PROTECTION AND CONTROL EQUIPMENT
FOR TRANSFORMER OF ELECTRICAL SUBSTATION
ECHIPAMENT DE PROTECTIE, COMANDA-CONTROL
TRANSFORMATOARE DIN STATIILE ELECTRICE DE TRANSFORMARE
Alexandru VASILIEVICI
Universitatea Politehnica Timisoara, Romania
B-dul V.Parvan, nr.2
Tel./Fax.: +40 (0)256 204364, E-mail: sandi@et.utt.ro
Gheorghe MORARU
B-dul Coposu, nr.1, Smart Sibiu, Romania
Tel. +40 (0)269 207090, Fax +40(0)269 207071, E-mail: misu@sts.ro
Rezumat: Lucrarea analizeaza principalele functii de protectie
utilizate pentru protejarea transformatoarelor de putere. Functiile
mai putin utilizate in terminalele numerice sunt apoi succinct
prezentate. Schemele logice de realizare a protectiei diferentiale
si maximale in TPT 100 sunt descrise in continuare. In incheiere
sunt prezentate principalele avantaje oferite de protectiile digitale.
Keywords: Protectia diferentiala, terminale numerice de protectie,
TPT 100.
1. Introducere
Releele de protectie bazate pe microprocesoare, frecvent
denumite relee numerice sau terminale numerice sunt utili-
zate pe scara larga pentru protejarea LEA de transport sau
transformatoarelor de putere din statiile de inalta tensiune.
Utilizarea mai frecventa, comparativ cu releele electrome-
canice sau statice se datoreaza unor avantaje pe care le ofera.
Comunicatia in retele locale dedicate la nivelul celulei si la
nivelul statiei, interfata de comunicatie om-masina ar fi printre
cele mai importante. Functia de autosupraveghere este una din
cele mai importante pentru optimizarea mentenantei protectiei.
Totusi, integrarea la acelasi nivel a multiplelor functii de
protectie comanda si autosupraveghere conduce la reduce-
rea substantiala a volumului de circuite secundare din statie,
reducerea probabilitatii de aparitie a erorilor umane si
imbunatatirea compatibilitatii electromagnetice.
Grupele de seturi de reglaje multiple ofera posibilitatea
integrarii releului in configuratia actuala a statiei si
sistemului energetic. Solutia uzual folosita in acest caz
este schimbarea grupei de reglaje fie prin legatura de
comunicatie de la PC, fie prin utilizarea intrarilor opto-
izolate dedicate acestui scop.
Neajunsurile sunt: nevoia de ingineri protectionisti foarte
indemanatici si experimentati, setari mai multe de calculat si
transferat apoi releului, analiza mai in detaliu a sistemului si
multe probe de efectuat cu releul. Cantitatea de documentatie
tehnica care trebuie studiata si aplicata este mult mai mare
comparativ cu cea pentru releele clasice. Cerinta configurarii
releului este, poate, cea mai dificila problema pentru inginerul
protectionist cand are de-a face cu protectii numerice. Pe de-
alta parte aceasta facilitate ofera largi posibilitati de integrare
a releelor numerice in orice fel de aplicatie. Configurarea cere
mult timp pentru implementarea si testarea atenta a releului.
Florin BALASIU
B-dul Coposu, nr.1, STEE Sibiu, Romania
Tel: +40(0)269 207100
Fax: +40(0)269 210101, E-mail: florin@sts.ro
Abstract: The paper analysis the principal protection functions
used in the power transformer protective systems. The not
frequently used protection functions are then succinct presented. The
overcurent and differential protections logic schemes from
TPT100 are described further on. In the final part are presented the
principal advantages of numerical protections
Keywords: Differential protection, numerical protection terminal,
TPT100
1. Introduction
Microprocessor based relay protection, often called
numerical relays or numerical protection terminals are used
on large scale to protect the overhead transmission lines
or power transformers in high voltage substations.
The extended use of such devices is due to some certain
advantages when compared to the old electro-mechanical
protection relays or even to the static protection relays. Among
these, communication in a local dedicated area network at bay
level and at the substation level as well as the human-machine
communication interface is perhaps the most important.
The self-supervision function is another important func-
tion that optimizes the protection maintenance. Nevertheless,
integration of multiple protection functions and even control
and supervision functions provide reduced size of wires in
the substation, thus reducing also the probability of human
mistakes and improving electromagnetic compatibility.
Multiple setting groups offer the possibility to fit the relay
to the current substation or power system configuration. The
typical solution in this case is to change setting groups either
via a PC communication link or by use of multiple optical-
isolator inputs dedicated to change among setting groups.
The drawback is the need of more skilled protection
engineers, more settings to be calculated and transferred
to the relay, more detailed system analysis and intensive tests
of the relay. Even the large amount of technical documen-
tation to be studied and applied represents more than usually
needed for classical relays. The need of numerical relay
configuration is perhaps the most difficult task for a protec-
tion engineer when dealing with numerical relays. Although
this feature gives large possibilities to fit numerical relays
to any kind of application, configuration takes a lot of time
to be implemented and to be carefully tested.

