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 - That portion of the central nervous system found surrounding the lower portion of the third ventricle which receives and
integrates many types of sensory information about the internal environment and directs actions to control internal homeostasis by both
initiating commands carried by autonomic neurons and by regulating some of the endocrine activity of the pituitary gland.

 - the short, delicate stalk which connects the pituitary gland to the base of the brain and the hypothalamus and through which
run the blood vessels of the hypothalamic/hypophyseal portal system.

 


 



 - Neurosecretory substances, usually peptides, which are synthesized
by hypothalamic neurons which are monitoring aspects of internal homeostasis, the substances are released into the hypophyseal portal
circulation to travel to the anterior pituitary where they stimulate specific adenohypophyseal cells to synthesize and secrete particular trophic
hormones. [*Note: These substances are more likely to be called "factors" if their exact molecular structure has not been identified.]

 

 


 - Neurosecretory substances, usually peptides, which are
synthesized by hypothalamic neurons which are monitoring aspects of internal homeostasis, the substances are released into the
hypophyseal portal circulation to travel to the anterior pituitary where they inhibit specific adenohypophyseal cells from synthesizing or
secreting particular trophic hormones. [*Note: These substances are more likely to be called "factors" if their exact molecular structure has
not been identified.]

   - Hormones which control other endocrine glands, i.e., have other endocrine glands as their target organs; most
are produced in the pituitary gland.

 !!
!!A peptide hormone, related to the glucagon family, produced by the hypothalamus which
stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to produce and begin secreting human growth hormone.

" !!!

 - A pair of peptide hormones produced chiefly by the hypothalamus, but also
in by other cells in other locations such as the delta cells of the pancreatic islets and certain gastrointestinal cells, which inhibits the secretion
of various other hormones, such as human growth hormone (hGH) = somatotropin, glucagon, insulin, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) =
thyrotropin, and gastrin; it also serves as a neurotransmitter in the CNS.

#!
 - A peptide hormone produced by the hypothalamus which stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to
produce and begin secreting thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) = thyrotropin.
 
 !
 - A peptide hormone produced by the hypothalamus which stimulates the anterior pituitary gland
to produce and begin secreting luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).

$ 
!
!!A yet-to-be-identified hormone presumably produced by the hypothalamus which stimulates the
anterior pituitary gland to produce and begin secreting prolactin (PRL).

$" 
!!!An amine hormone, dopamine, produced by the hypothalamus which inhibits the anterior pituitary
gland from secreting prolactin (PRL).

 !
 - A peptide hormone produced by the hypothalamus that stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to
release adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).

  
 
 - The system of small veins which collect venous blood from the capillary beds in the region of the hypothalamus
and transport that blood along the outside of the infundibulum to the capillary beds of the pituitary gland; this circulatory path permits the
hypothalamus to deliver its hypothalamic releasing hormones/factors and its hypothalamic inhibitory hormones/factors efficiently to their
target cells in the anterior lobe of the pituitary, the adenohypophysis.

 

 
 - The system of blood vessels which includes the capillaries of the hypothalamus, the small veins which route
the venous blood from the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland and the capillary beds of the pituitary gland; this circulatory path permits the
hypothalamus to deliver its hypothalamic releasing hormones/factors and its hypothalamic inhibitory hormones/factors efficiently to their
target cells in the anterior lobe of the pituitary, the adenohypophysis.

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6. the hypothalamic hormones and describe their effects.

Hypothalamic Hormone Hypothalamic Hormone Effect(s) at the Anterior Pituitary = Adenohypophysis

GHRH = growth-hormone-
stimulates the production and secretion of human growth hormone (hGH)
releasing-hormone
inhibits the secretion of human growth hormone (hGH) = somatotropin and thyroid stimulating hormone
GHIH = growth-hormone-
(TSH) = thyrotropin [Note: elsewhere in the body, other than in the anterior pituitary, GHIH also inhibits the
inhibiting-hormone =
secretion of various other hormones, such as glucagon, insulin, and gastrin; GHIH also serves as a
somatostatin
neurotransmitter in the CNS]
TRH = thyroid-releasing
stimulates the production and secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) = thyrotropin
hormone
GnRH = gonadotropin-releasing
stimulates the production and secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
hormone
PRH = prolactin-releasing-
presumably stimulates the production and secretion of prolactin (PRL).
hormone(yet-to-be-identified)
PIH = prolactin-inhibiting-
inhibits the secretion of prolactin (PRL).
hormonedopamine
CRH = corticotropin-releasing
stimulates the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
hormone

9. the hypothalamic releasing hormones.

Hypothalamic Releasing Hormone
GHRH = growth-hormone-releasing-hormone
TRH = thyroid-releasing hormone
GnRH = gonadotropin-releasing hormone
PRH = prolactin-releasing-hormone(yet-to-be-
identified)
CRH = corticotropin-releasing hormone
Hypothalamic Hormone Effect(s) at the Anterior Pituitary = Adenohypophysis
stimulates the production and secretion of human growth hormone (hGH)
stimulates the production and secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) =
thyrotropin
stimulates the production and secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-
stimulating hormone (FSH)
presumably stimulates the production and secretion of prolactin (PRL).
stimulates the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Ô . the hypothalamic inhibiting hormones.

Hypothalamic Inhibiting
Hypothalamic Hormone Effect(s) at the Anterior Pituitary = Adenohypophysis
Hormone
inhibits the secretion of human growth hormone (hGH) = somatotropin and thyroid stimulating hormone
GHIH = growth-hormone-
(TSH) = thyrotropin [Note: elsewhere in the body, other than in the anterior pituitary, GHIH also inhibits the
inhibiting-hormone =
secretion of various other hormones, such as glucagon, insulin, and gastrin; GHIH also serves as a
somatostatin
neurotransmitter in the CNS]
PIH = prolactin-inhibiting-
inhibits the secretion of prolactin (PRL).
hormonedopamine

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Ô. the hypothalamus and pituitary glands.

The figure immediately below and on the right would make a good model for your sketch. It shows the pituitary gland seated in the sella
tursica of the sphenoid bone, and attached to the base of the brain by the infundibulum.

The figure below is an actual photomicrograph of the pituitary

gland. Ironically, the words "pituitary gland" in the figure are
The figure below is to remind you of the many hypothalamic nuclei which
situated over tissue of the hypothalamus. The terms "pars
monitor aspects of internal environment and which secrete hypothalamic
tuberalis" and "pars distalis" identify the regions we refer to as
releasing or inhibiting hormones to regulate the pituitary gland =
the anterior pituitary = adenohypophysis while the term "pars
hypophysis. This figure like the one above, is oriented with anterior to your
nervosa" identifies the region we refer to as the posterior
left.
pituitary = neurohypophysis. This figure like the one below, is
oriented with anterior to your right.
The figure below is to remind you of the hypophyseal portal circulation which delivers hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones to the
anterior pituitary = adenohypophysis and it also reminds you that the posterior pituitary = neurohypophysis is a direct outgrowth of the brain
and contains white matter, axons with axon end bulbs which store oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) = vasopressin.