence” result explains
this; that each applicant interviews only a small fraction of available positions is
important. We also describe engineering aspects of the design process. (JEL C78,
B41, J44)
The entry-level labor market for new physi- employment, rather than waiting to participate
cians in the United States is organized via a in the larger market. (By the 1940’s, contracts 29
centralized clearinghouse called the National were typically being signed two years in ad-
Premio Nobel per l'Economia 2012
Alvin Roth. Ha applicato Gale–Shapley agli abbinamenti tra specializzandi
ed ospedali, tra studenti e scuole, e tra donatori di organi e pazienti.
ABSTRACT
Edge%Server%
This paper “peeks under the covers” at the subsystems that Overlay%
provide the basic functionality of a leading content deliv- Rou4ng%
ery network. Based on our experiences in building one of Client%
the largest distributed systems in the world, we illustrate
how sophisticated algorithmic research has been adapted to
balance the load between and within server clusters, man-
age the caches on servers, select paths through an overlay
routing network, and elect leaders in various contexts. In
each instance, we first explain the theory underlying the Origin%
algorithms, then introduce practical considerations not cap-
tured by the theoretical models, and finally describe what is Content%
implemented in practice. Through these examples, we high- Authorita4ve%Name%Server%
DNS% %(Global%and%Local%Load%
light the role of algorithmic research in the design of com-
Balancing)%
plex networked systems. The paper also illustrates the close
synergy that exists between research and industry where
research ideas cross over into products and product require-
ments drive future research.
Figure 1: A CDN serves content in response to a
1. INTRODUCTION client’s request.
The top-three objectives for the designers and operators
of a content delivery network (CDN) are high reliability, 31
fast and consistent performance, and low operating cost. CDN’s authoritative name server. The authoritative name
While many techniques must be employed to achieve these server examines the network address of the resolving name
1. P ROBLEMI R APPRESENTATIVI
‣ abbinamento stabile
‣ cinque problemi rappresentativi
SECTION 1.2
Schedulazione di intervalli
h
time
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
33
Schedulazione di intervalli pesati
Input. Un insieme di lavori con tempi di inizio e di fine e con dei pesi.
Scopo. Trovare un sottoinsieme a peso massimo di lavori mutuamente
compatibili.
23
12
20
26
13
20
11
16
time
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
34
Abbinamento bipartito
abbinamento
35
Insieme indipendente
insieme indipendente
36
Locazione competitiva di impianti
10 1 5 15 5 1 5 1 15 10
37
Cinque problemi rappresentativi
38