526
2. Protectia transformatoarelor de forta
Practica protectiei transformatoarelor de forta include
o varietate de scheme de protectie si filozofii in functie de
nivelul de tensiune si marimea transformatorului [3].
CBA CTA TR CTB
Trip 2
Trip 1
Trip 1
VT A VTB
DIF1
DP1
DP2
DIF2
Cele mai utilizate transformatoare de forta la 220/ 400 kV
sunt autotransformatoarele.
Lucrarea prezinta filozofia si functiile de protectie pentru
autotransformatoare 220/110 kV, 200 MVA. Schema bloc a
protectiei transformatoarelor de putere este prezentata in fig.1.
Principalele cerinte asociate cu tipul autotransformatorului
sunt prezentate mai jos [4]:
• Detectarea si declansarea la defecte la pamant in interiorul
cuvei sau la defecte evolutive;
• Detectarea si declansarea la defecte la pamant in exte-
riorul cuvei sau la defecte evolutive;
• Detectarea si declansarea pentru defecte intre spire;
• Detectarea si limitarea temperaturii superioare a ule-
iului si temperatura infasurarii;
Pentru acoperirea acestor principale tipuri de defecte ur-
matoarele functii sunt utilizate in cadrul protectiilor numerice:
• Functia de protectie diferentiala pe ambele niveluri de
tensiune (DIF1 si DIF 2 in fig. 1). Ar trebui sa aiba princi-
pii diferite de functionare ;
• Functia de protectie de distanta pentru ambele nivele de
tensiune (DP1 si DP2 in fig.1). Ar trebui sa aiba principii
diferite de functionare;
• Functia DEF cu caracteristica indepententa pentru ambele
nivele de tensiune. Ar trebui sa aiba principii de functio-
nare diferite;
• Functia de suprasarcina. Modelul termic este preferat ;
• Relee de protectie mecanice (gaz, ulei, presiune, G in
fig.1). Uzual numai functionarea releelor este suprave-
gheata prin intrarile binare ale releelor numerice;
• Functiile de inregistrator de evenimente si defecte;
• Functia de autosupraveghere.
2.1. Functia de protectie diferentiala cu franare
Schema de principiu a protectiei diferentiale este prezen-
tata in fig.2, pentru functionarea in conditii normale si pentru
un defect exterior zonei de lucru. ATR este autotransfor-
matorul protejat, CT1(2) sunt transformatoarele de curent,
iar I> este elementul diferential.
Caracteristica de actionare a diferentialei cu franare pre-
zentata in fig.3, este de obicei o caracteristica cu doua pante
(p0, p1). Valorile de lucru si de franare se obtin din doua
seturi de curenti trifazati, dupa egalizarea curentilor secundari
si dupa compensarea unghiului de defazaj introdus de schema
de conexiuni a ATR. Valoarea de lucru (id) pentru fiecare
faza se calculeaza ca suma vectoriala de fazori. Valoarea
de franare (if) pentru fiecare faza se calculeaza ca jumatatea
sumei modulelor.
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The 5 International Power Systems Conference
2. Power transformer protection
Power transformer protection practices include a variety
of protection schemes and philosophies depending on the
voltage level and power size.
CBB
Trip 2
Fig. 1. Schema bloc a protectiei transformatoarelor
Fig. 1. Power Transformer Protection Layout
The most widely used transformers at 220-400 kV are the
autotransformers.
The paper presents the protection philosophy and protec-
tion functions for autotransformers 220/110 kV, 200MVA. The
power transformer protection basic layout is shown in fig. 1.
The essential requirements associated with such kind
of autotransformers are listed below:
• Detect and trip for internal tank faults to ground or to
alternate phases;
• Detect and trip for external tank faults to ground or to
alternate phases;
• Detect and trip for internal turn-to-turn faults;
• Detect and limit for top oil temperature over-rise and
hot spot winding temperature;
To cover these main fault types, the following protection
functions are used inside the numerical relays:
• Differential phase protection function on both voltage
levels (DIF1 and DIF2, in fig. 1). These should be of
different operation principles;
• Distance protection function on both voltage levels (DP1
and DP2, in fig. 1). These should be of different operation
principles;
• DEF protection function, definite-time characteristic,
on both voltage levels. These should be of different
operation principles;
• Overload function, thermal model preferred;
• Mechanical (gas, oil or fault pressure) protection relays
(G in fig. 1). Usually, only the relays operation is super-
vised by the numerical relay via binary inputs;
• Disturbance recording and event recording functions;
• Self-supervision function.
2.1. Restraint Differential Protection Function
The basic scheme for the differential protection function
is shown in fig. 2, for operation under normal conditions
or for an out-of-zone fault. ATR is the protected Autotrans-
former, CT1 (2) are the two sets of current instrument trans-
formers and I> the differential element.
The restraint differential characteristic, shown in fig. 3,
is usually a double slop (p0, p1) characteristic. The Operate
and Restraint values are obtained from the two sets of three-
phase currents, after compensation for CT’s ratio and after
compensation for phase angle effects introduced by winding
connection of the ATR. The Operate quantities (id) for each
phase are calculated as sum in a pharos addition. The
Restraint quantities (if) for each phase are calculated as
sum in a scalar addition and divided by two.
06-07.11.2003, Timişoara, Romania
id/in
p0 p1
id10 A A2 A3
1
1
id1
idx
id0
0
0 if0 ifx if1 if10 if/in
Fig. 3. Percentage Restraint Characteristic
Fig.3. Caracteristica de actionare
Functia de protectie diferentiala (DPF) indeplineste
urmatoarele cerinte :
• Timpul de declansare (tipic 50-60 ms) este suficient de
scurt pentru a asigura stabilitatea sistemului;
• Securitate mare si o dependabilitate buna;
• Indeplineste cerintele pentru curenti de defect interni
de valoare medie si mare ;
Are, deasemenea limite ;
• nu detecteaza curenti de defect interni de amplitudine mica;
• defectele intre spire sunt greu de detectat cu aceasta
functie de protectie;
• limitele temperaturii superioare a uleiului si temperaturii
infasurarii nu pot fi detectate de aceasta functie de protectie.
Chiar daca indeplineste un numar mare de cerinte pro-
tectia diferentiala (DPF) trebui asociata cu alte echipamente
(de ex. relee de protectie mecanice, protectia diferentiala
fara franare, functia de suprasarcina etc.) pentru asigurarea
unei protectii complete a autotransformatorului.
2.2. Functia de protectie maximala
Protectia homopolara (DEF) este destinata protejarii
autotransformatorului impotriva defectelor cu pamantul
nedetectate de celelalte functii de protectie, in particular
defecte cu rezistenta mare la locul de defect. Uzual aceasta
functie de protectie este disponibila in releele numerice de
distanta si nu este necesar un releu distinct.
Pentru semnalizarea de suprasarcina, utilizam inca functia
maximala de curent simpla in locul functiei de model termic.
Aceste functii sunt utilizate pentru a emite o semnalizare
in cazul supraincarcarii autotransformatorului.
2.3. Functii de protectie rar folosite
Printre functiile mai rar utilizate, din punctul nostru de
vedere, amintim urmatoarele :
• Functia de supraexcitatie. Se bazeaza pe criteriul V/Hz si
uzual realizeaza protectia blocurilor transformator-
generator;
• Protectia diferentiala reziduala cu rezistenta mare. Este
specializata pentru protejarea impotriva defectelor din
infasurari la masa in aplicatiile unde saturatia TC poate
afecta protectia diferentiala normala;
• Functii maximale de curent de secventa inversa, funtia
minimala de tensiune etc.
3. TPT 100 - echipament numeric pentru 110 kV
Principalele caracteristici propuse pentru terminalul
TPT100 [1, 2]:
• schema de protectie pentru transformator cu doua
infasurari;
• protectie diferentiala cu franare cu sensibilitate si
selectivitate mare ;
527
I1 ATR I2
CT1 CT2
i1 i2
id
I>
Fig. 2. Principiul protectiei diferentiale
Fig. 2. Differential Protection
The Differential Protection Function (DPF) fulfills the
following requirements:
• Tripping times (typically 50-60 ms) are fast enough to
preserve system stability;
• High security and good dependability;
• Meets requirements for internal medium to high current
faults and meets requirements for external faults;
There are also some limits:
• Does not detect low magnitude internal faults;
• Turn-to-turn faults are difficult to be detected by this
protection function;
• Top oil and winding temperature limits are not detected
by this protection function.
The DPF although meets a large number of protective
relaying requirements must be combined with other protec-
tive devices (e.g. mechanical protection relays, unrestraint
differential protection, overload protection function, etc.)
to provide full autotransformer protection.
2.2. Overcurrent Protection Functions
The DEF protection is intended to protect the autotrans-
former against ground faults not detected by the other associ-
ated protection function, particularly for high resistance ground
faults. Usually this protection function is available in the nu-
merical distance relay and does not require a stand-alone relay.
For overload alarm we still use simple over current pro-
tection functions instead of thermal model functions. These
functions are used to issue an alarm in case of autotrans-
former overloading.
2.3. Not Frequently Used Protection Functions
Among protection functions not frequently used we
point out the following:
• Over-excitation protection function. The function is based
on the Volt/Hertz criterion and usually covers generation
transformer protection.
• Residual high resistance differential protection function.
The protection is specialized to protect for winding
faults to ground in application where CT saturation
could affect normal DPF. Except of shunt reactors this
type of protection is not used in the transmission grid.
• Miscellaneous over current protection functions, negative
sequence over current protection functions, under voltage
protection functions, etc
3. TPT 100 - numerical equipment for 110kV
Principal characteristics of proposed terminal TPT 100:
• protection schemes for two or three windings;
• percentage restraint differential protection function with
high sensitivity and selectivity;
• instantaneous differential protection for heavy internal
faults in the transformer;

528
• protectie diferentiala instantanee impotriva defectelor
interne violente ;
• protectia diferentiala include o caracteristica cu una sau
doua pante;
• eliminarea automata a componentei homopolare ;
• principiu de functionare bazat pe blocarea actionarii la ar-
monica 2 si 5 in conditii de soc de curent si supraexcitatie;
• elementul de recunoastere a armonicii a 5-a emite o alarma
de prevenire a operatorului de conditiile de supraexcitatie;
• protectii maximale de curent instantanee si temporizate;
• protectia maximala / minimala de tensiune temporizate ;
• functia de DRRI activata in cazul refuzului de declansare
a bateriei de condensatoare ;
• intrari optocuploare pentru monitorizarea functionarii
protectiilor exterioare ;
• functii de masura si afisare locala;
• functia de masura si afisare la distanta ;
• functia de inregistrator de evenimente ;
• facilitati de testare ;
• posibilitatea comunicatiei la distanta ;
• functia de continua autosupraveghere.
3.1. Realizarea protectiei maximale
Schema logica echivalenta pentru functia de protectie
maximala de curent nr. 1 aferenta infasurarii nr.1 trafo (de
regula infasurarea 110 kV) se prezinta in fig. 4.
Semnificatia notatiilor este urmatoarea:
• IR_w1 (IS_w1, IT_w1) – valoarea efectiva a intensitatii
curentului prin faza R (S,T) a infasurarii nr. 1 (110 kV) a
transformatorului;
• I1regl_w1 – valoarea reglata pentru actionarea protectiei
maximale de curent nr. 1, pentru infasurarea nr. 1 a
transformatorului de forta (w1);
• IR1w1_v1 (IS1w1_v1, IT1w1_v1) – variabila logica
egala cu '1', daca valoarea intensitatii curentului faza R
(S, T) este mai mare decit I1regl_w1. Variabila logica
trece in '0', daca valoarea intensitatii curentului faza R
(S, T) este mai mica decat 0.95*I1regl_w1;
• IR1w1_v2 (IS1w1_v2,IT1w1_v2) - variabila logica de
iesire;
• IR1w1_v3 (IS1w1_v3,IT1w1_v3) - variabila logica de
iesire;
• IR1w1_v4 (IS1w1_v4,IT1w1_v4) - variabila logica de
iesire;
• IR1w1_v5 (IS1w1_v5,IT1w1_v5) - variabila logica de
iesire;
• IR1w1_v6 (IS1w1_v6,IT1w1_v6) - variabila logica de
iesire;
• EnImax1_w1 – variabila logica egala '1", daca se
valideaza prin soft actionarea protectiei Imax1_w1
• BlkImax_w1 – variabila logica de intrare pentru blocul
functiei Imax1_w1. Este destinata blocarii actionarii
Imax1_w1 prin conectare soft cu o iesire a unui bloc
de protectie sau cu o variabila logica parametrizabila;
• BlkextImax_w1 – variabila logica de intrare pentru blocul
functiei Imax1_w1. Este destinata blocarii actionarii
Imax1_w1 prin conectare soft cu o intrare fizica (de exp.
DI5) a terminalului. Variabila BlkextImax1_w1 este
conditionata de variabila SelBlkImax1_w1;
• SelBlkImax1_w1 – variabila logica egala '1', daca se
valideaza prin soft asignarea intrarii fizice pentru blocaj
extern in scopul blocarii externe a functiei Imax1_w1;
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The 5 International Power Systems Conference
• fixed or variable percentage restraint differential protection
function including a single or a dual slope characteristic;
• automatic zero-sequence component removal;
• second and fifth harmonic blocking principle of operation
for magnetising inrush and over excitation conditions;
• the fifth harmonic recognition element issues an alarm
to prevent the operator about over excitation conditions;
• instantaneous and time delayed over current protection;
• time delayed over/under voltage protection functions;
• breaker failure protection functions activated in case
of shunt capacitance breaker failure;
• several opto-isolated inputs to monitories operation of
external protections;
• local measurement and display function;
• remote display of measurements;
• event recording function;
• disturbance recording functions;
• testing facilities;
• remote communication capabilities;
• continues self-supervision function.
3.1. Maximal protection achieve
The equivalent logical diagram for the no 1 maximal current
protection function afferent to no 1 transformer winding (usu-
ally the 110 kV winding) is shown in picture 4. Notations:
IR_w1
IR1w1_v1
&
IR1w1_v2
IS_w1
IS1w1_v1
&
IS1w1_v2
IT_w1
IT1w1_v1
IT1w1_v2
&
I1rgl_w1
EnI1-w1
Timer-1
I1w1_v3 T1A I1w1_v5
>1
EnImax1_w1 0
I1w1_v3
BlkImax1_w1
BlkextImax1_w1
&
&
I1w1_v4 I1w1_v4
SelblkImax1_w1
Timer-2
T2A I1w1_v6
0
&
Blkext_IN
Fig. 4. Maximala de curent nr. 1, infasurarea nr.1
Fig. 4. Overcurrent protection for winding no.1
• IR_w1 (IS_w1; IT_w1) - current strength actual value in
no 1 transformer winding R (S, T) phase;
• I1regl_w1 - adjusted value for no 1 maximal current pro-
tection automatic drive, for no 1 transformer winding (w1);
• IR1w1_v1 (IS1W!_v1, IT1W!_v1) - logical variable,
equal to "1" if phase R (S, T) current strength value is
more that I1regl_w1. Logical variable goes to "0"
• if phase R (S, T) current strength value is less that
0.95*I1regl_w1;
• IR1w1_v2 (IS1w1_v2,IT1w1_v2 ) - output logical variable;
• IR1w1_v3(IS1w1_v3,IT1w1_v3) - output logical variable;
• IR1w1_v4(IS1w1_v4,IT1w1_v4) - output logical variable;
• IR1w1_v5(IS1w1_v5,IT1w1_v5) - output logical variable;
• IR1w1_v6(IS1w1_v6,IT1w1_v6) - output logical variable;
• EnImax1_w1 - logical variable, equals to "1" if protection
automatic drive Imax1_w1 is made by soft;
• B1kImax_w1 - input logical variable for Imax1_w1
function. It is made for Imax1_w1 automatic drive inter-
locking by soft connection with a protection block output
or with a setable logical variable;
06-07.11.2003, Timişoara, Romania
• Blkext_IN – variabila logica de intrare pentru blocul
functiei Imax1_w1, destinata conectarii soft la intrarea
fizica a terminalului in scopul blocarii din exterior a
functiei Imax1_w1;
• EnI1_w1 – variabila logica care in starea '0' blocheaza
orice actionare a functiei Imax1_w1;
• Timer-1 – element de temporizare la actionare. Tempo-
rizarea la actionare 'T1A' se regleaza in cadrul
meniului de parametrizare a functiei Imax1_w1;
• Timer-2 – element de temporizare la actionare.
• Temporizarea la actionare 'T2A' se regleaza in cadrul
meniului de parametrizare a functiei Imax1_w1.
3.2. Realizarea protectiei diferentiala
3.2.1. Protectia diferentiala instantanee
Functia de protectie diferentiala instantanee este destinata
eliminarii defectelor insotite de curenti mari de defect din
zona protejata. Aceasta functie este similara functiei de
protectie diferentiala cu actiune de frinare, cu exceptia:
• nu are actiune de frinare
• nu este afectata de blocajul la socul curentilor de
magnetizare
• nu este afectata de blocajul extern
Functia de protectie diferentiala instantanee indeplineste
ecuatia (1) prin prelucrarea curentilor egalizati si compensati
de pe cele doua infasurari ale trafo de forta.
Comutatoarele kdifn (n = R, S,T) au aceeasi functie ca
cele pentru protectia diferentiala cu actiune de frinare si
sint comandate de aceleasi variabile logice in cadrul aceluiasi
meniu de parametrizare. Variabila logica EnIdif_instant
permite actionarea functiei protectiei diferentiale instantanee
daca EnIdif_instant = DA in cadrul meniului de parametri-
zarea protectiei diferentiale (cu actiune de frinare si instan-
tanee). Daca EnIdif_instant = NU functia nu este activa.
IdifInst
idR kdifR
id_insR_dem
&
EndifR
idS kdifS
id_insS_dem
& Fig. 5. Schema protectiei dierentiale
EndifS
idT kdifT
id_insT_dem
id10 &
EnIdifT
EnIdif_instant
Pragul de actionare (id10) trebuie reglat suficient de ri-
dicat pentru a nu conduce la declansari neselective la socul
curentului de magnetizare, dar suficient de scazut pentru a
permite actionarea functiei la defecte interne violente.
Valori uzuale id10 = 8 … 10 in.
id ≥ id10, indiferent de if (1)
cu id10 [u.r] valoare de reglaj
529
• B1kextImax_w1 - input logical variable for Imax1_w1
function. It is made for Imax1_w1 automatic drive inter-
locking by soft connection with a physical input (eq: DI 5).
B1kImax_w1 is conditional with SelB1kImax1_w1.
• SelB1kImax1_w1 - logical variable, equal to "1" if it
is a soft validation of extern blockage physical input
for the purpose of Imax1_w1 function outside blocking;
• EnI1_w1 - logical variable which, in state "0",
interlock any Imax1_w1 function automatic drive;
• Timer-1 - time delay automatic drive element. 'T1A' time
delay is set in Imax1_w1 function control data menu;
• Timer-2 - time delay automatic drive element. 'T2A' time
delay is set in Imax1_w1 function control data menu.
3.2. Differential protection achieve
3.2.1. Instantaneous differential protection
Instantaneous differential protection function is made for
high current fault elimination in protected area. This function
is analogous with the brake action differential function,
except:
• it have no braking action;
• it have no effect at interlocking of magnetisation current
shock
• it have no effect at extern interlocking
Instantaneous differential protection function accomplish
equation (1) by processing compensated and equalized
currents of the two transformer chain windings .
The switches kdifn (n = R, S, T) have the same function
like the braking action differential protection and they are
commanded by the same logical variables in the same com-
mand menu. Logical variable EnIdif_instant allow the
automatic drive of instantaneous differential protection
function if EnIdif_instant = YES in differential protection
command menu setting (with brake and instantaneous
action). If EnIdif_instant = NO function is not active.
id_insR_decl
id_insS_decl
instantanee
Fig.5. Logic scheme for instantaneus
differential protection
id_insT_decl
id_ins_decl
>1
Control resolution (id10) must be set high enough for
not to engender unselective activations at magnetization
current shock, but low enough to allow function automatic
drive for violent internal faults.
Used values: id10 = 8…10 in.
id ≥ id10, indiferent de if (1)
with id10[u.r] = setting value
 th
530 The 5 International Power Systems Conference

3.2.2. Protectia diferentiala – formarea semnalelor 3.2.2. Differential protection - signal building
Schema de principiu de formarea semnalelor pentru pro- Signal building canon scheme for braking action differ-
tectia diferentiala cu actiune de frinare se prezinta in fig.6. ential protection is shown in fig 6. Differential current (idif)
Curentul diferential (idif) este calculat ca modul al sumei is calculated like phasorial values amount modulus and
valorilor fazoriale, iar componenta de frinare (if) este calcu- breaking component (if) is calculated like half-amount of
lata ca semisuma valorilor absolute ale curentilor: current absolute values :
i dif = iw1 + iw 2 i dif = iw1 + iw 2
iw1 + iw 2 (2) iw1 + iw 2 (2)
if = if =
2 2
In acest fel la un defect in afara zonei protejate curentul Like this, for a fault out of protected area, differential
diferential este practic nul, iar curentul de frinare atinge current is practically null, and breaking current reach bigger
valori mari fiind egal cu valoarea curentului de scurtcircuit: values, being equal with by-pass current value.
i dif = iw1 + iw 2 ≅ 0 i dif = iw1 + iw 2 ≅ 0
iw1 + iw 2 (3) iw1 + iw 2 (3)
if = = i sc if = = i sc
2 2
EnIdif Iw1c
Iw1
xFcor_a1 xFcor_u1

Iwmcn idn

idn=| Iw1cn+Iw2cn | Fig. 6. Formarea semnalelor la

n=R,S,T m=1,2 PDL
Iw2c
Iw2
xFcor_a2 xFcor_u2 Fig. 6. PDL signals building
| Iw1c |
Intrari Validare Egalizare Comp.
crt. trifazati prot. dif. val. crt. defazaj crt. 2 ifn

| Iw2c |
ifn=1/2 * [| Iw1cn | +| Iw2cn |]
n=R,S,T

Pentru un defect in zona protejata, curentul diferential este For a fault in protected area, differential current is equal
egal cu valoarea celui de scurtcircuit, iar curentul de frinare with shock current value, and breaking current is equal with
este egal cu jumatate din valoarea celui de scurtcircuit: half shock current value.
i dif = iw1 + iw 2 ≅ i sc i dif = iw1 + iw 2 ≅ i sc
iw1 + iw 2 1 (4) iw1 + iw 2 1 (4)
if = = ⋅ i sc if = = ⋅ i sc
2 2 2 2
3.2.3. Blocajul la socul curentului de magnetizare 3.2.3. Interlocking at magnetization inrush current
Curentul de magnetizare influenteaza negativ functio- Magnetization current have negative influence on
narea protectiei diferentiale, neputind fi compensat. Blocajul differential protection functionality, not being able to be
functiei de protectie diferentiala se poate realiza prin doua compensate. Differential protection function interlocking
metode: may be done by two methods :
• prin utilizarea armonicilor din curba curentului de • by use the magnetization current curve harmonics
magnetizare; • by use the recognition of magnetization current curve
• prin utilizarea recunoasterii formei specifice a curbei specific shape.
curentului de magnetizare; Usually, blocking uses two and five harmonics is made
In mod traditional blocajul utilizind armonicile doi si by a logical diagram like the one shown in fig 7.
cinci se reaalizeaza printr-o schema logica ca cea din fig. 7.
id
if Decl
&
Fig. 7. Principiul blocajului la armonici superioare
i_a2 Fig. 7. Principle of upper harmonics blockage
xka2
>1
i_a5
xka5
i_a1
06-07.11.2003, Timişoara, Romania 531

Primul comparator realizeaza functia de protectie diferen-
tiala cu actiune de frinare, prin verificarea conditiei de actio-
nare id > if·p. Procente din armonicile doi si cinci repre-
zentate prin factorii ka2 respectiv ka5, sint comparate cu
nivelul fundamentalei si daca depasesc acest nivel produc
blocarea actionarii protectiei diferentiale cu actiune de frinare.
Blocajul poate afecta doar faza avind conditiile indeplinite
sau poate bloca toate cele trei faze.
Investigatii recente recomanda utilizarea armonicii a patra
alaturi de armonica a doua pentru blocajul actionarii pro-
tectiei diferentiale cu actiune de frinare. In acest fel ecuatia
de actionare devine:
id ≥ p ⋅ if + ka 2 ⋅ i _ a 2 + ka 4 ⋅ i _ a 4
Valorile coeficientientilor ka2 si ka4 sint in gama:
ka 2 = 0.10...0.60
(6)
ka 4 = 0.10...0.50
Principial functia de protectie diferentiala proceseaza
semnalele analogice conform schemei din fig. 8.
The first gauge accomplish breaking action differential
protection function by checking automatic drive condition
id > if*p. Two and five harmonics rates represented by ka2
and ka5 factors are collated with the main harmonic level
and, if they pass over that level, engender the blocking of
breaking action differential protection automatic drive. The
blockage may affect only the phase which realize the condi-
tions or may block all the three phases.
Recently researches recommends the forth harmonic
use beside the second harmonic for the blocking of breaking
action differential protection.
Thus, automatic drive equation become:
(5) id ≥ p ⋅ if + ka 2 ⋅ i _ a 2 + ka 4 ⋅ i _ a 4 (5)
ka2 and ka4 coefficients values are in gamma:
ka 2 = 0.10...0.60
(6)
ka 4 = 0.10...0.50
Principally, differential protection function process
analogical signals, according to the scheme shown in fig 8.

iRw1a

iTw1a
iSw1a
iRw1

iTw1
iSw1

iRw1c

iTw1c
iSw1c
Filtru Egalizare Compensare
armonica 1 curenti curenti

iw1R
Curent secundar x
Infasurarea 1 faza R ka_2
iw1S
Curent secundar
Infasurarea 1 faza S x
ka_4
iw1T
Curent secundar Fig. 8. Schema procesarii
Infasurarea 1 faza T semnalelor analogice
iRa2w1
iSa2w1
iTa2w1

Achizitie date
C.A.N. Filtru Fig. 8. Scheme for process
Curent secundar armonica 2 analogical signals
Infasurarea 2 faza R iw2R
iRa4w1
iSa4w1
iTa4w1

Curent secundar
Infasurarea 2 faza S iw2S Filtru
armonica 4
Curent secundar
Infasurarea 2 faza T iw2T
iRw2a

iTw2a
iSw2a
iRw2

iTw2
iSw2

iRw2c

iTw2c
iSw2c

Filtru Egalizare Compensare

armonica 1 curenti curenti

4. Concluzii
Releele moderne bazate pe microprocesoare sunt realizate
pentru a micsora timpii de actionare a protectiei in conditii si
configuratii diferite ale sistemului.
Releele numerice au multe caracteristici care permit adap-
tarea la noua configuratie a sistemului si optimizarea perfor-
mantelor protectiei. Multiplele grupe de setari si schema
logica programabila permit adaptarea la schimbarea configu-
ratiei din statia de transformare sau sistem. Functia de auto-
supraveghere este deosebit de importanta pentru optimizarea
mentenantei. Integrarea mai multor functii de protectie duce
la scaderea volumului de circuite secundare din statie, re-
ducand probabilitatea de aparitie a erorilor umane si imbuna-
tateste compatibilitatea electromagnetica. Realizarea configu-
rarii releelor numerice este poate cea mai dificila problema
4. Conclusions
Modern microprocessor based relays are designed to
provide high-speed protection under different power system
conditions and configuration.
The numerical relays have many features that allow them
to adapt to the new system configuration and optimize the
protection performance. Multiple setting groups and
programmable scheme logic allows easy adaptation to
changes in the substation or power system configuration.
The self-supervision function is another important function
that optimizes the protection maintenance. Nevertheless,
integration of multiple protection functions and even control
and supervision functions provide reduced size of wires in
the substation, thus reducing also the probability of human
mistakes and improving electromagnetic compatibility. The

532
pentru inginerul protectionist care are de-a face cu echipa-
mente numerice. Cu toate ca avantajele oferite de protectiile
numerice le fac utilizabile in multiple aplicatii, implemen-
tarea si configurarea, precum si testarea atenta este mare
consumatoare de timp.
Bibliografie
1. Moraru, Gh.,: Referat sinteza nr. 1- Stadiul actual si ten-dinte de
evolutie a protectiilor transformatoaredin statiile electrice de
transformare (Synthesis paper nr.1- The pre-sent stage and
tendency in evolution of transformers pro-tection), Universitatea
Politehnica, Timisoara, aprilie, 2001.
2. Moraru, Gh.,: Referat sinteza nr. 2- Echipament de pro-tectie,
command-control r (Synthesis paper nr.2-Equipment for power
transformer of electrical substation), Universitatea Politehnica,
Timisoara, octombrie, 2003.
th
The 5 International Power Systems Conference
need of numerical relay configuration is perhaps the most
difficult task for a protection engineer when dealing with
numerical relays. Although this feature gives large possi-
bilities to fit numerical relays to any kind of application,
configuration is large time consumer to implement and to
carefully test
References
3. Romanian Prescriptions: Protection of High Voltage Transmission
Lines and Power Transformers.
4. Guzman, A.: Performance analysis of traditional and improved
transformer differential protective relays, Schweitzer Engineering
Laboratories, Inc